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Articles 7 and 12 of India-Korea DTAA – the Assessee is entitled to set off business loss incurred by PE against Fees for technical services (FTS) earned by HO

6. [2025] 174 taxmann.com 500 (Delhi – Trib.)

Hyosung Corporation vs. ACIT

IT Appeal Nos. 2943/Mum/2023

A.Y.: 2021-22 Dated: 23 April 2025

Articles 7 and 12 of India-Korea DTAA – the Assessee is entitled to set off business loss incurred by PE against Fees for technical services (FTS) earned by HO

FACTS

The Assessee was a tax resident of Korea. It was engaged in power business in India. After setting off the business loss of PE against income of HO from FTS, the Assessee filed a return of its income in India, declaring Nil income, and claimed refund of taxes.

The AO denied set-off of losses of PE against FTS and taxed the FTS on the gross basis. The DRP upheld the order of the AO.

Aggrieved by the final order, the Assessee appealed to ITAT.

HELD

The determination of income under different heads must be made by giving effect to the set-off mechanism provided under Sections 70 and 71 of the Act.

The Assessee had two streams of income: (i) income earned through PE constituted under Article 7 of India-Korea DTAA; and (ii) FTS earned by HO under Article 12 of India-Korea DTAA. Both income streams fall under the head of business income under the Act. The treaty provisions shall apply only after the determination of total income.

Section 115A(1)(b) provides that if the total income includes income in the nature of FTS, the same shall be charged to tax as per the prescribed rates. Therefore, first the total income should be determined in accordance with the provisions of the Act, including set-off of losses.

While section 115A(3) bars the Assessee from claiming expenditure or allowances, it does not bar set off of loss. Wherever required, the legislature has specifically barred an assessee from setting off losses, e.g., 115BBDA(2), 115BBH(2). In the absence of a specific bar, the Assessee is permitted to set-off the loss as per Section 71.

The coordinate bench of ITAT in Foramer S.A vs. DCIT [1995] 52 ITD 115 (Delhi) had allowed depreciation allowance while computing profits, even though DTAA did not provide for the same. The Hon’ble Calcutta High Court in CIT vs. Davy Ashmore India Limited [1991] 190 ITR 626 (Calcutta) held that when there are no express provisions under the DTAA, the provisions of income tax should govern taxation of income.

Following the above ratio, the ITAT held that while the DTAA did not have any provision for set-off of loss, the Act had provisions pertaining to such set-off. Hence, the same should be followed to determine total income. Accordingly, the Assessee was entitled to set off loss in PE against FTS.

Article 13 of India-Cyprus DTAA – Investment Holding Company located in Cyprus is a tax resident of Cyprus – qualifies for benefit under Article 13 of DTAA in respect of gain arising from sale of shares of Indian company.

5. [2025] 174 taxmann.com 498 (Delhi – Trib.)

Gagil FDI Ltd. vs. ACIT

ITA NO.2661/Delhi/2024

A.Y.: 2021-22 Dated: 7 May 2025

Article 13 of India-Cyprus DTAA – Investment Holding Company located in Cyprus is a tax resident of Cyprus – qualifies for benefit under Article 13 of DTAA in respect of gain arising from sale of shares of Indian company.

FACTS

The Assessee was incorporated as an investment holding company and wholly owned subsidiary of GA Global. Both entities were residents of Cyprus. Cyprus tax authority had granted a tax residency certificate to the Assessee. The Assessee had pooled investments from various investors across the globe. During the relevant AY, the Assessee had earned long-term capital gain aggregating to ₹959 Crores from sale of shares of National Stock Exchange India Limited (NSEIL). The Assessee contended that in terms of Article 13(5) of India-Cyprus DTAA, gains were taxable only in Cyprus. The Assessee further contended that in terms of Article 10(2) of India-Cyprus DTAA, dividend earned by it from Indian companies qualified for benefit of lower rate of tax.

The AO noted that the service provider in Cyprus was mentioned in Panama Leaks. Further, the beneficiaries of income were located in the USA, and key decisions of the Assessee were also taken by the controlling entity in the US . Therefore, treating the Assessee as a shell company, the AO alleged that it was established with the purpose of claiming benefit under India-Cyprus DTAA to the Assessee.

Observing that approval or scrutiny by various Indian regulators at the time of investment in India is routine, the DRP rejected the contention of the Assessee that it was a regulated entity and confirmed the order of the AO.

Aggrieved by the final order, the Assessee appealed to ITAT.

HELD

Various Indian regulatory authorities had carried out detailed scrutiny and granted approvals for investments in NSEIL. SEBI had been seeking fitness test from the Assessee every year. Therefore, scrutiny carried out by such authorities could not be said to be routine in nature.

Perusal of board minutes showed that most of the board members were based in Cyprus. The investment / disinvestment-related decisions were made in Cyprus. Hence, it could not be said that the USA entity controlled and managed the Assessee.

The name of the entity mentioned in Panama Leaks is different from the service provider of the Assesse. The AO or DRP had not provided any evidence or findings to link the professional entity with the entity named in the Panama leaks.

The Assessee was organized as an investment holding company in Cyprus. It had raised funds from investors across the globe [Bermuda (91.15%), Germany (8.65%) and Delaware (0.21%)]. Hence, the observation that beneficiaries were located in the USA was inappropriate.

The ITAT noted that on similar facts, in Saif II-Se Investments Mauritius Ltd. vs. ACIT [2023] 154 taxmann.com 617 (Delhi – Trib.), the coordinate bench had allowed benefits under India-Mauritus DTAA considering the factors such as period of holding, nature of investment activity, TRC and approvals granted by various regulators.

Accordingly, the ITAT held that the Assessee could not be regarded as a pass-through entity, there was no treaty abuse and consequently the Assessee qualified for benefit under India-Cyprus DTAA.

No additions under section 68 when the identity and creditworthiness of the loan lender was established.

36. [2025] 122 ITR(T) 194 (Mum – Trib.)

Kaisha Lifesciences (P.) Ltd. vs. Deputy Commissioner of Income-tax

ITA NO.: 4311/MUM/2023

A.Y.: 2020-21 DATE: 24.10.2024

Sections 68 & 35(2AB)

No additions under section 68 when the identity and creditworthiness of the loan lender was established.

FACTS I

The assessee is engaged in the business of developing high-quality medication through in-house research of medicine. For the year under consideration, the assessee had filed its return of income on 30/01/2021 declaring a total income of Rs. NIL.

The assessee’s case was selected for complete scrutiny proceedings. During the assessment proceedings, the Ld. AO held that the assessee had failed to explain the nature and source of credit of unsecured loan of ₹2,30,00,000 from Mr. Karius Dadachanji and accordingly added the same to the total income of the assessee under section 68 of the Act.

Aggrieved by the order, the assessee filed an appeal before CIT(A). The CIT(A), vide impugned order, dismissed the ground raised by the assessee on this issue and upheld the addition made by the AO under section 68 of the Act.

Being aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before the ITAT.

HELD I

The ITAT observed that there was no dispute regarding the fact that the assessee had received an unsecured loan of ₹2,30,00,000 from Mr. Karius Dadachanji. It was further undisputed fact that as on 01.04.2019 opening balance of the loan account was ₹3,06,80,000 and during the year, had repaid a sum of ₹3,55,00,000. The ITAT observed that the loan account was a running account.

The assessee had submitted the following details – the ledger of the unsecured loans, bank statement reflecting receipt of ₹2,30,00,000/-, repayment of ₹3,55,00,000/-, Return of Income of Mr. Karius Dadachanji for the AY 2020-21 and loan confirmation from Mr. Karius Dadachanji.

Upon perusal of the abovementioned documents, the ITAT held that the assessee sufficiently proved the identity and creditworthiness of the loan lender, who is nothing but a 50% shareholder in the assessee company and the loan was taken not from any stranger but a 50% shareholder for the routine course of business to meet business-related expenditure under a running account.

Assessee is entitled to claim deduction under section 35(2AB) of the Act even in respect of the expenditure incurred prior to the approval date for the year under consideration in accordance with the guidelines issued by DSIR.

FACTS II

During the year, the assessee had incurred expenditure of ₹2,16,49,662 under section 35(2AB) of the Act, and as a qualifying expenditure, it had claimed the deduction of ₹3,24,74,493 under the said section which is 150% of the actual expenditure incurred.

The AO observed that the competent authority, i.e. Secretary, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (“DSIR”), granted approval under section 35(2AB) of the Act on 23.10.2020 for the period 25.10.2019 to 31.03.2020. The assessee had claimed weighted deduction @150% of the capital and revenue expenditure incurred prior to the approval period i.e. 25.10.2019.

The AO disallowed claim of ₹28,03,707 being excess claim under section 35(2AB) i.e. the weighted deduction @150% in respect of revenue expenditure incurred prior to approval date and disallowed sum of ₹5,70,811 being capital expenditure incurred prior to approval date.

Aggrieved by the order, the assessee was in appeal before CIT(A). The CIT(A) dismissed the ground on the basis that the assessee has not been able to substantiate the correctness of the claim by any documentary evidence.

Being aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before the ITAT.

HELD II

The ITAT observed that it is provided in clause 5 of the Guidelines for Approval in Form 3CM that the approval to the in-house R&D centres having valid recognition by DSIR are considered from 1st April of the year in which the application is made in Form 3CK.

The ITAT held that the R&D facility of the assessee was already approved by the DSIR and so the assessee was entitled to claim deduction under section 35(2AB) of the Act even in respect of the expenditure incurred prior to 25.10.2019, i.e. from 01.04.2019, for the year under consideration in accordance with the guidelines issued by DSIR.

Case Laws followed-

 Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. vs. Union of India [2017] 84 taxmann.com 45/250 Taxman 113/397 ITR 728 (Delhi) – Delhi High Court

CIT vs. Claris Lifesciences Ltd. [2008] 174 Taxman 113/[2010] 326 ITR 251 – Gujarat High Court.

In the result, the appeal by the assessee is allowed.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Expenditure – Deduction under Chapter VI-A – Allowability of CSR expenditure under Section 80G despite disallowance under Section 37(1) – Voluntariness of contribution not a precondition – No reciprocal benefit to donor – Deduction permissible subject to fulfillment of conditions of Section 80G.

35. [2025] 122 ITR(T) 194 (Delhi – Trib.)

Cheil India Pvt. Ltd. vs. Deputy Commissioner of Income-tax

ITA NO.: 29/DEL/2024

A.Y.: 2020-21 DATE: 28.10.2024

Sections 80G & 37(1)

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Expenditure – Deduction under Chapter VI-A – Allowability of CSR expenditure under Section 80G despite disallowance under Section 37(1) – Voluntariness of contribution not a precondition – No reciprocal benefit to donor – Deduction permissible subject to fulfillment of conditions of Section 80G.

FACTS

The assessee, Cheil India Pvt. Ltd., a company governed by the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, incurred Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure during the financial year relevant to AY 2020-21 and claimed deduction of ₹2,57,66,663 under Section 80G of the Income-tax Act, 1961. The donations were made to institutions duly registered and notified under section 80G.

The Assessing Officer, while completing the assessment under section 143(3) read with section 144B, disallowed the entire claim under section 80G, holding that CSR expenditure, being statutorily mandated under section 135 of the Companies Act, lacked the element of voluntariness, which is a fundamental requirement under section 80G.

The expenditure was further excluded under Explanation 2 to section 37(1), as not being incurred wholly and exclusively for the purposes of business. The AO accordingly added the disallowed amount to the assessee’s total income and also charged interest and initiated penalty proceedings under section 270A.

On appeal, the CIT(A) confirmed the disallowance reiterating that the expenditure had been incurred to comply with legal obligations, not out of voluntary motive.
Aggrieved, the assessee preferred an appeal before the Tribunal.

HELD

The Tribunal relied on the decision of the Coordinate Bench in Ratna Sagar Pvt. Ltd. vs. ACIT [ITA No. 2556/Del/2023], wherein it was held that Section 80G and Section 37(1) operate in distinct statutory domains. Section 37(1) deals with deduction while computing business income, and Section 80G applies post computation of gross total income under Chapter VI-A, and therefore the disallowance under section 37(1) does not preclude the benefit under section 80G.

Explanation 2 to section 37(1) inserted by Finance (No. 2) Act, 2014, specifically bars CSR expenditure from being claimed as a business expense, but does not prohibit deduction under section 80G.

The Tribunal held that even if CSR spending is mandatory under section 135 of the Companies Act, the donations made to eligible institutions under section 80G are philanthropic in nature. Section 80G permits deduction even for mandatory donations, so long as the donee institutions are eligible and the payment is made without quid pro quo.

In the result, the appeal by the assessee is allowed.

Where the assessee had opted for presumptive taxation under section 44AD, the AO could not make an addition on account of alleged bogus purchase since the assessee was under no obligation to explain individual entries of purchase.

34. (2025) 175 taxmann.com 996 (Ban Trib)

Lakshmanram Bheemaji Purohit vs. ITO

ITA No.: 196/Bang/2025

A.Y.: 2018-19 Dated: 25.06.2025

Sections 44AD, 69C

Where the assessee had opted for presumptive taxation under section 44AD, the AO could not make an addition on account of alleged bogus purchase since the assessee was under no obligation to explain individual entries of purchase.

FACTS

The assessee was an individual engaged in the business of trading of waste home products. He filed his return of income on 08.08.2018 declaring total income of ₹5,87,014 as per provisions of section 44AD.

Information was received by the AO that assessee had received bogus purchase bill of ₹16,09,692 from one M/s. ARS Enterprises. It was alleged that this was a bogus tax invoice wherein false input credit was claimed under GST. Assessee was asked to furnish the details. Assessee submitted that he had filed return of income under section 44AD and therefore the details of purchases were not maintained. He also submitted a chart showing the purchase of goods from ARS Enterprises. The AO rejected the explanation and made addition of ₹16,09,692 by passing assessment order under section 143(3) read with section 144B.

Against this, assessee went in appeal before CIT(A), which was dismissed by him.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal observed that-

(a) If the assessee had opted for presumptive taxation under section 44AD, the assessee was not required to maintain the books of account as well as the details of purchases made. This was relevant till the total turnover of the assessee did not exceed the prescribed limit under section 44AD. Thus, prima facie, the assessee could not have been asked the information of purchases.

(b) AO had merely relied upon the information furnished by the GST department and did not gather any evidence on his own for making the addition. As held by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CIT vs. Surinder Pal Anand, (2010) 192 Taxman 264 (Punjab & Haryana), the assessee was not under an obligation to explain individual entry of purchases unless such entry has nexus with gross receipts. In the present case, the purchases did not have any nexus with the gross receipt as gross receipt shown by the assessee remained undisputed and was never tested by the Revenue to be beyond the specified limit.

Accordingly, the Tribunal deleted the addition and allowed the appeal of the assessee.

Where the assessee made donation to a foundation approved under section 80G in pursuance of its CSR obligations, it was entitled for deduction under section 80G.

33. (2025) 175 taxmann.com 982 (Mum Trib)

Axis Securities Ltd. vs. PCIT

ITA No.: 2736/Mum/2025

A.Y.: 2020-21 Dated: 17.06.2025

Section 80G

Where the assessee made donation to a foundation approved under section 80G in pursuance of its CSR obligations, it was entitled for deduction under section 80G.

FACTS

The assessee was a company engaged in the business of broking, distribution of financial products etc. During the year, the assessee made donation to Axis Foundation of ₹1,93,66,947. It had classified the amount of donation as “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) expenses under section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 in its books of account and suo moto disallowed the same in computation of income in accordance Explanation 2 of section 37. However, it claimed the donation as deduction under section 80G. The said claim was duly disclosed in the computation of income and tax audit report, which was examined and allowed by the AO while passing the order of assessment under section 143(3).

PCIT invoked revision jurisdiction under section 263 and passed an order holding that deduction under section 80G was erroneously allowed since donation was in nature of CSR expenditure which is not voluntary in nature and thus not eligible for deduction under section 80G.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal observed as follows:

(a) it is an undisputed fact that donation made by the assessee was to entities registered under section 80G and that the assessee was otherwise eligible to claim deduction under section 80G

(b) Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 mandates the quantum of CSR expenses; however, it does not mandate to whom and how the amount to be spent. The assessee at its discretion can choose the mode of spending towards CSR. The donations made by the assessee to Axis Foundation were made voluntarily as there was no reciprocal commitment from the donees. In any case, section 80G does not put any condition for the donation to be voluntary in nature for the purpose of claiming deduction.

(c) CBDT Circular No. 1/2015 dated 21.01.2015 clearly states that the restriction on claiming deduction of CSR expense is only with respect to Section 37(1) wherein it will not be deemed to be a business expenditure for the purpose computing income under the head ‘Profits and Gains from Business or Profession’. The Circular itself clarifies that CSR expenditure will be allowable under other sections under the same head of income. In view of CBDT Circular, it is clear that there is no express bar in claiming deduction in respect of CSR expenditure, other than under Section 37(1). This is also supported by Ministry of Corporate Affairs’ (“MCA”) General Circular No. 01/2016 dated 12.01.2016.

(d) In the case of ACIT vs. Sharda Cropchem Limited [IT Appeal No. 6163 (Mum) of 2024], the coordinate bench of ITAT held that donations which are classified as CSR expenditure are eligible for deduction under section 80G.

Accordingly, the Tribunal held that the assessee was entitled for deduction claimed under section 80G towards CSR expenditure incurred by it.

Following Inter Gold (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs. Pr. CIT (ITA No. 4400/Mum/2023), the Tribunal also held that section 263 cannot be invoked for denial of deduction claimed under section 80G in respect of donations classified as CSR.

In the result, the appeal of the assessee was allowed.

Exemption under Section 11 should not be denied to the assessee merely on account of delay in filing audit report in Form 10B within the stipulated time if the same was furnished before passing of intimation under section 143(1).

32. (2025) 175 taxmann.com 1076 (Ahd Trib)

Bhakt Samaj Vikas Education Trust vs. ACIT

ITA No.: 775/Ahd/2025

A.Y.: 2021-22 Dated: 25.06.2025

Section 11

Exemption under Section 11 should not be denied to the assessee merely on account of delay in filing audit report in Form 10B within the stipulated time if the same was furnished before passing of intimation under section 143(1).

FACTS

The assessee was a trust registered under section 12A. It filed its return of income on 29.03.2024 for A.Y. 2021-22. The return of income was processed under section 143(1), disallowing the claim of exemption under section 11 on the ground that the assessee had not filed the audit report in Form 10B prior to the due date for furnishing return of income under Section 139(1). CIT(A) confirmed the disallowance.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

Following the decisions of the Gujarat High Court and other judicial precedents, the Tribunal held that it is a well-settled law that delay in filing of Form 10B is a procedural default and if other conditions have been met, then mere delay in filing of Form 10B should not disentitle the assessee from claiming exemption under Section 11, if the said audit report was available with the Department before passing of order / intimation under Section 143(1).

Accordingly, the appeal of the assessee was allowed.

Only profit element embedded in unaccounted receipts can be taxed and not the entire amount of such receipts.

31. IT(SS) A No. 46/Ahd./2023 and 434/Ahd./2023; IT(SS) A. No. 119 & 120/Ahd./2023

Robin Ramavtar Goenka vs. ACIT

A.Y.s: 2018-19 & 2019-20 Date of Order : 30.05.2025

Sections: 28, 68, 69C

Only profit element embedded in unaccounted receipts can be taxed and not the entire amount of such receipts.

FACTS

The assessee, engaged in real estate business, was part of Sankalp Group. During the course of search action conducted on 30.10.2018 at the premises of Sankalp group, incriminating material such as handwritten diaries, loose papers, unrecorded bills and other documents were seized. These materials revealed evidence of on-money transactions, unaccounted cash sales and cash payments related to land purchases, brokerage, salaries, personal expenses and purchase of jewellery.

The Assessing Officer (AO) made substantial additions in the hands of the assessee and protective addition in the hands of his accountant.

The AO treated unaccounted receipts as undisclosed income and unaccounted payments as unexplained expenditure under section 69C of the Act. He rejected the contentions of the assessee that both receipts and payments were part of normal business activities and that only the profit element therein, estimated at 8% to 10% should be taxed.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the CIT(A) who restricted the addition to 14% of the unaccounted payments since the unaccounted payments were greater than unaccounted receipts.

Aggrieved by the order of CIT(A) both the assessee and the revenue preferred an appeal to the Tribunal. The assessee contended that the rate of 14% adopted by the CIT(A) was excessive and did not reflect real income. It was contended that seized material clearly indicated that both unaccounted receipts and payments were incurred in the course of business. It is only profit element embedded in the receipts which needs to be taxed. Reliance was placed on several decisions of the Tribunal and High Courts.

HELD

The Tribunal agreed with the methodology of CIT(A) of applying a 14% profit rate to unaccounted payments but agreed with the submissions made on behalf of the assessee that the rate was excessive considering the actual profit ratios in real estate business.

The Tribunal directed the AO to reassess the income by adopting a more reasonable profit rate closer to industry standard of 8 to 10% of unaccounted receipts ensuring that only real income is taxed. The Tribunal remanded the matter back to AO for adjudication. It upheld the decision of the CIT(A) to restrict the addition to profit element.

The Tribunal partly allowed the appeal filed by the assessee and dismissed the appeal filed by the Revenue.

Notice under section 143(2) of the Act which has not been issued in consonance with the CBDT Instruction F No. 225/157/2017/ITA-II dated 23.06.2017 is invalid and an assessment framed consequent to such invalid notice is also invalid and needs to be quashed.

30. Tapan Kumar Das vs. ITO

ITA No. 1660/Kol/2024

A.Y.: 2017-18 Date of Order : 11.03.2025

Sections: 143(2), CBDT Instruction dated 23.6.2017

Notice under section 143(2) of the Act which has not been issued in consonance with the CBDT Instruction F No. 225/157/2017/ITA-II dated 23.06.2017 is invalid and an assessment framed consequent to such invalid notice is also invalid and needs to be quashed.

FACTS

The assessee filed the return of income on 30.10.2017, declaring total income of ₹3,75,780/-, which was selected for scrutiny under Computer Assisted Scrutiny Selection (CASS). Thereafter the notice u/s 143(2) and 142(1) of the Act were issued along with the questionnaire which were duly served upon the assessee. When there was no compliance in the assessment proceedings, the AO framed the ex-parte assessment u/s 144 of the Act vide order dated 27.12.2019, wherein an addition of ₹25,74,500/- was made on account of unexplained money u/s 69A of the Act deposited in the bank account of the assessee during demonetization period.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the CIT(A) who confirmed the addition on the ground that there was no compliance on the part of the assessee.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the Tribunal where it raised an additional ground which it claimed to be purely a legal issue viz. that the notice issued under section u/s 143(2) in violation of CBDT Circular No. F.NO.225/157/2017/ITA-11 dated 23.06.2017.

HELD

The Tribunal found that the additional ground raised by the assessee to be purely legal issue qua which all the facts were available in the appeal folder and no further verification of facts was required to be done at the end of the AO. Accordingly, the Tribunal admitted the same for adjudication by following the ratio laid down by the Apex Court in the case of Jute Corporation of India Ltd. vs. CIT [187 ITR 688 (SC)] and National Thermal Power Co. Ltd v. CIT [(1998) 229 ITR 383 (SC)].

After hearing the rival contentions and perusing the materials available on record, the Tribunal found that the notice under section 143(2) of the Act has not been issued in consonance with the CBDT Instruction F No. 225/157/2017/ITA-II dated 23.06.2017.

The Tribunal held that, the notice issued u/s 143(2) of the Act which is not in the prescribed format as provided under the Act is an invalid notice and accordingly, all the subsequent proceedings thereto would be invalid and void ab initio. It observed that the case of the assessee finds support from the decision of Shib Nath Ghosh vs. ITO in ITA No. 1812/KOL/2024 for A.Y. 2018-19 vide order dated 29.11.2024.

The Tribunal held the notice issued under section 143(2) of the Act to be invalid notice and quashed the assessment since it was framed consequent to an invalid notice and therefore was invalid.

 

S. 36(1)(iii) : Interest on unpaid conversion fees for the period after the mall has been put to use, constitutes revenue expenditure and is allowable under section 36(1)(iii) of the Act. S. 43CA : If as on the date of agreement to sell, the collectorate rates for levy of stamp duty are not available, then the value declared by assessee in sale deed on which stamp duty has been paid is to be construed as the correct value and no addition is required to be made. S. 43CA : For the purpose of section 43CA, interest on delayed payment of consideration needs to be aggregated with the sale consideration and such aggregate amount is to be compared with the valuation done by DVO.

29. TS-671-ITAT-2025 (Chandigarh)

CSJ Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. vs. ACIT

A.Y.s: 2014-15 and 2015-16

Date of Order : 28.05.2025

Sections: 36(1)(iii), 43CA

S. 36(1)(iii) : Interest on unpaid conversion fees for the period after the mall has been put to use, constitutes revenue expenditure and is allowable under section 36(1)(iii) of the Act.

S. 43CA : If as on the date of agreement to sell, the collectorate rates for levy of stamp duty are not available, then the value declared by assessee in sale deed on which stamp duty has been paid is to be construed as the correct value and no addition is required to be made.

S. 43CA : For the purpose of section 43CA, interest on delayed payment of consideration needs to be aggregated with the sale consideration and such aggregate amount is to be compared with the valuation done by DVO.

FACTS I

The assessee company purchased 20.16 acres of industrial land from Pfizer Ltd. The assessee company obtained approval from Chandigarh Housing Board. It was required to pay conversion fee of ₹185.45 crore, 10% was to be paid as down payment and remaining over a period of 9 years on equated annual instalments with interest @ 8.25% per annum. The assessee company paid ₹18,54,54,744 as down payment on 17.3.2007 and balance was payable in nine equated annual instalments together with interest commencing from 26.03. 2008.

The assessee capitalised the conversion fee payable as cost of land creating a deferred conversion fee liability. The interest pertaining to the construction period was treated as pre-operative expenditure till completion of the mall, office and service building and occupancy certificate was granted. It had capitalised the alleged interest expenditure as per proviso to section 36(1)(iii) of the Act. Upon the shopping mall having been put to use, interest expenditure was claimed as revenue expenditure.

During the previous year relevant to AY 2014-15, interest on conversion fee was ₹5,69,00,665 – out of this ₹4,91,74,146 pertained to assets put to use (mall and office and service building) and was therefore claimed as revenue expenditure under section 36(1)(iii) of the Act and ₹77,26,519 pertained to hotel building and was capitalised under pre-operative expenditure as per proviso to section 36(1)(iii) of the act. The Assessing Officer (AO) did not allow the claim of the assessee on the ground that even interest expenditure towards payment of conversion fee paid by the assessee would give enduring benefit in all subsequent years and hence treated the same as capital expenditure.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to CIT(A) who allowed the appeal filed by relying on the decision in the case of Sanjay Dahuja vs. ACIT [ITA Nos. 95 and 96/Chd./2017] where the Tribunal held that interest on conversion charges after land was first put to use for conducting commercial activities shall not form part of actual cost of land. He also observed that the Delhi bench of ITAT has, on identical facts, taken the same view in DDIT vs. Micron Instruments (P.) Ltd. 38 ITR (T) 242 (Delhi). He also noted that his predecessor in case of Vijay Passi ITA No. 255/2015-16 for AY 2013-14 has also taken the same view.

Aggrieved, revenue preferred an appeal to the Tribunal.

HELD I

The Tribunal noted that the asset in the case of the assessee was put to use on 14.3.2013. Till the shopping mall was under construction and asset was not put to use, the assessee has capitalised the interest but for the period from which the asset is put to use, the expenditure is allowable as a revenue expenditure under section 36(1)(iii) of the Act. It observed that the CIT(A) has made an elaborate discussion (which has been extracted in the order of the Tribunal) and has followed the order of the Tribunal in the case of Vijay Passi ITA No. 255/2015-16 and has also referred to other judgments. It held that the view taken by CIT(A) is in consonance with the proposition laid down by ITAT as well as in consonance with section 36(1)(iii) of the Act and therefore no interference is called for. The appeal filed by the revenue was dismissed.

FACTS II

The assessee company purchased 20.16 acres of industrial land from M/s Pfizer Ltd. in Chandigarh. The company obtained approval from Chandigarh Housing Board (CHB) for conversion of land from industrial use. It was required to pay conversion fee of ₹1,85,45,47,440. Of this, 10% was to be paid as down payment and balance in nine equated annual instalments with interest at 8.25%. The assessee developed shopping mall on this land.

It entered into agreements to sell in respect of shop numbers A 501 to 503 and B 408 and B 409. The agreement to sell for shop numbers A 501 to 503 were entered on 25.1.2011. The consideration was payable 25% on booking and balance on dates mentioned in the agreement. The buyer made a payment of ₹2,60,00,000 vide cheque on 25.1.2011. There was some dispute between assessee and buyer and ultimately sale deed was executed in the previous year relevant to AY 2014-15. The Assessing Officer (AO) confronted the assessee qua section 43CA.

The AO made an addition to the total income of the assessee. The assessee had declared a loss of ₹65,92,02,520 in the assessment year 2014-15 which was reduced to ₹30,98,19,874.

Aggrieved, the assessee preferred an appeal to the CIT(A) who referred the valuation of the property to DVO for determining the Fair Market Value of the property and upon receipt of the report from DVO he upheld the addition on the basis of the report of the DVO thereby partly confirming the addition made by the AO.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the Tribunal where it contended that (i) the agreement to sell was entered on 25.1.2011, at that point of time, section 43CA was not on the statute and therefore no addition be made by virtue of provisions of section 43CA; (ii) sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 43CA provide that stamp duty value on the date of agreement to sell be adopted instead of stamp duty value on the date of sale deed and since there was no collectorate rates available for collecting stamp duty on the date of agreement to sell, the fiction created by section 43CA fails. The assessee supported this contention by making a reference to the report of the DVO which rather than adopting the collectorate rate made an observation that adopting collectorate rate to work out FMV of the subject property may not be appropriate in this case; (iii) interest of ₹6.19 crore has been received from the buyer for the period during which dispute remained between the parties. This interest is part and parcel of sale consideration. If sale proceeds and interest are aggregated and then compared with the value worked out by DVO then the difference is 6.51% which is less than the tolerance limit of 10% provided in section 43CA.

HELD II

At the outset, Tribunal observed that section 43CA is pari materia to section 50C. Having noted the provisions of section 43CA, the Tribunal noted that agreement to sell was entered into on 25.01.2011, part payment was made on 25.01.2011 by account payee cheque, the balance payment was not paid as per schedule due to dispute but subsequently interest has been paid for the delayed period. The collectorate rate as on 25.01.2011 ought to have been adopted. Neither the AO nor the DVO could lay their hands on correct rate of stamp valuation authority as on that day. The Tribunal held that the value declared by assessee in sale deed on which stamp duty has been paid is to be construed as the correct value and no addition was required to be made.

The Tribunal proceeded to look at the issue from another angle as well. It held that the alleged interest charged from the buyer would partake character of sale proceeds because it is interest on delayed realisation of sale proceeds for registration of sale deed. For this, the tribunal took support from the decisions in the context of section 80I where it is held that interest would partake character of business income and deduction under section 80I would be applicable. It observed that upon comparison of the aggregate of sale consideration and interest with the valuation done by DVO the difference is less than 10% and on this count also no addition is called for. The Tribunal held that this view is fortified by the order of ITAT in the assessee’s own case for AY 2017-18 [ITA No. 73/Chd./2024; Order dated 06.08.2024].

The Tribunal allowed this ground of appeal of the assessee.

Assessment order framed by the ITO u/s 143(3) of the Act, without an order under section 127 conferring jurisdiction on him, is bad in law and needs to be quashed.

28. TS-559-ITAT-2025 (Delhi)

Navita Gupta vs. ITO

A.Y.: 2017-18

Date of Order : 30.04.2025

Sections: 127, 143(2), 143(3)

Assessment order framed by the ITO u/s 143(3) of the Act, without an order under section 127 conferring jurisdiction on him, is bad in law and needs to be quashed.

FACTS

The assessee preferred an appeal against the order of CIT(A) confirming the addition made under section 69 r.w.s. 115BBE of the Act.

In the course of appellate proceedings before the Tribunal, it was mentioned that the notice under section 143(2) of the Act, for assessment, was issued by ITO, Ward 38(2), New Delhi; whereas the assessment order was passed by ITO Ward 5(2)(3), Noida. The assessment order was passed by the ITO at Noida without there being a transfer order under section 127 of the Act for shifting of jurisdiction from the ITO at Delhi to the ITO at Noida. It was submitted that since the assessment is framed by ITO Ward 5(2)(3), Noida on the basis of notice issued u/s 143(2) of the Act by ITO Ward 38(2), New Delhi, the assessment order passed under section 143(3) of the Act is bad in law. For this proposition, reliance was placed on the decision of the co-ordinate bench in Saroj Sangwan vs. ITO [ITA No. 2428/Delhi/2023; Order dated 17.5.2024] and on the decision of the jurisdictional High Court in PCIT vs. Vimal Gupta in ITA No. 515/2016 dated 16.10.2017.

HELD

The Tribunal noted that an identical issue came up for consideration of the co-ordinate Bench in the case of Saroj Sangwan (supra). Having noted the observations and the decision in the case of Saroj Sangwan (supra) and also in the case of Vimal Gupta (supra), the Tribunal held that the assessment framed by the ITO, Ward 5(2)(3), Noida without a transfer order having been passed under section 127 of the Act, is bad in law and therefore needs to be quashed.

Statistically Speaking

 

 

 

 

Learning Events At BCAS

1. 77th Founding Day Conclave:

– Lecture Meeting by Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson SEBI on “Corporate Governance, in letter and spirit – role and responsibilities of professionals” and

– Fireside chat with Shri Nithin Kamath, Founder & CEO at Zerodha on “Navigating Tomorrow: How CAs can lead Financial Innovation and Sustainability” held on 5th July, 2025 at Garware Club, Churchgate.

The 77th Founding Day of the Society was marked by a significant, one of its kind conclave, featuring a talk by, SEBI Chairperson – Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, and a Fireside chat with Shri Nithin Kamath.

Lecture Meeting

This session featured a lecture by Shri. Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson of SEBI, on the critical role of corporate governance and the responsibilities of professionals, particularly Chartered Accountants.

Key takeaways:

1. SEBI’s Mandate and CA’s Dual Role: SEBI has a dual responsibility of developing and regulating the securities market. Chartered Accountants also play a dual role, acting as both business enablers (CFOs, Consultants) and a “first line of defense” (Auditors, Independent Directors).

2. Uncompromising Ethics and Values: He stressed that ethics and a strong value system are of uncompromising importance for CAs’, regardless of their specific role. He reinforced Azim Premji’s saying: “for a professional, grey is black,” meaning that ambiguous situations should be treated with the same clarity as wrong actions to ensure strong corporate governance.

3. Corporate Governance as an Imperative: Corporate governance is not optional but an “imperative” that builds trust with stakeholders and ensures investor confidence, board independence, and effective oversight.

4. Chartered Accountants as Financial Custodians: Chartered Accountants are deemed “financial custodians of corporate India” and “stewards of trust”. Their role extends beyond financial reporting to ensuring accuracy, integrity, robust internal controls, transparency in related party transactions, and ethical conduct. They serve as a bridge between management, auditors, and regulators, upholding fairness and accountability. A crucial point he made is that CAs must ensure corporate governance is “not reduced to a checklist”.

5. Evolution of Governance Framework: India’s corporate governance framework has continuously evolved, with significant milestones including Clause 49 (2000), the Company’s Act 2013, and SEBI LODR Regulations 2015. SEBI adopts a hybrid approach, combining rule-based and principle-based elements, to encourage going beyond mere compliance and embracing the spirit of good governance.

6. Transparency and Information Symmetry: SEBI mandates a robust disclosure framework, including periodic financial and governance reports and event-based disclosures, to ensure timely and reliable information for all stakeholders and prevent information asymmetry.

7. Enforcement and Regulatory Reforms: SEBI undertakes stringent enforcement actions against misconduct, including debarring entities, imposing penalties, and directing the return of siphoned funds. Recent reforms include quantitative thresholds for materiality of events and mandating shareholder approval every five years for special rights or director continuation, aiming to enhance transparency and accountability.

8. Ease of Doing Business Initiatives: SEBI has introduced measures such as a single filing system, simplified RPT standards, flexibility in Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR), extended disclosure windows for board meeting outcomes, and the option to not publish detailed financial results in newspapers. These measures aim to simplify compliance, enhance transparency, and encourage technology adoption, while also being mindful of the burden of excessive compliance.

9. Collaborative Ecosystem: The strength of capital markets lies in “partnership and shared purpose” among all participants. Teamwork, technology, transparency, professional ethics, trust, and a shared vision are key pillars for progress.

10. Investor Service and Digitisation: Indian capital markets are considered among the most advanced globally, with a significant increase in unique investors (from under 50 million in 2019 to 130 million, targeting 400 million). He praised tech startups like Zerodha for their role in reaching investors across the country.

11. Investor Protection Initiatives: SEBI is working on initiatives like “@VALID” (a UPI subsystem for authorised bank accounts) and a SEBI Check app to prevent fraud. They also plan massive campaigns on cyber fraud and responsible investing, and advocate for differentiated regulation based on investor risk appetite.

12. BRSR Reporting Assurance: He emphasised the need for trustworthy standards and credible third-party assessments as the reporting moves from self-certification.

13. Debt Capital Markets: While equity markets have developed significantly, he noted the substantial growth in the corporate bond market. He highlighted the unique EBP platform for electronic bidding in corporate bonds and initiatives to improve retail access through online bond platforms and brokers. Challenges remain in secondary market liquidity and investor understanding of bonds as “yield to maturity” products. Investor awareness initiatives, such as NISM webinars, are underway.

14. Final Message: Corporate governance should be implemented “not only in letter but also in spirit” to achieve its true objective and purpose.

Fireside Chat

The Fireside Chat featured Shri Nithin Kamath, Founder & CEO at Zerodha interviewed by CA Vaibhav Manek. The discussion focused on Zerodha’s journey, financial innovation, and investor trends, with insights into how Chartered Accountants (CAs) can lead in these areas.

Key takeaways from Shri Nithin Kamath:

1. Zerodha’s Inception and Growth: Nithin Kamath started trading in the late 1990s, experienced significant losses in 2001, worked in a call centre, and later became a sub-broker and Reliance Money franchisee before starting Zerodha in 2009. He highlighted that the genesis of Zerodha was transparency, which allowed customers to know all upfront charges, a previously unheard-of practice.

2. Unforeseen Scale and Organic Growth: Kamath never envisioned Zerodha reaching its current scale of 17 million customers, with his initial best-case scenario being 100,000 customers. He emphasised that Zerodha achieved this scale without spending on advertising, proving that building a good product with the customer at its centre naturally attracts users.

3. Emphasis on Market Cycles and Grounding: He attributes much of Zerodha’s success to being in the “right place, right time” during India’s growth period, highlighting the importance of the market cycle over just business skills for an entrepreneur. He also noted that wealth has not materially changed his lifestyle, helping him stay grounded.

4. Future Opportunities in Broking: Kamath believes it would be difficult to build another Zerodha today due to the unique timing of its growth (e.g., online onboarding coinciding with events like COVID-19). He sees the main opportunity in India as building an advisory-first broker, as many new investors lack guidance on what to do.

5. Transformational Shift in Investor Trends: He predicts that India, being a generation behind the US, will see investors mature over time. With the rise of AI tools like Chat GPT, he foresees a major transformational shift where brokers might become mere “pipes” to exchanges, and customers will build custom apps for trading.

6. Role of Chartered Accountants: Kamath greatly values the role of CAs, citing Zerodha’s CAs (Bharat and Om) as instrumental in building the business without “legacy debt” by ensuring transparency and ethical operations. He believes CAs can nudge business owners towards holistic decisions, especially regarding sustainability and ESG, beyond just “checkbox” compliance.

7. Investment Perspective: He sees accounting firms as “investable” due to their steady and sustainable revenue and high customer retention. When evaluating investment opportunities, he primarily looks for founders with core competency and experience in the industry, rather than just an idea. He also prioritises investing in contrarian market cycles like health and climate.

8. Leadership and Growth Philosophy: Kamath defines his leadership by prioritising the long-term over the short-term, such as analysing business numbers over a three-year moving average rather than quarterly. He believes this gives Zerodha an advantage over competitors forced to focus on short-term results.

9. Mistakes for Start-up Founders: He advises founders to avoid overselling to investors, as it creates false expectations for the team. He advocates for effective team building by treating employees as more than just “resources,” implementing policies like no work chats after 6 pm and encouraging hobby projects. He stresses that people motivated solely by money tend to leave for money. He also criticises the “excessive consumerism” of constant growth targets, suggesting that true happiness comes from chasing metrics beyond mere revenue.

BCAS Lecture Meetings are high-quality professional development sessions which are open-to-all to attend and participate. Missed the Lecture Meeting, but still interested in viewing the entire meeting video?

Visit the below link or scan the QR Code with your phone scanner app:

YouTube Link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIK12-f19nw&t 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ff5-CAnK4TM

2. One Day Seminar on “Ind AS 117 – Insurance Contracts – A Curtain Raiser” held on Friday, 4th July 2025 @IMC.

The landscape of insurance accounting is undergoing a paradigm shift in India with the introduction of Ind AS 117 – Insurance Contracts, aligning more closely with the international standard IFRS 17.

As India moves toward adopting this landmark standard, it is essential for all professionals in the insurance sector, auditors of insurance companies, actuaries and all those associated with the insurance industry, to gain a solid understanding of its principles, implementation issues, and practical implications.

In this direction (to act as curtain raiser), Accounting & Auditing Committee of BCAS organised one day seminar on the said topic in hybrid mode (physical as well as online) at Babubhai Chinai Hall, 2nd Floor, IMC Building, Churchgate, Mumbai.

This seminar was designed to introduce and equip professionals with a basic understanding of Ind AS 117 and help them navigate its complexities with confidence.

The Seminar was inaugurated with the opening remarks from the Vice-President of BCAS, CA Zubin Billimoria, followed by the Chairman of the Accounting and Auditing Committee –CA. Abhay Mehta, both of them underlining the importance of knowledge sharing and role of the BCAS in conducting such programs for the benefit of members and the profession at large.

The seminar commenced with an Inaugural Address by CA. M P Vijay Kumar setting the tone for the following sessions, narrating the journey and emphasizing the importance of readiness and adaptation to the new standard.

This was followed by an insightful session on “Introduction to Ind AS 117 and Transitional Issues“, which provided a foundational overview along with transition challenges, strategies and practical insights by CA Ashutosh Pednekar.

Thereafter, specialised sessions on the “Accounting Impact on Life Insurance Sector” and “General Insurance Sector” were taken by Mr. Dinesh Pant and CA Samir Shah, respectively, offering deep technical perspectives on how Ind AS 117 reshapes financial reporting in these domains.

The session on the “Impact of Ind AS 117 on Other Ind AS Standards”, by Mr. Jitendra Jain, highlighted convergence and divergence areas, especially with Ind AS 109 and Ind AS 115.

The Seminar concluded with a critical session by Mr. Rajesh Dalmia on the “Interplay of Actuarial Aspects vis-à-vis Ind AS 117“, focusing on the alignment between actuarial valuations and accounting treatment, bringing together finance and actuarial domains.

The seminar proved to be a highly informative platform for professionals navigating the implementation challenges of Ind AS 117.

The Seminar provided an excellent opportunity to gain valuable knowledge and practical insights on the topics covered. The Seminar attended by 45 participants (including 36 virtual participants) was well received, and the overall feedback from the participants was very encouraging.

3. Finance Corporate & Allied Law Study Circle – Overview of Due diligence with focus on Financial due diligence held on Monday, 23rd June 2025 @ Virtual

  • The session focused on the structure, scope, and strategic importance of due diligence in modern transactions, particularly financial due diligence (FDD). 55 participants attended the session.
  • CA Sahil Parikh outlined the phases of a typical DD assignment, from planning to reporting and finalisation.
    Key distinctions between audit and due diligence were discussed, with real-life case examples highlighting revenue overstatement, related party risks, and valuation adjustments.
  • The speaker shared insights from engagements involving private equity, IPOs, and distressed assets, demonstrating how DD findings impact deal structure and pricing.
  • Buyer vs Seller perspectives were explained, along with red flag negotiation strategies.
  • The session covered FDD checklists, normalisation of EBITDA, tax and legal DD overlaps, and the role of secretarial compliance.
  • Emerging trends such as AI-based review tools, digital data rooms were also touched upon.
  • The talk concluded with a strong emphasis on ethical rigour, independence, and value creation through diligent and balanced reporting.
  • The session was well received and drew appreciation for its practical orientation and structured delivery.

4. Redevelopment 360: From Concept to Completion held on Saturday, 21st June 2025 @ Hybrid

This event was organized by the Finance, Corporate, and Allied Laws Committee on Saturday, 21st June, 2025, at BCAS Hall. Initially planned as an in-person attendance event, the seminar was converted into a hybrid format in response to the overwhelming interest and demand, allowing participants to attend virtually as well.

The details of the Seminar are as follows:

Topic Session Summary Faculty
Keynote Address on The Rise and Need of Redevelopment

Shri Romell delivered an insightful keynote address, emphasizing the urgent necessity of redevelopment in a land-constrained city like Mumbai. He articulated the advantages of cluster redevelopment over other models and positioning redevelopment as both a civic necessity and a social responsibility. His address set a compelling tone for the sessions that followed.

Shri Domnic Romell

President, Maharashtra
Chamber of Housing Industry

 

 Session 1:

Understanding Redevelopment Process and Regulatory Framework

 

This session provided a comprehensive overview of the redevelopment landscape—covering various types of redevelopments, notable DCPR schemes, and their comparative analysis. Mr. Nayan Dedhia also touched on self-redevelopment initiatives.

 Mr. Nayan Dedhia

Director, Toughcons Nirman Pvt. Ltd

 

 Session 2: Role and Importance of PMC in Redevelopment

CA Aditya Bansal outlined the critical role of Project Management Consultants in ensuring smooth execution at every stage of a redevelopment project. He illustrated how PMC involvement mitigates risks and enhances project efficiency.

 CA Aditya Bansal,

Associate Director,
Knight Frank

 Session 3: The Redevelopment Checklist

Dr. Harshul Savla emphasized the importance of having a well-structured redevelopment checklist. He stated that the checklist should, inter alia, comprise the key points of a plot, the due diligence checklist, significant points of redevelopment, buffet of FSIs, importance of ‘Know your Developer’, and certain RERA compliances of a redevelopment project.

 Dr. Adv. Harshul Savla

Managing Partner, Suvidha Lifespaces

 

 Session 4: GST Implications in Redevelopment

CA Raj Khona dealt with GST implications with respect to developer-led redevelopment as well as self-redevelopment of societies. In case of developer-led redevelopment, GST on rehab flats, resale by landowners before OC, various payments to the society and its members, additional area purchased along with liability to pay GST were considered. He also dealt with the GST implications in respect of self-redevelopment funded by the members’ contribution. He presented the possible divergent views.

 CA Raj Khona

Founder, Aarkay Advisors

 

 Session 5: Income Tax and Stamp Duty Implications in Redevelopment

The fireside chat dealt with the income tax implications on various aspects of redevelopment of cooperative societies, including TDS on and from AY 2024-25, such as development rights, availing permanent alternative accommodation with or without additional area, garage, Jodi flats, temporary alternative accommodation compensation, hardship compensation, sinking fund, in in-kind benefits. Stamp duty implications and the potential role of seeking Advance Rulings were also discussed.

 CA Pradip Kapasi in fireside chat with CA Jhankhana Thakkar:
 Session 6: Legal Drafting in Redevelopment Projects

Adv. Sajit Suvarna and Adv. Mitali Naik dealt with drafting essentials in Development Agreement, Power of Attorney, Intimation of Disapproval. They emphasized careful and diligent drafting of critical clauses relating to granting of development rights, displacement allowance, security, building enough safeguards to have a balanced document.

 Adv. Sajit Suvarna

Senior Partner, DSK Legal

 Adv. Mitali Naik, Partner, DSK Legal

 

 Panel Discussion on Redevelopment Realities – Successes, Pitfalls & Lessons Learned

This engaging panel brought together perspectives from both society representatives and developers. Panelists shared success stories and critical lessons from their redevelopment journeys. They discussed key factors contributing to success, such as selection of developer, structuring the deal, challenges during execution phase, and surprise – pleasant or otherwise – experienced during the possession of the new residential premises. Each panelist shared their Success Mantras – The Do’s, Don’ts, and Ratnas.

 Panelists:


CA Ketan Mehta

(Society Office Bearer)

 

• Mr. Ayaz Kazi

(Society Office Bearer)

 

• CA Anish Shah

Director, Amal Group (Developer)

 Moderator:

CA Chetan Shah

Past President – BCAS

The Seminar was appreciated for its concept to completion. Each session offered in-depth insights, with experts sharing valuable experiences. The seminar concluded with participants gaining an overall (360º) understanding of Redevelopment of societies, especially in Mumbai. The Chairman of BCAS – FCAL committee suggested that Monograph/s may be published on the questions raised during the seminar. Out of the total 194 participants, 126 were BCAS members, and the remaining 68 were non-members. Further, 44 participants attended from 21 cities outside the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

II. OTHER EVENTS AND NEWS

1. BCAS Office Bearers, Chairpersons, Co-Chairpersons & Convenors Meeting held on Saturday, 12th July 2025@ BCAS Hall.

A meeting of the Office Bearers, Chairpersons, Co-Chairpersons, and Convenors of the various BCAS Committees for the year 2025–26 was held on 12th July 2025 at the BCAS Hall.

President CA Zubin Billimoria welcomed all members and shared the vision for the year ahead, aligning the initiatives with the BCAS Five-Year Plan. He presented ten key strategic projects that the Office Bearers have outlined for the year.

Convenors of the respective committees also shared their proposed annual plans and activity schedules for 2025–26. The updated Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were discussed, emphasising the roles and responsibilities of Chairpersons and Convenors. Discussions also focused on best practices for event planning, communication, and outreach.

The BCAS Office Manager and Department Heads were introduced to the members, along with an overview of their functions. An open townhall session saw active participation and meaningful suggestions from members, which were duly noted for implementation.

2. Meeting of Newly Inducted Core Group Members (2023–24 to 2025–26) held on Saturday, 12th July 2025 @ BCAS Hall.

The second half of the day saw a dedicated session for newly inducted Core Group members during the last years from 2023–24 to 2025–26. The meeting provided an opportunity for the new members to introduce themselves and engage with the Office Bearers and fellow Core Group members.

President CA Zubin Billimoria elaborated on the key strategic initiatives under the BCAS Five-Year Plan and reiterated the importance of collaborative leadership. The structural framework of BCAS departments was presented, and the Heads of Departments were formally introduced.

The roles, expectations, and responsibilities of Core Group members were discussed in context of the updated SOPs. The interactive townhall that followed allowed members to offer suggestions and share insights, which were warmly received and noted for action by the leadership team.

3. BCAS Academy: A New Era of Digital Learning and Networking @ Mumbai.

Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society proudly unveiled the BCAS Academy portal, at the 76th Annual General Meeting of the society held on 5th July 2025 at Garware Club House, Mumbai. The BCAS Academy is a robust digital learning and networking hub designed to empower members through knowledge, collaboration, and innovation.

Key Features:

i. Groups – Members can now connect through dedicated groups based on areas of interest or professional focus, enabling peer learning and closer networking within the community.

ii. Forums – The platform hosts interactive forums where users can post queries, share insights, and engage in meaningful discussions on emerging topics and technical issues.

iii. Self-paced e-Learning with BCAS Certificate – A growing library of structured online courses allows members to learn at their own pace and earn BCAS-certified credentials upon completion.

iv. Custom ChatGPT – An AI-powered assistant tailored for the CA profession provides instant guidance, answers, and learning support, enhancing the user’s experience and understanding.

v. BCAS Journal Flip Book Version – Members can now access the Bombay Chartered Accountants Journal in a convenient, interactive flip book format, enhancing readability and portability.

vi. Recorded Videos – Access to a rich repository of recordings from past webinars, lectures, and conferences ensures that knowledge is never missed and always within reach.

vii. Event Registration – The portal offers seamless registration for upcoming BCAS events, making it easier for members to stay updated and involved.

viii. Order Publication Online – Users can conveniently browse and order BCAS publications through the portal, with a streamlined interface for selection and checkout.

The BCAS Academy marks a significant leap forward in the Society’s digital journey, aligning with its mission to foster continuous learning and professional excellence among Chartered Accountants.

The BCAS Academy is now accessible to all members of the Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society. Access the BCAS Academy: https://academy.bcasonline.org/

4. White Paper: Enhancing the Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) Ecosystem in India@ Mumbai

A White Paper prepared by Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS) jointly with National Institute of Securities Markets (NISM) on “Enhancing the Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) Ecosystem in India” was presented to Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson, Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) at the 77th Founding Day Conclave held on 5th July 2025 at Garware Club House, Mumbai.

Previously, on the sidelines of the Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) Conclave 2025, which was held on 17th and 18th January, 2025, at Hotel Ginger Mumbai Airport, a Closed-Door Roundtable Discussion was held on the Challenges and Gaps in the AIF Ecosystem.

The discussion was attended by Shri Rajesh Gujjar, Chief General Manager at SEBI, officials from BCAS and NISM, top leadership from 15 AIFs, and legal experts. The session was moderated by Adv. Siddharth Shah. The insights and suggestions provided by the panelists were documented in the form of a White Paper.

The white paper serves as a foundation for policy advocacy and industry transformation, capturing the key recommendations and insights from the discussion held during the roundtable discussion. The recommendations outlined in the paper serve as a strategic roadmap for improving governance, expanding investor access and streamlining compliance in the AIF sector.

The White Paper is now accessible to all BCAS members and is expected to serve as a valuable resource for professionals engaged in investment advisory, fund structuring, tax planning, and regulatory compliance.

Access the White Paper here:

https://bcasonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/White-Paper-on-Alternative-Investment-Fund.pdf

5. BCAS Foundation Receives Yoga Sangam Patra from the Ministry of Ayush

We are delighted to share that the BCAS Foundation has been awarded the prestigious Yoga Sangam Patra by the Ministry of Ayush, Government of India, in recognition of our active participation in celebrating International Yoga Day on 21.06.2025.

The Yoga Sangam event organized by BCAS Foundation was held at Prestige Hotel, Andheri, in alignment with the national celebrations led by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi from Visakhapatnam. The event brought together members and well-wishers in a shared commitment to promote health, wellness, and inner harmony through the timeless practice of yoga.

We extend our heartfelt thanks to all the enthusiastic participants who contributed to making this initiative a meaningful and memorable one.

This recognition is a proud moment for the BCAS community and a reflection of our ongoing efforts to promote holistic well-being alongside professional excellence.

6. 15,000 & Growing!

The Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS) is proud to share a significant digital milestone — our LinkedIn community has crossed 15,000 followers!

We extend our heartfelt thanks to each member of our growing network for your support, engagement, and trust. Your continued participation strengthens our mission to share credible, relevant, and insightful knowledge with the professional community.

If you haven’t joined us yet, we invite you to become part of an active network of finance professionals, Chartered Accountants, and thought leaders who look to BCAS for:

  • Expert sessions and event updates
  • Thought leadership in taxation, audit, technology, and policy
  • Key regulatory insights and member-driven initiatives
  • Let’s continue to learn, lead, and grow — together.

Follow us on LinkedIn for more meaningful content and updates.

Link: https://www.linkedin.com/company/bombay-chartered-accountants-society/?viewAsMember=true

III. BCAS IN NEWS & MEDIA

BCAS was quoted in 48 news and media platforms during July 2025. This coverage reflects our thought leadership and commitment to the profession. For details

Link: https://bcasonline.org/bcas-in-news/

AI Won’t Replace You… But the CA Who Uses It Better Might

The future of finance is here — and those who adapt will lead.

In a thought-provoking episode of the popular podcast Paisa Vaisa, BCAS President Anand Bathiya joins host Anupam Gupta to discuss the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the finance and accounting profession.

From automation and analytics to ethics and upskilling, the discussion sheds light on how AI is reshaping the Chartered Accountant’s role — and why adopting these technologies is no longer optional.

Whether you’re a Chartered Accountant, a finance student, or simply curious about the intersection of money and machines, this episode offers timely insights on how to stay relevant, resilient, and future ready.

Watch the full episode here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6TbBDLbv1g

Mutual Fund “Lite” – Rewriting The Grammar Of Passive Investing

EVOLVING MARKET LANDSCAPE

The Indian mutual fund industry, governed by the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, has witnessed an unprecedented evolution over the last two decades driven by a sustained policy focus on financial inclusion, digital infrastructure expansion, and increased investor awareness. The growth trajectory has been further accelerated by the entry of retail investors from Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, facilitated by low-cost digital platforms, simplified customer norms, and systematic investment planning becoming culturally entrenched.

However, this expansion has also revealed a structural rigidity in the regulatory ecosystem, wherein all mutual fund Sponsors and Asset Management Companies (AMCs), irrespective of investment strategy or complexity, are subject to a uniform and comprehensive set of compliance obligations. This includes stringent capitalisation norms, expansive governance frameworks, granular disclosure requirements, and exhaustive reporting and audit cycles, originally designed to mitigate risks associated with actively managed, high-discretion investment vehicles.

THE IMPERATIVE FOR REGULATORY DIFFERENTIATION

As per the AMFI Database1, the mutual fund industry’s Assets Under Management (AUM) reached ₹65.74 lakh crore in March 2025, which is a 23.11% increase year on year from ₹53.40 lakh crore as on March 2024. Out of which, the AUM of passive mutual funds in India reached ₹11.47 lakh crore in March 2025. This marks a notable increase of 22.7% compared to ₹9.34 lakh crore in March 2024. What is remarkable, is that the passive mutual fund industry at large has witnessed an exponential increase of 119.8% in a 3-year span.


1 https://www.amfiindia.com/Themes/Theme1/downloads/AMFIMonthlyNote_March2025.pdf

This number demonstrates the convergence of several critical factors such as rising investor demand for low-cost products, increased indexation of capital markets, global regulatory trends toward passive investing, and the operational simplicity of rule-based investment models. In particular, passive investment strategies such as Index funds and Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), which are inherently transparent, rules-driven, and involve limited portfolio churn, have emerged as viable vehicles for delivering low-cost, scalable investment access to first-time investors. Notwithstanding their risk-mitigated structure, these schemes have, until now, been subject to the same compliance and capital thresholds as actively managed products.

Recognising the inefficiencies and entry barriers created by this undifferentiated framework, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) undertook a significant policy recalibration. In furtherance of its mandate to promote capital formation, investor protection, and orderly market development, SEBI introduced a tailored regulatory carve-out under the Mutual Fund Regulations.

Vide circular dated 16 December 2024, SEBI formally launched the “Mutual Fund Lite” framework—a streamlined, compliance-light regime designed exclusively for mutual funds proposing to offer only passive investment schemes. A passive mutual fund scheme is a mutual fund that replicates or tracks a specified market index where the underlying securities shall be equity, plain vanilla debt securities, physical commodities and exchange trade derivatives. Investment in Equity Derivatives of underlying securities forming part of the Index shall be available as an investment option in case the underlying security is not available for purchase.

The Mutual Fund Lite regime is a distinct regulatory channel that allows new entrants to establish and operate passive-only mutual fund structures with an intent to promote ease of entry, encourage new players, reduce compliance requirements, increase penetration, facilitate investment diversification, increase market liquidity and foster innovation. It embodies the principle of proportionality in regulation—where the regulatory burden is commensurate with the risk posed by the investment strategy.

ESTABLISHMENT OF MUTUAL FUND LITE UNDER SEBI (MUTUAL FUNDS) REGULATIONS, 1996 LEGAL CODIFICATION AND STRUCTURAL CARVE-OUTS

The Mutual Fund Lite regime is now firmly embedded within the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, through the introduction of Chapter IX (Regulations 79–89). This provides a standalone legal structure tailored for entities intending to offer exclusively passive investment schemes, alongside a streamlined governance and compliance regimen.

The framework introduces several key pillars:

  •  Sponsors must demonstrate both financial capacity and commitment to operate solely within the passive-investment paradigm.
  •  Parameters for determining eligibility for application of sponsor of a mutual fund under the main route warrants the sponsor to have a sound track record, maintenance of net worth, profit track record in 3 years out of 5 years (including 5th year), average profitability, capital contribution, minimum deployment of net worth in AMC, etc.

In case of an alternate route, some of the key points include sponsor capitalisation is expected at a higher amount along with a combined management experience of 20 years.

STATUTORY BOUNDARIES UNDER THE MUTUAL FUND LITE REGIME

Permitted Passive Schemes

The permissibility of schemes is tightly circumscribed and deliberately restricted to eliminate portfolio discretion, lower operational risks, and ensure transparency.

A Mutual Fund Lite entity may only offer the following categories of passive investment schemes and any other schemes as SEBI may define from time to time:

1. Index Funds, which replicate a specific index whether equity or debt approved by SEBI or constructed in accordance with SEBI recognised methodology, and follow a non-discretionary, rules-based investment pattern;

2. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), which are required to passively track such recognised indices and be listed and traded on recognised stock exchanges, thereby offering liquidity and real-time price discovery.

3. Fund of Funds (FoFs), which are permitted solely where the underlying investments are limited to the aforementioned index funds and/or ETFs, whether domiciled domestically or in foreign jurisdictions, provided they adhere to the passive investment mandate.

4. Hybrid ETFs / Index Funds are a new class of passive funds where AMCs can launch a new class of Hybrid passive Funds which shall replicate a composite index comprising of equity and debt and enable investors to invest in a single product having exposure to equity & debt instruments.

Investment Restriction

Passive scheme shall not be allowed to invest in the following:

  •  Unlisted Debt Instrument
  •  Bespoke or Complex Debt Products
  •  Securities with special features
  •  Inter scheme transactions
  •  Short Selling
  •  Unrated Debt and Money Market Instruments (except G-secs, T-Bills and other money market instruments)

It is of critical legal significance that no active management, sectoral themes, or discretion-based portfolio construction is permitted under this regulatory carve-out. The Lite framework is, by express design and regulation, constructed to avoid fund manager discretion, reduce tracking errors, and ensure faithful replication of the prescribed index, that inherently limit systemic and investor level risks.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN MUTUAL FUND LITE AND CONVENTIONAL MUTUAL FUNDS: A REGULATORY AND OPERATIONAL DICHOTOMY

The Mutual Fund Lite regime institutionalises a deliberate divergence from the conventional mutual fund regulatory framework. It is not merely a variation in product type but a shift in regulatory theory—rooted in the doctrine of proportional regulation and calibrated supervision.

The following key distinctions underscore the bifurcated architecture between the two regulatory tracks:

1. Capital Adequacy Norms

Under the Mutual Fund Lite framework, Asset Management Companies (AMCs) are required to maintain a minimum net worth of ₹35 crore (₹50 Crore In case of entering through Alternate Route), a significant reduction from the ₹50 crore mandated (₹100 Crore In case of entering through Alternate Route), for conventional AMCs as per Regulation 21 of the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.

This reflects the reduced operational complexity and limited risk exposure associated with passive investment strategies, justifying a lower entry threshold for new or niche participants.

2. Scope of Permissible Schemes

Entities operating under the Mutual Fund Lite regime are restricted to passive investment schemes—including index funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and funds of funds (FoFs) investing exclusively in such passive strategies.

Unlike full-scope AMCs that may launch a wide array of actively managed, thematic, or tactical schemes, the Lite framework enforces product discipline and predictability, aligning offerings with the regime’s simplified risk profile and investor expectations.

3. Governance and Organizational Requirements

The governance architecture for Mutual Fund Lite AMCs is streamlined. Key exemptions include:

  •  No mandatory constitution of Risk Management Committees (RMC) or Valuation Committees. Further the requirement of an RMC shall be optional and the audit committee of AMC may undertake the additional role of RMC.
  •  Relaxation in the appointment of certain Key Managerial Personnel (KMPs). However, core fiduciary obligations remain intact. Trustees continue to be bound by statutory duties, and SEBI retains its full supervisory and enforcement authority under the SEBI Act, 1992 and applicable mutual fund regulations. This ensures that while operational governance is simplified, regulatory accountability remains uncompromised.

4. Compliance and Disclosure Requirements

The compliance framework is recalibrated to reflect the inherently lower-risk profile of passive funds. Key relaxations include:

  •  Reduced frequency of audits
  •  Simplified disclosure formats in offering documents and periodic reports.

Nevertheless, transparency and disclosure obligations remain essential, preserving investor confidence and market discipline.

Entities are expected to maintain high standards of data integrity and reporting accuracy, in line with SEBI’s disclosure principles.

5. Hiving of Existing Active & Passive Funds

Existing MFs having both active and passive schemes may hive off respective passive schemes covered under MF Lite Framework, if they so desire, to a different group entity, thereby resulting in management of active and passive schemes by separate AMCs but under a common sponsor. However, each sponsor shall be permitted to obtain up to two registrations i.e. one each for MF- active and MF- Lite,

Further, they shall completely segregate and ring-fence its resources including infrastructure, technology and staff etc. for passive MF management from the active MF management.

However, MF Lite shall only offer schemes of passive investment and any other scheme as defined by SEBI from time to time.

Also, the existing AMCs shall now have the liberty at its disposal to operate two different set ups, each resonating to the investment strategy, thereby delivering better investor performance aligning to the risk appetite.

6. Fast Track Registration of MF Lite Schemes

Fast tracking of Scheme Information Document shall be mandatory for schemes under the framework; however, Key Information Memorandum shall not be required for a respective scheme in case of MF Lite, easing out additional operationalities at the time of launching a scheme.

IMPLICIT COMPLIANCE RECALIBRATIONS AND THE STRATEGIC WAY FORWARD

For institutions evaluating entry or expansion within the asset management space, the Mutual Fund Lite regime offers a platform of legal clarity and procedural economy—while simultaneously demanding strategic precision in scheme structuring and investor communication.

In its regulatory design, Mutual Fund Lite envisions an ecosystem where market entrants are not handicapped by existing capital thresholds or intricate organizational structures, but are instead empowered by clarity of scope and precision of responsibility. This opens avenues for bespoke, low-cost structures that can serve niche investor cohorts with differentiated financial access goals—without triggering compliance machinery disproportionate to underlying risks.

The strategic implications of this model are manifold: it incentivises lean governance without weakening oversight, facilitates product innovation within statutory bounds, and enables ecosystem participants to calibrate their operational and advisory models to a lighter, yet equally robust, regulatory regime.

For stakeholders involved in the architecture of collective investment—be it through structuring, operationalisation, audit, risk oversight, or regulatory interpretation—this regime rewrites what preparedness must look like. The way forward lies in:

  •  Streamlining audit and internal control frameworks around leaner fiduciary structures;
  •  Crafting legally rigorous scheme documents that conform to tight regulatory boundaries while enabling product flexibility;
  •  Building digital compliance infrastructure that supports direct-to-investor ecosystems and automated disclosures;
  •  And perhaps most crucially, adapting professional mindsets to a regime where governance is not defined by scale, but by discipline, clarity, and proportionality.

Professionals have a new opportunity at their doorstep to expand their horizons and assess how mutual funds are structured, advised and monitored.

The Mutual Fund Lite pathway aligns with SEBI’s long-standing vision of fostering growth in the passive fund management segment, expanding investor choice, and promoting digital innovation within the asset management industry.

Regulatory Referencer

DIRECT TAX: SPOTLIGHT

1. Clarification regarding CBDT’s Circular No. 5/2025 dated 28.03.2025 for waiver on levy of interest under section 201(1A)(ii) / 206C(7) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 – Circular No. 8/2025 dated 1 July 2025

As prescribed in circular No. 5, the CCIT, DGIT or PrCCIT has power to reduce or waive interest charged under section 201(1A)(ii) / 206C(7) of the Act. The following clarifications are issued:

a) CCIT/ DGIT/ Pr.CCIT is empowered to pass order for waiver after the date of issue of Circular No. 5/2025 i.e. 28 March 2025

b) Applications for the waiver of interest can be entertained within one year from the end of the financial year for which the interest is charged.

c) Waiver applications can be entertained for interest under section 201(1A)(ii) / 206C(7) of the Act charged even before the issuance of the said Circular, subject to (b) above.

2. Cost Inflation Index for F.Y. 2025-26 is 376 – Notification No. 70/2025 dated 1 July 2025

FEMA

1. RBI allows advance remittance up to USD 50M for vessel imports without BG or unconditional, irrevocable SBLC

To enhance ease of doing business, it is decided to allow importers to make advance remittance up to USD 50 million. This is for imports of shipping vessel, without Bank guarantee, or an unconditional and irrevocable Letter of credit, subject to conditions in MD-Imports. However, this circular does not provide relaxations for obtaining approvals or permissions.
[A.P. (DIR Series 2025-26) Circular No. 7, dated 13th June 2025]

2. RBI eases export norms; exempts offshore vessels like tugs, dredgers from export declaration if re-imported into India

Regulation 4 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Export of Goods & Services) Regulations, 2015 is amended. Tugs or Tug boats, Dredgers and Vessels used for providing off-shore support services are now exempt from furnishing export declaration, subject to re-import.

[Notification No. FEMA 23(R)/(6)/2025-RB, dated 24th June 2025]

IFSCA

1. IFSCA expands permissible uses of FCA funds by resident individuals in IFSC

IFSCA has amended the existing directions concerning the operation of Foreign Currency Accounts (FCAs) held by Resident Indians (RIs) under LRS. As per the amendment, RIs must submit a declaration that the amount spent from FCA for availing financial services or financial products is for the purpose declared or is for a purpose permitted under LRS.

[Circular No. IFSCA-FMPP0BR/1/2021–Banking-Part(1)/3, dated 23rd June 2025]

2. IFSCA prescribes submission process for changes in operations, management, or registration of REs by Finance Cos

With a view to facilitating uniformity and ease of doing business for Regulated Entities (REs), the authority has issued a Guidance Note. It aims to streamline the process of change requests made by the REs. Various Divisions of IFSCA have been specified for different Change Requests. All the Finance Companies and Finance Units shall adhere to these Guidelines to ensure compliance.

[Circular No. IFSCA-FCR0FCR/5/2025-Banking/01, dated 1st July 2025]

Recent Developments in GST

A. CIRCULARS

(i) Clarifications – Procedure for review, revision and appeal Circular no.250/07/2025-GST dated 24.06.2025.

By above circular, clarifications about procedure for review, revision and appeal in respect of Orders-in-Original (O-I-Os) passed by Common Adjudicating Authorities (CAA), i.e., Joint/Additional Commissioners appointed for adjudicating SCNs issued by DGGI under GST are provided.

B. ADVISORY

i) Vide GSTN dated 16.6.2025, the information about introduction of Enhanced Inter-operable Services between E-way Bill portals is provided.

ii) Vide GSTN dated 18.6.2025, the information about Advisory to file pending returns before expiry of three years is provided.

iii) Vide GSTN dated 19.6.2025, the information about handling of inadvertently rejected records on IMS is provided.

C. ADVANCE RULINGS

EPC Contract – Divisible vis-à-vis indivisible contract Thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Now known as Thyssenkrupp UHDE India Pvt. Ltd.)

(AR Order No. GUJ/GAAR/R/2023/01 (in Appl. No. Advance Ruling/SGST&CGST/2023/AR/29) dated: 29.01.2025) (Guj)

The applicant is engaged in Engineering, Procurement and Construction (‘EPC’) jobs, as well as Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management services in the areas of Ammonia Storages, Nitric Acid, Urea, DMT etc. and is also involved in the setting up of Chlor Alkali plants, Hydrogen plants, Nitric Acid plants etc.

The applicant has undertaken a bid of IOCL for execution of EPC package (EPCC-09) for Catalytic De-Waxing Unit (‘CDWLP‘) for its Petrochemical and Lube Integration Project (‘LuPech’). As per tender the successful bidder is contractually obligated to execute the work on lump sum turnkey basis with single point responsibility.

The scope of EPC contract includes:

 Supply of imported components on a high seas sale basis and

 Clearance of imported goods for and on behalf of IOCL;

The acceptance letter issued by IOCL also clarified that the contract is for lump sum value including tax. It is provided that the imported goods should be sold to IOCL and the applicant should clear the same in the name of IOCL. IOCL was to pay applicable duty under Custom/IGST.

The applicant projected the above contract as a split contract in following components , though it is a single document.

It was the contention of applicant that since goods are sold on high seas sale (HSS) basis, it is sale simpliciter and hence cannot be part of works contract value.

With the above background, the applicant posed the following questions before ld. AAR.

“1. Whether the contract between the Applicant and IOCL is a divisible contract or a single and composite contract?

2. If the contract between the Applicant and IOCL is treated as an indivisible and a single composite contact whether the component imported goods will be taxable as a supply of goods at the time of importation or as a service at the time of incorporation in the works contract i.e. when the erection, commission and installation of goods takes place

3. When imported goods are sold by the supplier to a recipient on a high seas sale basis and such goods are cleared from customs by the recipient(as the importer on record) on payment of duty & Integrated Goods and Service Tax (under Section 5(1) of the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 read with Section 12 of the Customs Act and Section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, and later such imported & duty paid goods are erected, commissioned and installed by the same supplier in such circumstances

[a] Whether a supply of goods can be subjected to GST twice, first as supply of goods at the time of importation in the hands of the recipient / importer and a second time as a component of supply of service in the hands of the supplier of FPC contract service at the time of incorporation of the imported goods in a works contract by way of erection, commission and installation?

[b] Whether the value of goods sold on a high seas can be added to the value of a works contract merely because such duty and IGST paid goods are incorporated in the works contract by way of erection, commission and installation.”

The ld. AAR referred to contract terms in detail along with relevant provisions under GST Act.

Regarding the contract of the applicant that the given contract is a split contract, the ld. AAR referred to judgment in case of Kone Elevator India Private Limited [2014 (304) E.L.T. 161 (S.C.) -2014-VIL-12-SC-CB] and held that the present turnkey EPC contract is a ‘works contract’. Since it is lump sum EPC contract, it cannot be divisible contract, though there are two separate work orders. The ld. AAR observed that both work orders are interdependent and cannot be performed independently.

Accordingly, the ld. AAR held that the impugned contract entered into by the applicant with IOCL is not a divisible contract.

So far as the question of tax liability on HSS of imported goods, the ld. AAR observed that it is not liable to GST in terms of Schedule III, read with section 7(2) of the CGST Act, 2017 as it is treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services.

Regarding further question about the taxation of goods post HSS sale to IOCL, the ld. AAR observed that the said issue is not within the jurisdiction of its Authority, as it is a matter to be decided by the jurisdictional Customs Authority in terms of Customs Act, 1962 and Customs Tariff Act, 1975.

Regarding next question of taxability of HSS sale amount as a part of consideration for applicant, the ld. AAR relied upon Section 15 of the CGST Act, 2017.

The ld. AAR observed that what will be included and excluded in the value of supply is governed by sub-sections 15(2) & (3) of the CGST Act, 2017 and particularly sub-section 15(2). The ld. AAR held that the value of supply shall include any amount
that the supplier is liable to pay in relation to such supply which has been incurred by the recipient of the supply and not included in the price actually paid or payable for the goods or services or both. Since the applicant is having EPC contract, the applicant is liable to provide the goods [supplied on HSS basis to IOCL] and therefore the submission of applicant to not include such value in valuation is held untenable.

The ld. AAR relied upon judgment in case of M/s. Shree Jeet Transport – 2023-VIL-764-CHG [Writ Petition (1) No. 117/2022 decided on 17.10.2023].

The plea of double taxation also rejected by ld. AAR observing that what is supplied under the works contract is not the imported goods but EPC contract service.
The argument that since duty & IGST paid goods are incorporated in the works contract by way of erection, commission & installation and hence the said value cannot be included in valuation is rejected by the ld. AAR on ground that the contract is composite contract amounting to one transaction of supply of service.

Thus, all questions were decided against the applicant.

GTA – Scope

Tanuja Jangir

(AR Order No. RAJ/AAR/2024-25/21 dated: 21.11.2024) (Raj)

The applicant, M/s. IKTAI is a registered proprietorship concern intending to expand into a new business vertical focused on goods transport as a Goods Transport Agency (GTA). The Applicant is desirous of entering into agreement with other GTA’s (Principal GTA) for transportation of goods.

As per the draft agreement, the customers of principal GTA will award contract (referred as ‘‘Main Contract’) for transportation of goods. The principal GTA will issue consignment notes to its customers for transportation of goods.

Principal GTA will engage the applicant for transportation of goods. The applicant will be responsible to pick up the goods from the loading point and transport the goods to the designated unloading point, as per instructions of the principal GTA. The applicant will undertake the transport of goods on principal basis, i.e. he will issue and provide the principal GTA with a consignment note, for each transport, for transportation of goods.

Based on above facts the applicant has raised following issue before the ld. AAR.

“1. Whether the activity of the transportation of goods by the applicant will be exempted under entry No 18 of notification no 12/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017?”

Applicant’s main submission was that under GST, service by way of transportation of goods by road, other than GTA, is classified under Entry 18, Heading 9965 vide Notification No. 12/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 as amended from time to time. It was the submission that, the service by way of transportation of goods by road, is exempt except in following cases-

 A goods transportation agency

 A courier agency

It was contested that as GTA, the liability falls on recipient under RCM, unless a different option is opted by GTA.

The applicant drew attention to the meaning of GTA provided in Notification No. 11/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 which is as under:

“4. Explanation. – For the purposes of this notification, –

(xxxx) ‘goods transport agency’ means, – any person who provides service in relation to transport of goods by road and issues consignment note, by whatever name called.”

The applicant explained that the use of phrase “in relation to” has extended the scope of the definition of GTA and it includes not only the actual transportation of goods but any intermediate/ancillary service provided in relation to such transportation, like loading or unloading, packing or unpacking, temporary warehousing etc. If these services are not provided as independent activities but are the means for successful provision of GTA service, then they are also covered under GTA. It was submitted that, in respect of those who provide agency services in transport, the liability is cast on recipient (RCM) in most of the cases, unless ¬option to pay under forward charge has been exercised by the GTA.

Based on above, applicant was contemplating exemption to its activity.

Considering meaning of the GTA, ld. AAR observed that issuance of the consignment note is an essential condition for any person to act as GTA. The ld. AAR further observed that if such a consignment note is not issued by the transporter, the service provider will not come within the ambit of GTA, as issue of consignment note indicates that the lien on the goods has been transferred to the transporter and the transporter becomes responsible for the goods till its safe delivery to the consignee.

The ld. AAR also explored the meaning of term “consignment note” based on available material including under erstwhile service tax and observed that in case of Consignment Note, the goods are received by the goods transport agency either from the consignor or the consignee of the goods, the details of which are mentioned in the consignment note along with the description of the goods being transported.

The ld. AAR observed that in present case the service of transportation of goods is sub-contracted to the applicant by the principal GTA meaning thereby the contract to undertake transportation of goods is provided by the consignee/consignor to principal GTA and not to the applicant. The ld. AAR also observed that because principal GTA deals with the consignee/ consignor directly, they also issue E-way bills and consignment notes. As per ld. AAR, the role of the applicant is to just provide their vehicles to principal GTA as and when called for and the applicant is giving only vehicles to principal GTA and thus it is principal GTA which has the transportation contract with the consignee/consignor.

The ld. AAR, therefore, opined that the transaction in this case would be one of renting of vehicles and not that of a Goods Transport Operator.

The ld. AAR further observed that issuance of consignment note to the consignor is an essential condition to qualify as a GTA and if entity only provides vehicles on rent or hire or other services for transport of goods for some consideration then it cannot be called a GTA, but an activity of ‘renting of vehicles’. It is reiterated that merely owning of trucks and renting them out for transportation of goods does not qualify in the definition of GTA. The ld. AAR held the applicant’s business activity is only of rental services of transport vehicles which are notified under notification no.11/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017.

Accordingly, the ld. AAR held that the applicant’s activity is not eligible for exemption under entry 18 of Notification no.12/2017-CT (R) dt.28.6.2017.

Classification – Icing Sugar

Ros Products

(AAR Order No. KER/8/2024 dated: 29.10.2024) (Ker)

The applicant filed advance ruling on the following questions:

1. What is the HSN code of Icing sugar?

2. What is the rate of GST on Icing sugar?

The applicant contended that in the market, Icing Sugar is being sold under the HSN code 1701 at the rate of 5% GST and also being sold under HSN code 1702 at the rate of 18% GST and therefore, in the AR application they have sought clarification about correct rate.

The applicant furnished the relevant portion from the FSSAI Regulations 2011, which specifies icing sugar as the sugar manufactured by pulverizing refined sugar or vacuum pan (planation white) sugar with or without edible starch. It was explained that edible starch, if added, shall be uniformly extended in the sugar. It was clarified that Icing Sugar shall be in form of white powder, free from dust, or any other extraneous matter.

The applicant further clarified that Icing Sugar is manufactured with grounded/pulverized sugar (HSN 1701) and maize starch (HSN 1108), where maize starch is not more than 4% by weight on dry basis of maize starch.

The ld. AAR observed that there are different kinds of sugars as provided in heading 17 as under:

The ld. AAR observed that while a specific classification is not provided for icing sugar, the icing sugar deserves the very same classification applicable to the sugar from which icing sugar is made. The ld. AAR observed that in case of applicant, icing sugar is manufactured from refined sugar (sucrose) pulverized with starch and not added with any colouring or flavouring materials. Accordingly, the ld. AAR held that the appropriate classification of the product should be under chapter/heading/sub-heading/Tariff item-1701 of the Customs Tariff Act 1975 with product description-Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose in solid form.

Justifying above classification, the ld. AAR also observed that being added with edible starch, it is composite product, but the ratio of refined sucrose and edible starch is 96.4% and presence of starch does not affect the essential character (taste) of sugar and therefore, the classification of the product goes with original sugar from which it is made. The ld. AAR held that the rate applicable will be 12% being covered by HSN Code 17019990.

Liability of Club – Principle of Mutuality

Umed Club

(AAR Order No. RAJ/AAR/2024-25/23 dated: 2.12.2024) (Raj)

The facts are that the applicant is a club registered under GST which is engaged in providing various services such as short-term accommodation, restaurant, recreational services.

The applicant intended to seek clarification on the applicability of GST on various services provided by club to its members in the light of the judgment of Supreme Court in case of State of West Bengal & others vs. Calcutta Club Limited in Civil Appeal no.4184 of 2009 (2019-VIL-34-SC-ST).

The applicant put forth analytical background of the above judgment.

The applicant also brought to notice the scope of Section 7 of CGST Act. The applicant has put forth following question:

“Whether service tax is payable on the services provided by clubs to its’ members?”

The question was originally decided by AR No. RAJ/AAR/2021-22/23 dated 27.09.2021-2022-VIL-54-AAR and it was decided against applicant.

Against the said AR, the appeal was filed before AAAR and vide order no. RAJ/AAAR/11/2023-24 dated 20.02.2024, the ld. AAAR set aside the above Ruling and remanded the matter back to the AAR to decide the application afresh on merits after considering all the questions posed by the applicant in their application dated 20.02.2024.

The ld. AAR observed that in light of judgment of Hon. Supreme Court in the case of State of West Bengal V/s Calcutta Club Limited in Civil Appeal No. 4184 of 2009 vide their Order dated 03.10.2019 -2019-VIL-34-SC-ST, no tax applied on its transactions with members due to principle of mutuality. The ld. AAR thereafter referred to amendments brought in GST Act vide Finance Act, 2021 dated 28.3.2021 which are also brought into force vide Notification No.39/2021-CT dated 21.12.2021 with retrospective effect from 1.7.2017.
The applicant also put forward the contention that as per Section 7(1)(A) and Schedule II of CGST / RGST Act, the Supply of Goods by the applicant Club to its member is only a taxable event under GST Act and not providing services.

The ld. AAR referred to definition of “person” in section 2(84) wherein, Clause (f) provides to include “(f) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, in India or outside India;” in category of person.

The ld. AAR further referred to Section 2(102) of CGST Act, which provides meaning of ‘services’ and also, section 7 giving ‘scope of supply’. The ld. AAR highlighted the amended part i.e. Clause (aa) in Section 7 which reads as under:

“(aa) the activities or transactions, by a person, other than an individual, to its members or constituents or vice versa, for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.

Explanation. -For the purposes of this clause, it is hereby clarified that, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or any judgment, decree or order of any Court, tribunal or authority, the person and its members or constituents shall be deemed to be two separate persons and the supply of activities or transactions inter se shall be deemed to take place from one such person to another.”

The ld. AAR held that as per above legal provision, GST laws have expanded the scope of ‘supply’ to tax supplies between the club/association and its members as also to overcome the principle of mutuality. The ld. AAR held that the scope of supply clearly ascertains that the supply made by a person registered under GST is exigible to GST if it falls under section 7(1) of GST Act.

It further observed that by adding that the person and its members or constituents shall be deemed to be two separate persons, an overriding effect has been given to the judgements of any Court, Tribunal or any other authority. It accordingly observed that the decision given by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in State of West Bengal & Ors. vs. Calcutta Club Limited for erstwhile Service tax regime, is no more applicable on account of specific overriding effect over judgments and accordingly held that the applicant is liable to pay GST on Service transactions effected by it with its members.

(Note: After above ruling there is ruling of Hon. Kerala High Court in case of Indian Medical Association vs. Union of India (2025-VIL-338-KER) wherein a different view is taken about application of principle of mutually and may be relevant to see correctness of above ruling)

Goods And Services Tax

HIGH COURT

35 (2025) 29 Centax 281 (Bom.) Goa University vs. Joint Commissioner of Central Goods and Service Tax, Panjim, Goa dated 15.04.2025

Affiliation fees collected by university as part of discharge of public duties are not consideration for any supply and hence not liable to GST

FACTS

Petitioner, Goa University, was a statutory body established under the Goa University Act, 1984. It had collected fees for granting affiliation to approximately 67 colleges in Goa. In 2018, DGGI had previously raised demand under Service Tax regime on affiliation fees which was later dropped in 2019. In 2024, Respondent issued an intimation in Form DRC-01A demanding GST of ₹1.90 crore. Subsequently, a SCN was issued on 05.08.2024 demanding ₹4.83 crore (CGST + SGST) on affiliation services where demand was confirmed by Respondent in order-in-original under section 74 of CGST Act. Being aggrieved, petitioner filed a writ petition before the Hon’ble High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court held that the affiliation fees collected by the petitioner were statutory or regulatory fees and not consideration for any contractual service. The Court further observed that the petitioner’s activities were not ‘business’ within the meaning of section 2(17) nor a ‘supply’ under section 7 of the CGST Act. Respondent’s reliance on Circular No. 234/28/2024-GST dated 11.10.2024 and Circular No. 151/07/2021-GST dated 17.06.2021 considering the same as taxable at 18%, being contrary to the statutory exemption granted under Notification No. 12/2017-CT (R) dated 28.06.2017 was rejected. Accordingly, the impugned SCN and consequent GST demand were quashed.

36. (2025) 27 Centax 315 (Ker.) Kerala Khadi & Village Industries Board vs. Union of India dated 20.01.2025

Where multiple bank accounts were provisionally attached, defreezing of two bank accounts for conducting of genuine business operations was allowed.

FACTS

Petitioner is a statutory body constituted and governed under the Kerala Khadi and Village Industries Board Act engaged in sale of products of khadi and village industries. Petitioner was exempt from the payment of VAT and Service Tax on sale of khadi and village industry products which was discontinued under the GST regime. However, petitioner continued to avail exemption on sale of khadi products even under GST Law. Further SCN was issued and an order was passed under section 73 of the CGST Act, 2017, demanding GST since petitioner had failed to pay GST on such sales. Aggrieved, petitioner filed a writ petition before the Hon’ble High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court held that GST Law does not provide any exemption for the sale of khadi and village industry products. Therefore, petitioner’s claim for exemption based on the provisions of earlier statutes is untenable and lacks legal foundation. Consequently, petition was dismissed.

37. (2025) 27 Centax 406 (Kar.) Sri Nanjundappa Constructions vs. Union of India dated 15.01.2025

Writ petition challenging an intimation under section 73(5) is not maintainable where neither SCN nor any Order was issued under section 73 of the CGST Act.

FACTS

Petitioner received an intimation of tax ascertainment under section 73(5) of the CGST/KGST Act, 2017, indicating a demand towards tax and interest on royalty payments. The intimation provided the petitioner with the option to either pay the ascertained amount along with interest or submit a response. Challenging this intimation the petitioner filed a writ petition before the Hon’ble High Court..

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court held that an intimation issued under section 73(5) of the CGST Act does not constitute a conclusive or enforceable demand. It is merely a preliminary step that offers the assessee an opportunity to voluntarily pay the ascertained tax or submit a response. Until a SCN is issued under section 73(1) and a final order is passed under section 73(9), the proceedings are incomplete. Therefore, the writ petition filed at this stage was premature and not maintainable. Accordingly, the writ petition was dismissed.

38. (2025) 31 Centax 90 (Del.) India News Media Pvt. Ltd. vs. Assistant Commissioner, CGST, Okhla Division dated 22.05.2025

Separate Summary Order in DRC-07 for each year must be uploaded even if a consolidated notice is issued for multiple years

FACTS

Respondent issued a consolidated SCN for F.Y. 2017-18 to F.Y. 2020-21 and passed a common adjudication order covering all four financial years from 2017-18 to 2020-21 for confirming tax demands on account of short payment of tax and wrongful availment of ITC. Petitioner did not submit any response against such SCN. Since SCN or summary order in DRC-07 was not issued for each financial year separately, petitioner approached the Hon’ble High Court by filing a writ petition.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court noted that section 74 of the CGST Act permits issuance of a SCN for a defined ‘period’. It further observed that issuance of a single consolidated notice and adjudication order for multiple financial years could result in procedural ambiguity. Hence the Court directed the Respondent to upload separate DRC-07 forms specifying the demand amount for each financial year independently. It further observed that the petitioner had not filed any reply to the SCN but would still be entitled to avail of the appellate remedy. Accordingly, the Court disposed of the petition with liberty to the petitioner to file an appeal under section 107 of the Act.

39. (2025) 26 Centax 25 (Bom.)Pradeep Kumar Siddha vs. Union of India dated 18.12.2024

Revenue protection through provisional attachment of bank account must be proportionate and cannot override the assessee’s right to appeal

FACTS

Respondent provisionally attached the petitioner’s bank account and appropriated a sum of ₹62,32,400/- towards alleged tax dues. Aggrieved by this action, the petitioner filed a writ petition before the Hon’ble High Court. Subsequently, the Court directed the respondents to deposit the said amount before the Court, which was subsequently re-credited to the petitioner’s bank account. Further, an Order-in-Original was passed confirming demand of ₹1,49,87,924 towards fake invoicing and fraudulent claim of ITC, imposing a lien on the same bank account. Petitioner filed a writ petition within the prescribed time limit filing an appeal, stating that the lien prevented it from depositing the mandatory 10% of the disputed tax (₹8,76,564/-) required for filing an appeal under section 107 of the CGST Act. Being aggrieved by the lien and its impact on the right to appeal, it approached the Hon’ble High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court acknowledging the fact that Respondent’s interest needs to be protected but the same must be proportionate and should not deprive the petitioner of its statutory right to prefer an appeal. Accordingly, direction was issued to petitioner’s bank to transfer the account balance to the Court Registrar, for release of ₹8,76,564/- to Respondent as pre-deposit under section 107 of CGST Act, enabling the petitioner to file an appeal within four weeks.

40. [2025] 176 taxmann.com 137 (Madras) Athiyan Exports vs. State Tax Officer, Tirunelvelli dated 18.06.2025.

Export benefits cannot be denied merely for the minor breach of not generating E-way bills or E-invoices.

FACTS

The petitioner is an exporter of coir product, which was exported pursuant to the export order from the buyer abroad. The petitioner was required to generate an E-Invoice and an E-way bill before transporting the goods from the place of manufacture for the exported product. However, without generating an E-Invoice and E-way bill, the goods were transported on three different trucks based on a commercial invoice.

Two of the consignments reached the port; however, one consignment was intercepted by the respondents in accordance with section 129 of the respective GST enactments and therefore, a notice was issued to the petitioner in Form GST MOV-07.

The petitioner paid the amount and the goods were released, however petitioner was denied entire export incentives in the order. The petitioner therefore challenged the impugned order before the Court, stating that although the petitioner had violated section 129 of the respective GST enactments, the export incentives cannot be denied, as per the condition under section 129 of the respective GST enactments. As the entire export incentives were wiped out by the impugned order.

HELD

The Hon’ble Court held that the assessee has admittedly violated conditions prescribed under section 129 and hence is liable for penalty. However, the assessee had indeed exported goods; hence, a lesser penalty could be imposed as held by the Supreme Court in Hindustan Steel Ltd. v. State of Orissa [1969] 2 SCC 627 and the export incentive could not be denied for a technical and venial breach of the provisions of section 129.

Note: The Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Hindustan Steel Ltd. vs. State of Orissa [1969] 2 SCC 627 held that an order imposing penalty for failure to fulfil a statutory obligation arises from a quasi-criminal proceeding. Penalty should not ordinarily be imposed unless the party acted deliberately in defiance of law, was guilty of contumacious or dishonest conduct or consciously disregarded its obligation. Penalty is not to be imposed merely because it is lawful to do so. The decision to impose penalty rests within the authority’s discretion, exercised judicially and considering all relevant circumstances. Even where a minimum penalty is prescribed, the authority may rightly decline to impose a penalty if the breach is technical or venial or stems from a bona fide belief that compliance was not required. Accordingly, allowing the petition, Hon. Court directed to appropriate an amount of ₹25,000/- from the amount paid by the petitioner and to adjust the balance amount against future liability of the petitioner.

41. [2025] 176 taxmann.com 30 (Himachal Pradesh) Kunal Aluminium Company vs. State of Himachal Pradesh dated 26.06.2025

If a penalty is imposed, in the presence of all the valid documents, even if the e-way bill has not been generated, in the absence of any determination to evade tax, it cannot be sustained.

FACTS

The vehicle and the goods therein (which were imported by the petitioner on payment of customs duty and IGST) were detained under section 129 of the Act. The person in charge of the conveyance/vehicle could not produce any waybill for the movement of consignment. Due to the urgent need for the imported material, the goods were released by the respondents upon the petitioner furnishing a bank guarantee as security. The petitioner thereafter filed an appeal before the Appellate Authority, which was dismissed.

HELD

The Hon’ble Court held that penalty imposed by the authorities is only a civil liability, though penal in character. Hence, for invoking the proceedings under section 129(3) of the Act, section 130 thereof is required to be read together where the intent to evade payment of tax is mandatory while issuing notice or while passing the order of detention, seizure or demand of penalty or tax, as the case may be. Explaining further, the Hon’ble Court held that intention to evade tax for the imposition of penalty is sine qua non before imposing penalty. In other words, penalty in such matters would require an element of “mens rea”. The Hon’ble Court relied upon various judicial pronouncements including decision of Hon’ble Karnataka High Court which was later approved by Hon’ble Supreme Court in Assistant Commissioner (ST) vs. Satyam Shivam Papers (P.) Ltd. [2022] 134 taxmann.com 241 / 90 GST 479/57 GSTL 97 (SC)/(2022) 14 SCC 157, wherein the Court had held in favour of the assessee and underscored that authorities must not presume evasion of tax solely on procedural lapses, such as expiry of an e-way bill, especially when valid reasons are provided.

The Hon’ble Court held that the essence of any penal imposition is intrinsically linked to the presence of mens rea, and clearly, the imposition of penalties without a clear indication of intent has resulted in an arbitrary exercise of authority, undermining the principles of justice. The order, therefore, stands vulnerable to challenge on the grounds of disproportionate punitive measures meted out in the absence of concrete evidence substantiating an intent to evade tax liabilities. Tax evasion is a serious allegation that necessitates a robust evidentiary basis to withstand legal scrutiny; mere technical errors, without any potential financial implications, should not be made the grounds for imposing penalties. The underlying philosophy is to maintain a fair and just tax system, where penalties are proportionate to the gravity of the offence.

42. [2025] 176 taxmann.com 35 (Bombay) Galaxy International vs. Union of India dated 24.06.2025

Notice under section 79(1)(c) of the CGST Act is required to be served on the person who owes any amount to the person in default and it cannot be served directly to his bank.

FACTS

Petitioner was allegedly owing an amount payable to the assessee in default. A Notice was directly served to the petitioner’s bank for recovery of the amount under section 79 of the CGST Act without serving any notice to the petitioner. The petitioner challenged the said recovery notice.

HELD

The Hon’ble Court held that Notice under section 79(1)(c) has to be served upon the petitioner so that the petitioner would have an opportunity of proving to the satisfaction of the officer issuing the Notice that no amount was due and payable by the petitioner to the person in default. The Court noted that no such Notice was admittedly served upon the petitioner. Hence, referring to the decision of Karnataka High Court in the case of S.J.R. Prime Corporation Pvt. Ltd. vs. Superintendent of Central Tax [2024] 168 taxmann.com 544 / 107 GST 182/92 GSTL 154 (Karnataka), the Hon’ble Court quashed and set aside the impugned Notice, giving liberty to the department to issue fresh Notice to the petitioner.

43. Addwrap Packaging (P.) Ltd. vs. Union of India [2025] 175 taxmann.com 592 (Gujarat) dated 13.06.2025

Rule 96(10) of the CGST Rules was omitted prospectively by Notification No. 20/2024 and shall apply to all pending proceedings and cases that have not attained finality

FACTS:

In this case, the issue before the Court was whether Notification No.20/2024 dated 8th October, 2024, whereby Rule 96(10) has been omitted with effect from the date of notification, would be applicable retrospectively or not and whether the said notification would be applicable to all the pending litigation/proceedings or not.

HELD:

The Hon’ble Court held as under:

a. The omission of Rule 96(10) cannot be considered curative or remedial, as its removal impacts the substantive rights of assessees to claim IGST refunds on exports where duty-free inputs are used. Applying such an omission retrospectively is not justified, as neither the 2024 Rules nor the GST Council’s recommendations authorise a retrospective effect. The GST Council has recommended only prospective application, which is binding on the Government.

b. The ‘omission’ would be included in the interpretation of the word ‘repeal’ and hence omission of Rule 96(10) with effect from 8th October, 2024, would amount to repeal without any saving clause. Therefore, repeal without any saving clause would destroy any proceeding, whether or not yet begun or pending at the time of enactment of the repealing Act and not already prosecuted to a final judgment, so as to create a vested right.

c. The recommendations of the GST Council to omit Rule 96(10) prospectively would apply to all the pending proceedings and cases. The contention on behalf of the Revenue that the petitioners have filed these petitions challenging the validity of Rule 96(10) cannot be said to be pending proceedings is without any basis because the petitioners have also challenged the show cause notices as well as orders-in-original passed by the respondents by invoking Rule 96(10) for rejecting the refund claims of the petitioners and therefore, it can be said that these petitions are nothing but pending proceedings before the Court which has not achieved finality when the Notification No.20/2024 came into force with effect from 8th October, 2024. The said notification would therefore be applicable to all the pending proceedings/cases where final adjudication has not taken place.

d. The question of challenge to the vires and validity of rule 96(10) was not decided by the Court.

सन्मित्रलक्षणमिदं प्रवदंति संत: !

This is a beautiful verse describing the attributes of a true friend – a good friend. It reads as follows:

पापान्निवारयति योजयते हिताय

गुह्यानि गूहति गुणान् प्रकटीकरोति।

आपद्गतं न जहाति ददाति काले

सन्मित्रलक्षणमिदं प्रवदंति संत:॥

Verbatim meaning

पापान्निवारयति                         He keeps us away from sinful things

योजयते हिताय                        He puts us into good and beneficial things

गुह्यानि गूहति                          He maintains our secrets to himself (does not expose them)

गुणान् प्रकटीकरोति                He explains our virtues and good qualities to others.

आपद्गतं न जहाति                   He does not abandon us when we are in difficulty

ददाति काले                           He helps us in tough times.

सन्मित्रलक्षणमिदं प्रवदंति संत: According to the wise gentlemen, these are the attributes of a good or true friend.

This is verse no. 166 from Sat. shaastra.

There is another similar Subhashit – viz

शोकाराति भयत्राणं          He protects us from calamities and dangerous things.

प्रीतिविश्रम्भभाजनम्         He shares our happy moments (He really derives pleasure in our success, without getting jealous)

केनसृष्टमिदं रत्नम् मित्रमित्यक्षरद्वयम्“` I wonder, who has made this two letter jewel called ‘मित्र‘ – friend!

Apparently simple verses. However, if we look around and apply these attributes to whom we call as our friends, we may get disappointed. At the same time, if we introspect, we also may feel lacking somewhere when we call ourselves as a friend of someone.

A true friend discourages and prevents us from committing bad or sinful things. A bad companion, on the contrary may push you into such things – like drinking and gambling or other addictions.

He encourages us to walk on a right path, resort to proper and righteous means, follow good practices. Thus, a CA friend should not make us adopt short cuts in practice, adopt unfair means, sign wrong statements recklessly for short term gains.

We often have secrets to maintain – may be our family matters, personal matters, mistakes unknowingly committed by us which the friend may be aware. But he maintains secrecy and does not expose them to others. He does not blackmail us.

He highlights our good qualities, so that we ourselves are not required to boast of them. Every good artist may need someone to promote him; and it may not be in good taste if he himself starts projecting himself. Similarly, a talented and matured professional cannot publicise his own skills; but a true friend, with good intentions, may recommend his name to others.

When we fall in difficulty, he does not run away, leaving us behind. He will help us when we really need help. That time, he will not keep giving only advice. (without actual help) A friend in need is a friend indeed!

Wise people believe that a true friend should be like this. He should honestly share our unhappy and happy moments. It is often experienced that it is easy to share one’s grief or sorrow; but really difficult to have real pleasure in others’ success. Usually, people start getting jealous. This may apply to even close relatives.

In today’s kaliyug, the so-called friends only try to take advantage of your company; your good or bad things! In today’s politically vitiated and polluted atmosphere, the word ‘friend’ seems to be losing its sanctity.

Let us all introspect and examine to see whether we really are true friends of someone; or the other way around.

Miscellanea

1. TECHNOLOGY

#US passes first major national crypto legislation

Lawmakers in the US have passed the country’s first major national cryptocurrency legislation. It is a major milestone for the once fringe industry, which has been lobbying Congress over regulation for years and poured millions into last year’s election, backing candidates that included Donald Trump.

The bill sets up a regulatory regime for so-called stable coins, a kind of cryptocurrency backed by assets seen as reliable, such as the dollar. Trump is expected to sign the legislation, after the House passed the bill, joining the Senate, which had approved the measure last month.

Known as the Genius Act, the bill is one of three pieces of cryptocurrency legislation advancing in Washington that is backed by Trump.

The president once derided crypto as a scam but his opinion shifted as he won backing from the sector and got involved in the industry as a businessman, with ties to firms such as World Liberty Financial.

Supporters of the legislation say it is aimed at providing clear rules for a growing industry, ensuring the US keeps pace with advances in payment systems. The crypto industry had been pushing for such measures in hopes it could spur more people to use digital currency and bring it more into the mainstream.

The provisions include requiring stable coins, an alternate cryptocurrency to the likes of Bitcoin, to be backed one-for-one with US dollars, or other low-risk assets. Stable coins are used by traders to move funds between different crypto tokens.

Critics argue the bill will introduce new risks into the financial system, by legitimising stable coins without erecting sufficient protections for consumers. For example, they said it would deepen tech firms’ participation in bank-like activities without subjecting them to similar oversight, and leave customers hanging in a convoluted bankruptcy process in the event that a stable coin firm should fail.

(Source: www.bbc.com dated 18 July 2025)

2 HEALTH

#Babies made using three people’s DNA are born free of hereditary disease

Eight babies have been born in the UK using genetic material from three people to prevent devastating and often fatal conditions, doctors say. The method, pioneered by UK scientists, combines the egg and sperm from a mum and dad with a second egg from a donor woman.

The technique has been legal for a decade but we now have the first proof it is leading to children born free of incurable mitochondrial disease. These conditions are normally passed from mother to child, starving the body of energy.

This can cause severe disability and some babies die within days of being born. Couples know they are at risk if previous children, family members or the mother has been affected.

Children born through the three-person technique inherit most of their DNA, their genetic blueprint, from their parents, but also get a tiny amount, about 0.1%, from the second woman. This is a change that is passed down the generations. None of the families who have been through the process are speaking publicly to protect their privacy, but have issued anonymous statements through the Newcastle Fertility Centre where the procedures took place.

After years of uncertainty this treatment gave us hope – and then it gave us our baby,” said the mother of a baby girl. “We look at them now, full of life and possibility, and we’re overwhelmed with gratitude.” The mother of a baby boy added: “Thanks to this incredible advancement and the support we received, our little family is complete.

“The emotional burden of mitochondrial disease has been lifted, and in its place is hope, joy, and deep gratitude.” Mitochondria are tiny structures inside nearly every one of our cells. They are the reason we breathe as they use oxygen to convert food into the form of energy our bodies use as fuel.

Defective mitochondria can leave the body with insufficient energy to keep the heart beating as well as causing brain damage, seizures, blindness, muscle weakness and organ failure. About one in 5,000 babies are born with mitochondrial disease. The team in Newcastle anticipate there is demand for 20 to 30 babies born through the three-person method each year.

(Source: www.bbc.com dated 17 July 2025)

3 ENVIRONMENT

Animals react to secret sounds from plants, say scientists

Animals react to sounds being made by plants, new research suggests, opening up the possibility that an invisible ecosystem might exist between them. In the first ever such evidence, a team at Tel Aviv University found that female moths avoided laying their eggs on tomato plants if they made noises they associated with distress, indicating that they may be unhealthy.

The team was the first to show two years ago that plants scream when they are distressed or unhealthy. wThe sounds are outside the range of human hearing, but can be perceived by many insects, bats and some mammals.

“This is the first demonstration ever of an animal responding to sounds produced by a plant,” said Prof Yossi Yovel of Tel Aviv University. “This is speculation at this stage, but it could be that all sorts of animals will make decisions based on the sounds they hear from plants, such as whether to pollinate or hide inside them or eat the plant.”

The researchers did a series of carefully controlled experiments to ensure that the moths were responding to the sound and not the appearance of the plants. They will now investigate the sounds different plants make and whether other species make decisions based on them.

“You can think that there could be many complicated interactions, and this is the first step,” says Prof Yovel. Another area of investigation is whether plants can pass information to each other through sound and act in response, such as conserving their water in drought conditions, according to Prof. Lilach Hadany, also of Tel Aviv University.

“If a plant is stressed the organism most concerned about it is other plants and they can respond in many ways.” The researchers stress that plants are not sentient. The sounds are produced through physical effects caused by a change in their local conditions. What today’s discovery shows is that these sounds can be useful to other animals, and possibly plants, able to perceive these sounds.
If that is the case, then plants and animals have coevolved the ability to produce and listen to the sounds for their mutual benefit, according to Prof. Hadany. This is a vast, unexplored field – an entire world waiting to be discovered.

(Source: www.bbc.com dated 15 July 2025)

FIFA Men’s World Cup 2026 set to become most polluting in tournament’s history.

Here’s how many tonnes of CO2 emissions it’ll cause

The 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup is expected to be the most environmentally harmful in the tournament’s 95-year history, according to research from Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR), Environmental Defence Fund and Cool Down — the Sport for Climate Action Network.

The study titled FIFA’s Climate Blind Spot: The Men’s World Cup in a Warming World assessed the greenhouse gas emissions linked to the 2026 event, including emissions from air travel for fans and teams, as well as other match-related emissions. It also evaluated the emissions caused by sponsorship agreements with high carbon footprints.

The FIFA World Cup 26 will be the 23rd edition of the tournament and will see 104 games, featuring 48 teams played across 16 host cities in three countries: Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Given the tournament’s expansion and the decision to host it across three countries, the tournament will generate over nine million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). This will make it the most polluting World Cup to date.

The study highlighted that the total emissions for 2026 is nearly twice the historical average for World Cup Finals tournaments from 2010 to 2022. This increase is largely due to a heavy dependence on air travel and a substantial rise in the number of matches.

FIFA has announced a major global sponsorship partnership with Aramco, the Saudi Arabian oil company. The research estimated that the FIFA-Aramco sponsorship agreement for the World Cup will result in an extra 30 million tonnes of CO2e emissions in 2026 solely due to sales associated with the company’s promotion.

(Source: www.downtoearth.org.in dated 17 July 2025)

Conditional Gifts v/s Senior Citizens Act – Beneficial Legislation Rules

INTRODUCTION

A gift is a transfer of property, movable or immovable, made voluntarily and without consideration from a donor to a donee. This Feature in the past has examined whether a gift to children can be taken back by parents if relationships sour between the parents and the child. It has also examined certain provisions of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 (“Senior Citizens Act”). In other words, can a gift be revoked? The Supreme Court in Urmila Dixit vs. Sunil Sharan Dixit, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 2 has given an interesting judgment by invoking the concept of beneficial legislation in the case of a gift made by a senior citizen, being revoked by having resort to the Senior Citizens Act.

LAW ON GIFTS

The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with gifts of property, both immovable and movable. S.122 of the Act defines a gift as the transfer of certain existing moveable or immoveable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by a donor, to a donee. The gift must be accepted by or on behalf of the donee during the lifetime of the donor and while he is still capable of giving. If the donee dies before acceptance, then the gift is void. In Asokan vs. Lakshmikutty, CA 5942/2007 (SC), the Supreme Court held that in order to constitute a valid gift, acceptance thereof, is essential. The Act does not prescribe any particular mode of acceptance. It is the circumstances of the transaction which would be relevant for determining the question. There may be various means to prove acceptance of a gift. The gift deed may be handed over to a donee, which in a given situation, may also amount to a valid acceptance. The fact that possession had been given to the donee also raises a presumption of acceptance.

CONDITIONAL GIFTS

The Larger Bench of the Supreme Court in its decision in the case of Renikuntla Rajamma vs. K. Sarwanamma, (2014) 9 SCC 445 dealt with the issue of conditional gifts. In this case, the donor made a gift of an immovable property by way of a registered gift deed which was duly attested. However, the donor retained the possession of the gifted property for enjoyment during her life time and she also retained the right to receive the rents of the property. The question before the Court was that since the donor had retained to herself the right to use the property and to receive rents during her life time, whether such a reservation or retention or absence of possession rendered the gift invalid?

The Supreme Court upheld the validity of the gift. It held that a conjoint reading of sections 122 and 123 of the Transfer of Property, 1882 Act made it abundantly clear that “transfer of possession” of the property covered by the registered instrument of the gift, duly signed by the donor and attested as required, was not a sine qua non for the making of a valid gift under the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. The Supreme Court established an important principle of law that a donor can retain possession and enjoyment of a gifted property during his lifetime and provide that the donee would be in a position to enjoy the same after the donor’s lifetime.

REVOCATION OF GIFTS

S.126 of the Transfer of Property Act provides that a gift may be revoked in certain circumstances. The donor and the donee may agree that on the happening of certain specified event that does not depend on the will of the donor, the gift shall be revoked. Further, it is necessary that the condition should be express and also specified at the time of making the gift. A condition cannot be imposed subsequent to giving the gift. In Asokan vs. Lakshmikutty, 2007 (13) SCC 210, the Supreme Court has held that once a gift is complete, the same cannot be rescinded. For any reason whatsoever, the subsequent conduct of a donee cannot be a ground for rescission of a valid gift.

CANCELLATION VS. SENIOR CITIZENS ACT

The Maintenance and Welfare of the Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007 is an Act enacted for the welfare and protection of the elderly. S.23 of this Act introduces an interesting provision. If any senior citizen who, after the commencement of this Act, has transferred by way of gift or otherwise, his property, on the condition that the transferee shall provide the basic amenities and basic physical needs to the transferor and such transferee refuses or fails to provide such amenities and physical needs, then the transfer of property shall be deemed to have been made by fraud or coercion or under undue influence and shall at the option of the transferor be declared void by the Tribunal.

The Supreme Court in the case of Sudesh Chhikara vs. Ramti Devi, 2022 SCCOnline SC 1684 was faced with a very interesting issue as to whether a senior citizen can cancel a gift of lands made to her children on grounds that their relationship was strained. Accordingly, she filed a petition under s.23 of the Senior Citizens Act for cancellation of the gift. The Maintenance Tribunal constituted under the Act (which adjudicates all matters for maintenance, including provision for food, clothing, residence and medical attendance and treatment) upheld the cancellation on the grounds that her children were not taking care of her.

S.23 of this Act contains an interesting provision. If any senior citizen has transferred by way of gift or otherwise, his property, on the condition that the transferee shall provide the basic amenities and basic physical needs to the transferor and such transferee refuses or fails to provide such amenities and physical needs, then the transfer of property shall be deemed to have been made by fraud or coercion or under undue influence and shall at the option of the transferor be declared void by the Tribunal. This negates every conditional transfer if the conditions subsequent are not fulfilled by the transferee. Property has been defined under the Act to include any right or interest in any property, whether movable/immovable, ancestral/self-acquired, tangible/intangible.

The Supreme Court in Sudesh Chhikara (supra) held that the Senior Citizens Act was enacted for the purposes of making effective provisions for the maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens guaranteed and recognized under the Constitution of India. The Maintenance Tribunal had been established to exercise various powers under the Act. It provided that the Maintenance Tribunal, had to adopt such summary procedure while holding inquiry, as it deemed fit. The Court held that the Tribunal exercised important jurisdiction under s.23 of the Senior Citizens Act and for attracting s.23, the following two conditions must be fulfilled:

a) The transfer must have been made subject to the condition that the donee / transferee shall provide the basic amenities and basic physical needs to the senior citizen transferor; and

b) the transferee refuses or fails to provide such amenities and physical needs to the transferor.

The Apex Court concluded that if both the aforesaid conditions are satisfied, the transfer shall be deemed to have been made by fraud or coercion or undue influence. Such a transfer then became voidable at the instance of the transferor and the Maintenance Tribunal has the jurisdiction to declare the transfer as void.

The Court held that when a senior citizen parted with his property by executing a gift deed / release deed in favour of his relatives, the senior citizen does not make it conditional to taking care of him. On the contrary, very often, such transfers were made out of natural love and affection without any expectations in return. Therefore, the Court laid down an important proposition that when it was alleged that the conditions mentioned in s.23 were attached to a transfer, existence of a conditional gift deed must be clearly brought out before the Maintenance Tribunal. If a gift was to be set aside under s.23, it was essential that a conditional gift deed / release deed was executed, and in the absence of any such conditions, s.23 could not be attracted. A transfer subject to a condition of providing the basic amenities and basic physical needs of the senior citizen transferor was a sine qua non (essential condition) for applicability of s.23. Since in this case, there was no such conditional deed, the Apex Court did not set aside the release deed executed by the senior citizen.

SC INVOKES BENEFICIAL LEGISLATION

In the case of Urmila Dixit (Supra), a mother had executed a gift deed in favour of her son wherein it was stated that he was maintaining her. A separate Promissory Note was executed by the son on the same date wherein it was stated that he will take care of his mother till the end of her life and if he does not do so, she would be at liberty to take back the gift. Things soured between the two and the mother wanted to cancel the gift by invoking s.23 of the Senior Citizens Act. The Division Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court did not allow the cancellation on the grounds that no condition for maintenance of the mother was expressly stated in the gift deed. If that was the intent then a clause to that effect was necessary in the deed itself. The Senior Citizens Act does not empower the Tribunal to order repossession of the property of the Senior. It can only examine whether the condition in the gift deed or otherwise contains a clause providing for basic amenities and whether the transferee has refused or failed to provide them.

The Supreme Court set aside the Order of the High Court’s Division Bench and allowed the cancellation. It proceeded with the rules of interpretation to be applied when interpreting a beneficial legislation akin to the Senior Citizens Act. It held that a beneficial legislation must receive a liberal construction in consonance with the objectives that the concerned Act seeks to serve. Also, interpretation of the provisions of a beneficial legislation must be in line with a purposive construction, keeping in mind the legislative purpose and beneficial legislation must be interpreted in favour of the beneficiaries when it is possible to take two views.

It was in this background that the Apex Court proceeded to analyse the Statement of Object and Reasons of the Senior Citizens Act as decoded by an earlier decision of S. Vanitha vs. Deputy Commissioner, Bengaluru Urban District and Ors., (2021) 15 SCC 730 – the Act is intended towards more effective provisions for maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens, guaranteed and recognised under the Constitution. Therefore, the Court held that it was apparent, that the Act was a beneficial piece of legislation, aimed at securing the rights of senior citizens, in view of the challenges faced by them. It was in this backdrop that the Act must be interpreted and a construction that advanced the remedies of the Act must be adopted. It relied upon an earlier decision in the case of Vijaya Manohar Arbat vs. Kashirao Rajaram Sawai, (1987) 2 SCC 278 which had highlighted that it was a social obligation for both sons and daughters to maintain their parents when they were unable to do so. In Badshah vs. Urmila Badshah Godse, (2014) 1 SCC 188 the Court had observed that when a case pertaining to maintenance of parents or wife was being considered, the Court was bound to advance the cause of social justice of such marginalised groups. Again in Ashwani Kumar vs. UOI, (2019) 2 SCC 636, the Court had reiterated the rights of elderly persons that were also recognised by Article 21 of the Constitution as understood and interpreted by the Supreme Court in a series of decisions over a period of several decades, and rights that have gained recognition over the years due to emerging situations.

SUDESH’S DECISION APPLIED

The Apex Court in Urmila Dixit’s case, then discussed the ratio of Sudesh’s case (supra). It observed that there were two documents in the case on hand – a Gift Deed and a Promissory Note. Both documents were signed simultaneously by the donor. It held that the mother has alleged a break-down in relationships. In such a situation, the Supreme Court held that the two conditions mentioned in Sudesh (supra) must be appropriately interpreted to further the beneficial nature of the legislation and not strictly which would render otiose the intent of the legislature. Accordingly, the Tribunals below had rightly held the gift deed ought to be cancelled since the conditions for the well-being of the senior citizens were not complied with. It was unable to agree with the view taken by the Division Bench, because it took a strict view of a beneficial legislation.

It also held that the Tribunals under the Act may order eviction if it is necessary and expedient to ensure the protection of the senior citizen. Therefore, Tribunals constituted under the Act, while exercising jurisdiction under s.23, could order possession to be transferred. Failure to so hold would defeat the purpose and object of the Act, which was to provide speedy, simple and inexpensive remedies for the elderly.

It also held that the relief available to senior citizens under s.23 was intrinsically linked with the statement of objects and reasons of the Act, that elderly citizens of India, in some cases, were not being looked after. It was directly in furtherance of the objectives of the Act and empowered senior citizens to secure their rights promptly when they transferred a property subject to the condition of being maintained by the transferee.

Accordingly, it concluded that the gift deed should be quashed and possession of the premises should be restored to the mother by the son.

CONCLUSION

This is an interesting social welfare statute designed to provide speedy redressal to parents and seniors. While there were many judicial debates on whether eviction is possible, this decision has come as a shot-in-the arm for all such cases. However, it should be noted that this decision did have its share of peculiarities in as much as the son had, simultaneously with the gift deed, executed a Note promising to take care of his mother. In the absence of such an express Note whether in the gift deed or otherwise, it may be a challenge for the Courts to cancel the gift deed.

International Taxation

In an earlier article, the authors had analysed some of the issues in respect of exchange rates used while computing capital gains in respect of the transfer of shares in a cross-border transaction. While the said article focused on the domestic tax law provisions, there are some interesting issues that arise even in application of tax treaties, especially some specific treaties, due to the language of the said treaties. In this article, the authors seek to analyse an issue in the taxability of capital gains on transfer of shares under India’s DTAAs with Mauritius and Singapore, which relates to the grandfathering provisions.

BACKGROUND

Before the amendment to the tax treaties in 2017, transfer of shares of an Indian company by a resident of Mauritius and Singapore was exempt from tax in India under the respective tax treaties. Both DTAAs have since been amended, which allow the source country (in the above case, being India) the right to tax the income, with investments made before 1 April 2017 being grandfathered. The exemption provided in the Mauritius DTAA (before the amendment) has been subject to significant litigation before the Tribunals and the Courts, with the matter even being examined by the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Singapore DTAA (before the amendment), while providing the exemption, also had the Limitation of Benefit (‘LOB’) clause, which provided subjective as well as objective criteria for an entity to avail the capital gains benefit in the DTAA. Further, the India–Singapore DTAA also has a unique Limitation of Relief article (‘LOR’) which does not allow treaty benefits in certain situations unless the amount is actually remitted to Singapore.

While the authors seek to analyse the LOB, LOR and other anti-avoidance provisions in these DTAAs in a subsequent article, this article seeks to analyse the issue that arises on account of the grandfathering provisions provided for the capital gains in these 2 DTAAs, which have been examined by the Tribunal in the recent past. In fact, the India – Cyprus DTAA also had a similar exemption as under the India – Mauritius and India – Singapore DTAA. Unlike the Mauritius and Singapore DTAAs, which were amended, India entered into a new DTAA with Cyprus in 2016, which now taxes the capital gains on shares of a company in the country of source. However, the Protocol to the India – Cyprus DTAA also provides the grandfathering clause in a similar manner and therefore, these issues could equally apply to the India – Cyprus DTAA as well.

GRANDFATHERING CLAUSE

Article 13(4A) and (4B) of the India – Singapore DTAA provide as follows,

“(4A) Gains from the alienation of shares acquired before 1 April 2017 in a company which is a resident of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in the Contracting State in which the alienator is a resident.

(4B) Gains from the alienation of shares acquired on or after 1 April 2017 in a company which is a resident of Contracting State may be taxed in that State.”

It may be noted that the language used in the India–Mauritius DTAA in this regard is similar, and therefore, the principles would equally apply therein. Therefore, the distinction between the taxability in the country of source lies in when the shares were ‘acquired’. If the shares were acquired before 1 April 2017, the country of residence of the transferor (or alienator as used in the DTAA) has the exclusive right of taxation, whereas if the shares were acquired on or after 1 April 2017, the country of source has a right to tax the gains (whether such right is an exclusive right is an issue which the authors have examined in the past – one may refer to the April 2025 edition of the Journal on ‘may be taxed’).

SHARES ACQUIRED

The issue that arises in respect of the grandfathering provisions is what does one mean by the term ‘shares acquired’ and whether this term only applies to an actual purchase or acquisition of shares prior to 1 April 2017, or could the term also cover situations wherein the taxpayer receives the shares in a mode which is otherwise exempt from tax.
The first situation is of convertible preference shares. Let us take an example of a Singapore taxpayer who has acquired convertible preference shares (whether compulsorily or otherwise) of an Indian company before 1 April 2017, and the conversion of such shares is undertaken after 1 April 2017, and the Singapore taxpayer is transferring the converted equity shares of the Indian company. In such a case, the conversion is exempt under section 47(xb) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (‘ITA’). Further, Explanation 1(i) to section 2(42A) of the ITA, which defines the term ‘short-term capital asset’, provides as follows:

“(i) In determining the period for which any capital asset is held by the assessee –

(a)…

(hf) in the case of a capital asset, being equity shares in a company, which becomes the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in clause (xb) of section 47, there shall be included the period for which the preference shares were held by the assessee;..”

Similarly, section 49(2AE) of the ITA also provides as follows,

“(2AE) Where the capital asset, being equity share of a company, became the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to in clause (xb) of section 47, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be that part of the cost of the preference share in relation to which such asset is acquired by the assessee.”

Accordingly, in the case of conversion of a preference share into an equity share, the ITA considers the period of holding as well as the cost of acquisition of the preference share while determining the period of holding and cost of acquisition of the equity share, respectively.

Would such a deeming fiction also apply in the case of a DTAA? The Delhi ITAT in the case of Sarva Capital LLC vs. ACIT (2023) 153 taxmann.com 618 has held that gains on sale of equity shares of an Indian company by a resident of Mauritius would be eligible for grandfathering and exempt from tax even though the equity shares were issued after 1 April 2017 as such shares were issued to the taxpayer on conversion of Compulsorily Convertible Preference Shares which were acquired by the taxpayer before 1 April 2017. The Delhi ITAT arrived at its conclusion on the basis of the following:

“Undoubtedly, the assessee has acquired CCPS prior to 1-4-2017, which stood converted into equity shares as per terms of its issue without there being any substantial change in the rights of the assessee. As rightly contended by learned counsel for the assessee, conversion of CCPS into equity shares results only in qualitative change in the nature of rights of the shares. The conversion of CCPS into equity shares did not, in fact, alter any of the voting or other rights with the assessee at the end of Veritas Finance Pvt. Ltd. The difference between the CCPS and equity shares is that a preference share goes with preferential rights when it comes to receiving dividend or repaying capital. Whereas, dividend on equity shares is not fixed but depends on the profits earned by the company. Except these differences, there are no material differences between the CCPS and equity shares. Moreover, a reading of Article 13(3A) of the tax treaty reveals that the expression used therein is ‘gains from alienation of SHARES’. In our view, the word ‘SHARES’ bas been used in a broader sense and will take within its ambit all shares, including preference shares. Thus, since, the assessee had acquired the CCPS prior to 1-4-2017, in our view, the capital gain derived from sale of such shares would not be covered under Article 13(3A) or 13(3B) of the Treaty. On the contrary, it will fall under Article 13(4)of India-Mauritius DTAA, hence, would be exempt from taxation, as the capital earned is taxable only in the country of residence of the assessee.”

Accordingly, the Delhi ITAT allowed the benefit of the grandfathering on the premise that the DTAA refers to ‘shares’ and that there was no substantial change in the voting rights of the taxpayer after the conversion.

APPLICATION TO OTHER SCENARIOS

Now, the question arises whether one can apply this decision to convertible debentures. Under the ITA, sections 47(x), 49(2A) and Rule 8AA of the Income-tax Rules, 1962 r.w.s 2(42A) of the ITA accord the same treatment of the period of holding and cost of acquisition to conversion of debentures into equity shares as provided to conversion of preference shares into equity shares.
However, given that the Delhi ITAT has held on the basis that the taxpayer held shares (albeit preference shares) before the conversion, arguably, one may not be able to apply the above decision in the context of debentures. On the other hand, if one considers this view, it may result in a peculiar situation wherein if the taxpayer had transferred the debentures prior to conversion, the said debentures would be exempt as they are not shares and would be covered under Article 13(5) of the India – Singapore DTAA but as one is transferring the shares after conversion, the said transaction is taxable in India.

While one may not be able to apply the Delhi ITAT decision to debentures and other situations, the question to be addressed is whether one can consider the shares acquired before 1 April 2017 in situations wherein the ITA, on application of sections 2(42A) and 49, has allowed the pass-through period of holding and cost of acquisition. Some examples, in addition to convertible debentures and preference shares, could be as follows:

a. Shares received as a gift wherein the donor had acquired the shares before 1 April 2017, but the gift is received after 1 April 2017;

b. Shares received on inheritance after 1 April 2017, wherein the testator had acquired the shares before 1 April 2017;

c. Shares of another company received on amalgamation / demerger undertaken after 1 April 2017, wherein the shareholder held the shares of the amalgamating company / demerged company before 1 April 2017;

d. Bonus shares were issued after 1 April 2017 to a taxpayer who had held the original shares prior to 1 April 2017. In such a case, sections 2(42A) and 49 do not apply, and therefore, the period of holding would begin from the date on which the bonus shares are issued, and the cost of acquisition of the shares shall be Nil.

While analysing the grandfathering provisions under the DTAA, it may be worthwhile to also consider the grandfathering provided in the GAAR provisions in the ITA. Rule 10U of the Income-tax Rules provides as follows,

“The provisions of Chapter X-A shall not apply to –

(a)…

(d) any income accruing or arising to, or deemed to accrue or arise to, or received or deemed to be received by, any person from transfer of investments made before the 1st day of April, 2017, by such person”

Further, CBDT Circular No. 7 of 2017 dated 27 January 2017 in respect of certain clarifications on implementation of GAAR provides as follows,

“Question No. 5: Will GAAR provisions apply to (i) any securities issued by way of bonus issuances so long as the original securities are acquired prior to 1 April 2017 (ii) shares issued post 31st March, 2017, on conversion of Compulsorily Convertible Debentures, Compulsorily Convertible Preference Shares (CCPS), Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs), Global Depository Receipts (GDRs), acquired prior to 1 April 2017; (iii) shares which are issued consequent to split up or consolidation of such grandfathered shareholding?

Answer: Grandfathering under Rule 10U(1)(d) will be available to investments made before 1st April 2017 in respect of instruments compulsorily convertible from one form to another, at terms finalised at the time of issue of such instruments. Shares brought into existence by way of split or consolidation of holdings, or by bonus issuances in respect of shares acquired prior to 1st April 2017 in the hands of the same investor would also be eligible for grandfathering under Rule 10U(1)(d) of the Income Tax Rules.”

The question arises whether one can apply the same principle as provided under the GAAR provisions and rules to the DTAA grandfathering provisions. One may wait for the legal jurisprudence in this matter.

However, in the view of the authors, one needs to interpret the language in the DTAA in the context of the relief that the grandfathering provisions seek to provide. It is a well-settled principle as upheld even by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Union of India vs. Azadi Bachao Andolan (2003) 263 ITR 706 that treaties are not to be interpreted in the same manner as statutory legislation as the treaties are entered into at a political level.1


1 One may also refer to the article by Shri Pramod Kumar on Bonus Shares & Tax Treaty Grandfathering: 
Investor Conundrum Dissected! dated 24 September 2024 published on 
www.taxsutra.com which has discussed this issue in detail in the context of 
applicability of grandfathering provisions to bonus shares

Arguably, the DTAAs have provided for a grandfathering provision to ensure that a person who had invested before the DTAAs were amended should not be adversely affected due to the change that has occurred after such investment has been made.

In other words, one may need to read the term ‘shares acquired’ in the same manner as ‘investments made’ and therefore, so long as the taxpayer had invested in a particular manner prior to 1 April 2017, the change in the mode of investment ought to be grandfathered. While an argument could be made that one should not read the GAAR provisions, which are in domestic law, into the DTAA, in the authors’ view, this is not the case here, as one is merely providing an objective and contextual interpretation of the term ‘acquired’ and not necessarily under the domestic tax law.

This is evident from the Press Release of the Finance Ministry dated 29 August 2016, while notifying the Protocol of the India – Mauritius DTAA, which states as under,

“The Protocol provides for source-based taxation of capital gains arising from alienation of shares acquired on or after 1st April, 2017, in a company resident in India with effect from financial year 2017-18. Simultaneously, investments made before 1st April, 2017 have been grandfathered and will not be subject to capital gains taxation in India.”

From the above, it is clear that the intention of the Government while amending the DTAA was to exempt ‘investments made’. However, the Press Release dated 23 March 2017 in respect of the Protocol to the India – Singapore DTAA states as follows,

“In order to provide certainty to investors, investments in shares made before 1st April, 2017 have been grandfathered, subject to fulfilment of conditions in the Limitation of Benefits clause as per 2005 Protocol.”

While the Press Release in respect of the India – Singapore DTAA amendment does not cover ‘investments’ but covers ‘shares acquired’, given the objective of a grandfathering clause, as explained above, in the view of the authors, one may still be able to apply the same principle as in the India – Mauritius DTAA as the language in the DTAAs is similar.

Therefore, in respect of bonus shares or conversion of preference shares/ debentures into equity shares should be grandfathered under the DTAA if the original shares/ preference shares/ debentures were acquired prior to 1 April 2017.
A similar view may also apply in cases of amalgamation/ demerger as one had already invested in the amalgamating company/ demerged company prior to 1 April 2017.

However, in respect of shares received as a gift after 1 April 2017, wherein the donor had acquired the shares before such date, in the view of the authors, such an exemption may not apply as the investment was not made by the taxpayer (donee) prior to 1 April 2017. Even under GAAR provisions, Rule 10U(1)(d) refers to investment made by such person, and therefore, grandfathering should be permitted only if the investment was made by that specific person. On the other hand, shares ‘acquired’, in the view of the authors, would also mean shares acquired by way of gift. Therefore, if one had received the gift prior to 1 April 2017, even though such receipt may not be a transfer under the ITA, the shares received should be eligible for grandfathering.

In respect of inheritance under a Will, there could be an additional argument that the shares were acquired by the taxpayer by way of application of the law as a transmission and not a transfer itself.

However, one cannot rule out litigation on this issue, and one may need to wait for some jurisprudence before it can settle down.

CONCLUSION

While the Delhi ITAT has not examined the issue in detail, keeping in mind the overall objective of providing grandfathering under the DTAAs with Singapore, Mauritius and Cyprus, in the view of the authors, there is a good case to argue that the original investment made prior to 1 April 2017 should be grandfathered even if the nature or form of the investment changes after 1 April 2017, provided that the taxpayer is the same before such date. Therefore, in respect of conversion of preference shares or debentures into equity shares, issue of bonus shares or issue of shares on amalgamation or demerger, in the view of the authors, the benefit of grandfathering may be available. However, in the authors’ view, gift received on or after 1 April 2017 may not be eligible for the grandfathering benefit. In any case, one may need to consider the facts and circumstances of each case, and the issue is not free from litigation. Further, there are various other considerations one may need to keep in mind while analysing the grandfathering provisions, such as the treaty entitlement and anti-abuse provisions, etc.

Ind AS 16 – Property, Plant And Equipment Capitalization Of Costs In Case Of A Company Constructing A Single Asset

QUERY

Nuclear Power Corporation Ltd. (NPCL) has been established to construct nuclear plants in India. Typically, constructing a nuclear plant would take anywhere between 7-12 years depending upon the size and complexity of the project. Currently, NPCLs only activity is construction of one nuclear plant, though it plans to build more in the future.

NPCL employs a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), whose responsibilities include preparation of financial statements, overseeing audits, ensuring compliance with commercial regulations, arranging funding, and liaising with the board of directors, government bodies, and various multilateral agencies. At the nuclear plant construction site, NPCL also employs a site accountant and a store-keeper.

Whether the salaries and related employee benefits—such as bonus, gratuity, and employer’s contribution to the provident fund—for the CFO, site accountant, and store-keeper are capitalized as part of the cost of constructing the nuclear plant?

RESPONSE

Ind AS 16 References

Elements of cost

Paragraph 16

The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises:

(a) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates.

(b) any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

(c) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing ………….

Paragraph 17

Examples of directly attributable costs are:

(a) costs of employee benefits (as defined in Ind AS 19, Employee Benefits) arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment;

(b) costs of site preparation;

(c) initial delivery and handling costs;

(d) installation and assembly costs;

(e) costs of testing……; and

(f) professional fees.

Paragraph 19

Examples of costs that are not costs of an item of property, plant and equipment are:

(a) ………..;

(b) …………;

(c) ……………………………….; and

(d) administration and other general overhead costs.

Paragraph 21

Some operations occur in connection with the construction or development of an item of property, plant and equipment, but are not necessary to bring the item to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. These incidental operations may occur before or during the construction or development activities. For example, income may be earned through using a building site as a car park until construction starts. Because incidental operations are not necessary to bring an item to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management, the income and related expenses of incidental operations are recognised in profit or loss and included in their respective classifications of income and expense.

DISCUSSION

The guidance from Ind AS 16 can be summarized as follows:

  •  Costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management are capitalized.
  •  Salaries paid to staff including related employee benefits such as bonus, gratuity and provident fund, which are directly attributable to construction of the asset are capitalized.
  •  Administration and other general overhead expenses are not capitalized.
  •  A simple example of a directly attributable cost would be the salary of a site engineer engaged in construction; while salaries of unrelated staff, such as sales personnel, would not qualify.
  •  However, in practice, what is directly related to construction of an asset can be tricky and open to interpretation. The broad principle is that these are costs that would have been avoided if the asset had not been constructed. In other words, these are costs that are necessary for the construction of the asset, would not exist if the project didn’t exist, and are integral to bringing the asset to the condition and location necessary for it to operate as intended.

ANALYSIS OF THE FACT PATTERN

One extreme analysis of the fact pattern is that since NPCL’s only activity is constructing a nuclear plant, all of its costs must relate to that activity and should therefore be capitalized. However, this view is not entirely correct. Merely because constructing the nuclear plant is the sole activity of the company does not automatically mean that all costs are directly related to the construction and hence eligible for capitalization.

It is more appropriate to examine the actual functions performed by different employees to assess whether their roles are directly linked to the construction activity.

CFO – Chief Financial Officer – The CFO’s typical responsibilities include strategic financial planning, funding, governance, reporting, and stakeholder coordination. These tasks are generally performed at the head office (although location is not the determining factor). The CFO’s involvement in the actual construction is indirect—such as overseeing budgets or providing financial oversight—rather than participating directly in daily construction activities.

Site accountant – the typical role would involve on-site cost tracking, invoice processing for construction vendors, payroll for site labour, maintaining records for project-related expenses. The location of work would generally be at the construction site. The site accountant would be involved in day-to-day financial management of construction activities and ensure smooth functioning of
the project.

Store-keeper – The typical role of a store-keeper in construction activity would involve

Material Receipt & Inspection:

 Receives construction materials, tools, and equipment.

 Checks delivery against purchase orders and quality standards.

Inventory Management:

 Maintains accurate records of stock — both incoming and outgoing.

 Ensures proper storage to prevent damage/loss.

 Issues materials to various departments (civil, mechanical, electrical, etc.) as needed.

Consumption Monitoring:

 Keeps track of materials consumed vs. stock levels.

 Helps prevent wastage and pilferage, ensuring cost control.

Site Support:

 Coordinates with procurement, engineering, and site teams to ensure timely availability of materials.

 Supports audit and documentation of construction-related inventory.

CONCLUSION

Based on the above discussion, the treatment of salaries and related benefits is summarized as follows:

CFO

Not capitalizable under Ind AS 16, as the CFO’s role does not meet the “directly attributable” criterion.

  •  The CFO’s functions are general and administrative.
  •  These costs would be incurred irrespective of whether the plant was under construction, or if multiple projects were underway.

Site Accountant

Some may argue that the site accountants’ salary and related benefits are in the nature of site overhead and administrative expenses. However, these costs should be Capitalized, as the role is directly related to the construction activity.

The position supports the construction function exclusively by ensuring that funds are available to the project on time on a day-to-day basis. It would not exist in the absence of the project.

Store-keeper

Capitalizable, as the store-keeper’s responsibilities:

  •  Are integral to the construction process.
  • Would not arise if the project didn’t exist.
  • Contribute to bringing the asset to the required condition and location for use.

Charitable Trust – Condonation of the delay of 24 days in filing Form 10B.

11. Mirae Asset Foundation vs. PCIT – 6.

WP No. 713 of 2025 dated 07/07/2025 (Bom) (HC) AY 2021-22 Section 119(2)(b)

Charitable Trust – Condonation of the delay of 24 days in filing Form 10B.

The 1st Respondent refused to condone the delay of 24 days in filing Form 10B for AY 2021-22. Consequently, the exemption claimed by the Petitioner-Foundation, a Charitable Trust, was denied to the Petitioner.

The Hon. Court observed that it is not in dispute that the delay in filing Form 10B is only 24 days. The ground on which delay is not condoned is that even after the filing of Form 10B with a delay of 24 days, no application for condonation of delay was filed immediately and the same was submitted only about 9 months later. Therefore, the delay was not condoned.

The Court further observed that as far as the condonation of delay is concerned, admittedly there was only 24 days delay in filing Form 10B. Further, it was true that the application seeking condonation of delay was filed after about 9 months. However, this delay was not such that should deny the Petitioner from filing Form 10B with a delay of 24 days. Further, if this delay was not condoned, there will be genuine hardship to the Petitioner, inasmuch as, the Petitioner would be denied the exemption otherwise claimed under the provisions of Section 11 of the Act, which is a substantial amount. The Court relied on a decision of the Hon’ble Gujarat High Court in the case of Sarvodaya Charitable Trust vs. Income Tax Officer (exemption) [2021] 125 taxmann.com 75 (Gujarat) wherein a view was taken that in cases like delay in filing Form 10B, the approach of the Authorities ought to be equitious, balancing and judicious and availing of exemption should not be denied merely on the bar of limitation. This is more so, when the legislature has conferred wide discretionary powers to condone the delay on the authorities concerned.

As far as the argument of Revenue that the Petitioner has not digitally signed Form 10B, the said argument was found to be factually incorrect.

The impugned order dated 11th December 2024 under Section 119(2)(b) of the Act was accordingly quashed and set aside.

Rectification of Mistake – Subsequent ruling of the Hon’ble Supreme Court cannot be a ground for invoking the provisions of Section 254(2).

10. ITAT PUNE & Others vs. Prakash D. Koli

[WP NO. 10075 OF 2024. Dated: 8/07/2025 ]

Section 254(2)

Rectification of Mistake – Subsequent ruling of the Hon’ble Supreme Court cannot be a ground for invoking the provisions of Section 254(2).

In the present case, initially, the Assessing Officer made a disallowance of ₹24.74 lakhs in the intimation under Section 143(1) of the Act on the ground that the Assessee had deposited the employee’s share of EPF and ESI etc., belatedly, and hence, they were not allowed to claim a deduction of this amount under Section 36 (1)(va) of the Act. Being aggrieved by this disallowance, the Assessee filed an Appeal before the CIT(A) without any success. In these circumstances, the Assessee finally approached the ITAT. The ITAT, by its order dated 22nd June 2022 [passed under Section 254(1)], observed that the employee’s share of EPF and ESI etc., was deposited prior to the due date of filing of returns under Section 139(1), and hence, the Assessee is entitled to the deduction. It accordingly allowed the deduction under Section 36(1)(va) of the Act. In reaching this conclusion, the Tribunal relied on the judgment of the Hon’ble Himachal Pradesh High Court in the case of CIT vs. Nipso Polyfabriks Ltd., (2013) 350 ITR 327 (HP).

After passing of the Tribunal’s order dated 22nd June, 2022, the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Checkmate Services P. Ltd., & Ors. vs. CIT & Others [(2022) 448 ITR 518 (SC)], overruled the proposition laid down in Nipso Polyfabriks Ltd., (supra). In other words, the Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the deposit of the employee’s share of EPF and ESI etc., can be allowed as a deduction to the Assessee under Section 36(1)(va) only if it is deposited before the time limits prescribed under the respective statutes, and not if it is deposited only prior to the due date of filing returns under Section 139(1).

In light of this decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court, and which was rendered on 12th October, 2022, the Revenue moved a Rectification Application before the ITAT by invoking the provisions of Section 254(2) of the Act. It is in this Rectification Application that the impugned order is passed, wherein the Tribunal has allowed the Miscellaneous Application filed by the Revenue, and holding that the disallowance made by the Assessing Officer is sustained.

The only ground on which the Rectification is allowed is on the basis of the judgment of the Hon’ble Court in Checkmates Services (supra). As mentioned earlier, this judgment was rendered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court on 12th October, 2022 which is after the date when the original order was passed by the ITAT on 22nd June, 2022 holding that the Assessee was entitled to this deduction under Section 36 (1)(va).

The Hon. Court held that a subsequent ruling of the Hon’ble Supreme Court cannot be a ground for invoking the provisions of Section 254(2). Section 254(2) can be invoked with a view to rectify any mistake apparent from the record and not otherwise. Admittedly, on the date when the original order was passed by the ITAT on 22nd June, 2022, it followed the law as it stood then. That was overruled subsequently by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Checkmates Services (supra). Hence, on the date when the Tribunal passed its original order (on 22nd June, 2022), it could not be said that there was any error or mistake apparent on the record, giving jurisdiction to the Tribunal to invoke Section 254(2) of the Act.

The Hon. Court referred to the decision of of Infantry Security and Facilities through, proprietor Tukaram M. Surayawanshi vs. The Income Tax Officer, Ward 4 (5) [Writ Petition No. 17175 and other connected matters decided on 3rd December, 2024] wherein the Hon. Court was concerned with the exact same decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Checkmates Services (supra). The Division Bench, after examining the law on the subject, came to the conclusion that the Tribunal was in patent error in exercising jurisdiction under Section 254(2), and passing the impugned order.

In light of the aforesaid discussion, the Petition was allowed.

Capital Asset – Loss – The insurance claim received against dead horses – Taxability.

9. Commissioner of Income Tax (Exemption) Mumbai vs. M/s Poonawalla Estate Stud & Agricultural Farm.

[ITXA No. 541 of 2003, 535 of 2003 and 540 of 2003 dated: 09/07/2025. (Bom) (HC)]

[AYs : 1988 -1989, 1990-91, 1991-92 & 1995-96]

Section 41(1) vis a vis 45

Capital Asset – Loss – The insurance claim received against dead horses – Taxability.

The Assessee was carrying on the business of breeding, rearing and selling racehorses since the year 1967. At its Stud Farm, there were several mares and stallions. When a male horse or female horse was born, it was being treated as a stock in trade till it attained the age of 2 years. The value of such horses was determined by the Assessee on the basis of expenditure incurred on feeding, medical treatment, training etc. After the horse crossed the age of 2 years, it was either sold or was given on lease for horse racing or transferred to the Plant for being used for breeding activities. The horses have a racing life of about 3 to 5 years. Thereafter, they are mainly used for breeding and therefore such horses are treated as Plant and Machinery and accordingly in the Books of Accounts, the costs of such horses were added to the total of cost of livestock plant. Therefore, all expenses incurred on a horse till attaining the age of 2 years formed part of costs of such horse. After the horse was transferred to the Plant, the expenses incurred on feeding, medical treatment etc. were being claimed as a revenue expenditure. Though the horses were treated as a plant by the Assessee, the depreciation is stated to be not allowed in view of provisions of Section 43(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Therefore, the revenue income generated upon sale, lease of a horse, the same was offered for taxation.

During the year ending 31 October 1987, relevant to Assessment Year 1988-89, two mares namely, ‘Certainty’ and ‘Gracian Flower’ died, the costs of which in the Books of Accounts of the Assessee was ₹40,000/- and ₹30,000/- respectively. Both the horses were insured with M/s. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. at ₹6,00,000/- and ₹1,00,000/- respectively on the basis of the market value of the said two mares. Accordingly, the Insurance Company sanctioned the insurance claim and paid ₹6,00,000/- and ₹1,00,000/- respectively to the Assessee. However, the Assessing Officer on its own, allowed ₹40,000/- and ₹30,000/- being debited to the Profit & Loss Account under Section 36(1)(vi) of the Act which provides for deduction. In the same year, the Assessee had debited to its Profit & Loss Account, an amount of ₹3,60,902/- being the loss on disposal of assets (Mares and Stallions).

In the Assessment Order, the Assessing Officer held that the Assessee ought not to have added such loss on the death of mares while computing the total income chargeable to tax as loss on death of an animal is an allowable deduction under Section 36(1)(vi) of the Act. Accordingly, the said loss of ₹3,60,902/- was allowed under Section 36(1)(vi) while computing the total income which included ₹40,000/- being the costs of the Mare “Certainty” for which the Assessee had received insurance claim of ₹6,00,000/-. The cost of the Mare “Gracian Flower” of ₹30,000/- was not allowed in Assessment Year 1988-89 as the same had remained to be debited to the Profit & Loss Account. The Assessing Officer further held that the insurance claim received by the Assessee from the Insurance Company for death of the Mares – Certainty and Gracian Flower was to be deemed as income of the Assessee under Section 41(1) of the Act. The said findings recorded by the Assessing Officer have been upheld in Appeal by Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) and Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. Aggrieved by the decision of ITAT, the Appellant has filed the Appeal under Section 260A of the Act.

The Hon. Court observed that what has been done in the present case is to shift the income of the Assessee under the head ‘capital gains’ to the head ‘profits and gains of business or profession’ for the purpose of applicability of provisions of Section 41(1) of the Act, after realising that the said income was not chargeable to tax under Section 45 of the Act. There is no dispute to the position that the Mares were being treated as Livestock Plant and hence considered as capital assets of the Assessee. The issue for consideration is whether the loss of capital asset, which is recouped in the form of insurance claim can be shifted from the head ‘Capital Gain’ under Section 45 of the Act to the head ‘Profits and Gains of business or profession’ under Section 41(1) of the Act?

The Hon. Court noted the cardinal principle of taxation that the heads of income provided in various sections of the Income Tax Act are mutually exclusive and where any item of income falls specifically under one head, it is to be charged for taxation under that head alone and no other. To paraphrase, the income derived from different sources falling under a specific head has to be computed for the purposes of taxation in the manner provided by the appropriate section and no other. Thus, it is impermissible for the Revenue to impose tax on income forming part of particular head and governed by particular section, by shifting the same under another head for the purpose of applicability of another section of the Act. If the department finds that an income under a particular head does not become liable to tax on account of provision of a Section governing that head, it is impermissible to shift that income to another head merely because the Department thinks that the very same income, upon its shift to another head, can be taxed under another Section of the Income Tax Act. These principles have been reiterated in several judgments namely Cadell Wvg. Mill Co. (P.) Ltd. vs. CIT [2001] 249 ITR 265 (Bombay) and CIT vs. D. P. Sandhu Bros. Chembur (P.) Ltd. [2005] 273 ITR 1 (SC).

Thus, the Hon. Court held that the Revenue has grossly erred in shifting the amount of insurance claim received by the Assessee from the head ‘capital gains’ to another head ‘Profits and gains of business or profession’ for the purpose of bringing the same to taxation under Section 41(1) of the Act. The Revenue itself has treated the horses as ‘capital assets’. This position is affirmed by all the three Authorities. The fact that the Revenue authorities allowed deduction u/s. 36(1)(vi) only means that they are treated as capital asset of the assessee. After treating the horses as ‘capital assets’ of the Assessee, the insurance receipt would obviously become capital gain for the Assessee, which can only be taxed under the provisions of Section 45 of the Act. The Revenue however found that it was not possible to tax the said ‘capital gain’ under Section 45 of the Act and therefore decided to treat the income as ‘profit’ under Section 41(1) of the Act. This is clearly impermissible.

As regards treatment of the receipt under an insurance claim for the purpose of income-tax, the Court observed that the Revenue itself has treated the horses as ‘capital asset’ of the Assessee. Therefore, if a capital is lost on account of death of a horse, any amount received towards insurance claim of such loss would obviously be on capital account. Section 45 of the Act deals with capital gains and subsection (1) thereof provides that any profits or gains arising from ‘transfer’ of capital assets effected in the previous year shall be chargeable to income tax under the head ‘capital gains’.

The issue therefore is whether insurance receipt consequent to death of a horse would amount to ‘transfer’ within the meaning of Section 45 of the Act. The term ‘transfer’ has been defined under Section 2(47) of the Act. It is contended by the Assessee that insurance receipt on death of a horse would not be covered by definition of the term ‘transfer’ in relation to capital asset. Death of a horse cannot be treated as ‘transfer’ under Section 2(47) of the Act as a transfer presumes both existence of asset, as well as transferee to whom it is transferred.

The Hon Court observed that this position is well settled by the judgment in Vania Silk Mills (P.) Ltd. [1991] 191 ITR 647 (SC) in which the issue before the Apex Court was whether money received towards insurance claim on account of damage/destruction of capital asset would be on account of ‘transfer’ of the asset within the meaning of Section 45. The Apex Court held that when an asset is destroyed there is no question of transferring it to others. The destruction or loss of the asset, no doubt, brings about the destruction of the right of the owner or possessor of the asset, in it. But it is not on account of transfer. It is on account of the disappearance of the asset. The extinguishment of right in the asset on account of extinguishment of the asset itself is not a transfer of the right but its destruction. By no stretch of imagination, the destruction of the right on account of the destruction of the asset can be equated with the extinguishment of right on account of its transfer. Section 45 speaks about capital gains arising out of “transfer” of asset and not on account of “extinguishment of right” by itself. The capital gains are attracted by transfer and not merely by extinguishment of right howsoever brought about. Hence an extinguishment of right not brought about by transfer is outside the purview of Section 45. Transfer presumes both the existence of the asset and of the transferee to whom it is transferred. It is true that the definition of “transfer” in Section 2(47) of the Act is inclusive, and therefore, extends to events and transactions which may not otherwise be “transfer” according to its ordinary, popular and natural sense. The expression “extinguishment of any rights therein” will have to be confined to the extinguishment of rights on account of transfer and cannot be extended to mean any extinguishment of right independent of or otherwise than on account of transfer.

The above position was reiterated by the Madras High Court in Division Bench judgment in Neelamalai Agro Industries Ltd. [2003] 259 ITR 651 (Madras) where there was a fire accident in the factory of the Assessee who received compensation from the insurance company. The Apex Court proceeded to regard insurance receipt as ‘transfer’ under Section 2(47) of the Act and brought to tax, part of the said compensation claimed under Section 45 of the Act.

In CIT vs. Pfizer Ltd. [2011] 330 ITR 62 (Bombay) the Apex Court held that receipt under insurance claim would be treated in the like manner as if receipt arises on the sale of the asset.

Thus, following the ratio of the judgments in Vania Silk Mills (P.) Ltd., Pfizer Ltd and Neelmalai Agro Industries Ltd., the money received towards insurance claim on account of damage to or destruction of capital asset cannot be treated as transfer of capital assets so as to attract tax under the provisions of Section 45(1) of the Act.

Having realized that the insurance receipt cannot be taxed as capital gain under Section 45 of the Act, the Assessing Officer has taken recourse to the provisions of Section 41(1) of the Act for the purpose of bringing the insurance receipt to tax.

Section 41 provides for taxation of ‘profits’. The Court already held that it is impermissible to shift the insurance receipt as a part of ‘capital asset’ from the realm of Section 45 by treating it as ‘profits’ merely because the tax becomes leviable under Section 41. The heading ‘capital gains’ governed by the provisions of Section 45 is mutually exclusive from the heading ‘profits and gains of business or profession’ governed by Section 41 of the Act. Following these principles, it was impermissible for the Revenue to treat insurance receipts on loss of horses as profits under Section 41 of the Act.

Further, even if it is assumed that provisions of Section 41 of the Act can be invoked in the facts of the present case, the receipt towards insurance claim would still be outside the purview of Section 41(1) of the Act as the same does not satisfy the conditions laid down therein. Section 41(1) can be pressed into service only if an allowance is granted in one year and subsequently the amount is received in another year. In the present case, the insurance receipt is assessed by the Assessing Officer in the same year in which the deduction was granted. Section 41(1) essentially applies to a situation where deduction is made by the Assessee in respect of loss, expenditure or trading liability and subsequently the Assessee secures an amount in respect of such loss or expenditure, the amount obtained by such person becomes ‘profits’ and accordingly can be charged to income tax.

The contention raised on behalf of the Revenue that the expression used under Section 41(1) is ‘any amount’ and that even insurance receipt would be covered by the expression ‘any amount’ was held to be totally unfounded as no deduction was allowable under Section 36(1)(vi) of the Act in respect of the two horses for which insurance claim is received. Therefore, the insurance claim received towards death of the two horses could not be charged to tax under Section 41(1) of the Act, even independent of the principle of impermissibility to shift income of Assessee from one head to another for the purpose of taxation.

Therefore, the horses in respect of which the insurance claim was received were Assessee’s capital assets and that therefore insurance receipt arising therefrom could only have been considered as capital receipt, not chargeable to tax.

The Court further observed that the Legislature made a provision by inserting sub-section (1A) to Section 45 to cover the amount received under insurance claim on destruction of capital asset to tax. However, the said provision came to be introduced by Finance Act, 1999 w.e.f. 1 April 2000 and the same has no application to the present case. Thus, the insurance claim received towards destruction of capital asset has been brought to taxation for the first time from 1 April 2000. Going further, it is seen that provisions of sub-section (1A) of Section 45 apply only where the destruction occurs on account of one of the four specified events. It is therefore highly doubtful whether destruction of capital asset of livestock on account of death of the animal would really be covered by the provisions of sub-section (1A) of Section 45. However, since the said provision under Section 45(1A) was not even available during the relevant Assessment Year, the issue of applicability of the said provision in case of destruction of asset of livestock on account of death of an animal is left open to be decided in an appropriate case.

The Revenue was directed to treat the entire amounts of insurance claim received by the Assessee for death of horses as capital receipt governed only by provisions of Section 45(1) of the Act.

TDS — Statutory authority — Duty to be fair in its commercial dealings — Statutory authority entering into contract with firm for supply of material and performance of engineering work — Tax deducted at source not deposited with Department — Statutory authority retaining part of bill amounts due to firm for its income-tax contingency — Statutory authority had no right to retain any amount due to firm — High Court directed the statutory authority to return withheld amount with interest — Cost imposed on statutory authority to be recovered from its managing director.

28. (2025) 474 ITR 271 (Jharkhand):

Anvil Cables (P) Ltd. vs. State of Jharkhand:

Date of order 08.04.2024:

Sections 195 and 201(1A)

TDS — Statutory authority — Duty to be fair in its commercial dealings — Statutory authority entering into contract with firm for supply of material and performance of engineering work — Tax deducted at source not deposited with Department — Statutory authority retaining part of bill amounts due to firm for its income-tax contingency — Statutory authority had no right to retain any amount due to firm — High Court directed the statutory authority to return withheld amount with interest — Cost imposed on statutory authority to be recovered from its managing director.

The petitioner-firm provided comprehensive engineering, procurement and construction services to the core sector industries in India. The State authority JBVNL entered into a contract with the petitioner for rural electrification work. The JBVNL deducted tax at source at two per cent. From the bill raised by the petitioner for the supply of material and also retained an amount on the pretext of “Income-tax contingencies”. The petitioner requested the JBVNL to release such amount so withheld and also informed that the amount withheld by it was not reflected in Form 26AS. The JBVNL stated that the amount withheld had been kept back to safeguard its interest and that the kept back amount would be released or the tax deducted at source certificate would be issued depending on the outcome of the appeal filed by it against the demand notice u/s. 201(1A) of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

The Jharkhand High Court allowed the writ petition filed by the petitioner and held as under:

“i) In our opinion, the demand notice issued to the JBVNL that it committed default in not making tax at source deductions cannot cloak the JBVNL with any authority or even an excuse to withhold a certain amount from the running bills of the contractor. This is quite curious that the JBVNL seeks to take a stand before the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) that it was not under an obligation to deduct two per cent tax deducted at source from the running bills of the contractor raised towards the supply of materials and, on the other hand, it has retained ₹2,90,32,000 towards payment of two per cent tax at source deductions on that count. This is also relevant that the deductions by the JBVNL starting from the financial year 2016-2017 have accumulated to ₹2,90,32,000 but it did not deposit the said amount with the Income-tax Department. The amount so withheld from the running bills of the petitioner-firm is speculative and a kind of wagering step by JBVNL. The JBVNL has no authority in law to withhold ₹2,90,32,000 as “kept back” amount for the purpose of litigation with the Income-tax Department. The action of JBVNL in withholding ₹2,90,32,000 is therefore held illegal and had to be returned with interest.

ii) This is well-settled that the explicit terms of the contract are always the final words with regard to the intention of the parties. In ONGC Ltd. vs. Saw Pipes Ltd. [(2003) 5 SCC 705; 2003 SCC OnLine SC 545.] the hon’ble Supreme Court observed that the intention of the parties is to be gathered from the words used in the agreement. In Mahabir Auto Stores vs. Indian Oil Corporation [(1990) 3 SCC 752; 1990 SCC OnLine SC 43.] the hon’ble Supreme Court held that the State or its instrumentalities are “State” under article 12 of the Constitution and its actions even in commercial transactions must be reasonable, fair and just. In Mahabir Auto Stores vs. Indian Oil Corporation [(1990) 3 SCC 752; 1990 SCC OnLine SC 43.] , the hon’ble Supreme Court further indicated that the requirement of being just, fair and reasonable on the part of the State and its instrumentalities extends in cases where no formal contract has been entered.

iii) Any unjust retention of money or property of another shall be against the fundamental principles of justice, equity and good conscience. The unauthorised deductions from the running bills of the petitioner-firm are patently illegal. Such deductions caused losses to the petitioner-firm which filed its Income-tax returns but was deprived of ₹2,90,32,000 and thereby suffered business or atleast interest losses. On the other hand, the JBVNL was unjustly enriched and need to restitute the petitioner-firm. The refund of ₹2,90,32,000 must therefore carry interest as a matter of course. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. UOI [(2011) 8 SCC 161; (2011) 4 SCC (Civ) 87; 2011 SCC OnLine SC 961.] , the hon’ble Supreme Court held that this is the bounden duty of the court to neutralise unjust enrichment by imposing compound interest and punitive costs.

iv) As per clause 10.7.4 of the Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission, Ranchi (Electricity Supply Code) Regulation, 2015, the interest rate to be paid on any excess amount paid by the consumer is equivalent to the interest rate paid by the consumer on delay payment surcharge. Therefore, the JBVNL shall pay interest over the withheld amount of ₹2,90,32,000 as per clause 10.7.4 of the Regulation of 2015.

v) The petitioner-firm was unnecessarily dragged to the court and, that too, knowingly and for no fault on its part. The litigation file that has been produced in the court reveals that a decision in the context of the order dated March 14, 2024 passed by this court has been taken at the highest level of the managing director of JBVNL. Therefore, we are of the definite opinion that the JBVNL must be saddled with cost of ₹5 lakhs which shall be recovered from the managing director. This writ petition is allowed, in the aforesaid terms.”

TDS — Credit for TDS — Tax deducted by employer but not deposited with Government — In view of provision of section 205, it is made clear that the assessee shall not be called upon to pay the tax himself to the extent to which tax has been deducted from that income — Both the circular dt. 1st June 2015 and the Office Memorandum dt. 11th March 2016 have been issued in consonance with the provisions contained in section 205 — Department shall not deny the benefit of tax deducted at source by the employer during the relevant financial years to the assessee — Credit of the tax shall be given to the Assessee and if in the interregnum, any recovery or adjustment is made by the Department, the assessee shall be entitled to the refund, with statutory interest

27. [2025] 343 CTR 133 (Ori):

Malay Kar vs. UOI:

AY. 2013-14: Date of order 03.05.2024:

Sections 199 and 205

TDS — Credit for TDS — Tax deducted by employer but not deposited with Government — In view of provision of section 205, it is made clear that the assessee shall not be called upon to pay the tax himself to the extent to which tax has been deducted from that income — Both the circular dt. 1st June 2015 and the Office Memorandum dt. 11th March 2016 have been issued in consonance with the provisions contained in section 205 — Department shall not deny the benefit of tax deducted at source by the employer during the relevant financial years to the assessee — Credit of the tax shall be given to the Assessee and if in the interregnum, any recovery or adjustment is made by the Department, the assessee shall be entitled to the refund, with statutory interest.

The Assessee is an employee of M/s. Corporate Ispat Alloys Ltd. During the previous year relevant to A. Y. 2013-14, the Assessee received gross salary of ₹25,39,766 out of which a sum of ₹5,90,112 was deducted at source u/s. 192 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. However, in the Form 26AS, TDS of only ₹3,21,379 was reflected as deducted and paid by the employer. Thus, there was a difference of ₹2,68,733. The return of income filed by the Assessee was processed and intimation u/s. 143(1) of the Act was issued. The said intimation was issued without taking into account TDS of ₹2,68,733 deducted by the employer and interest u/s. 234B and 234C was also charged for shortfall in payment of prepaid taxes.

On receipt of intimation, the Assessee addressed a letter to the Managing Director of the employer company for the mismatch of tax deducted u/s. 192 of the Act. The Assessee also sent a letter to the Commissioner of Income-tax (TDS) for initiation of appropriate action against the deductor / employer. The Assessee’s contention was that as per section 143(1)(c), the CPC is under legal obligation to take into account the tax deducted at source, tax collected at source, advance tax, etc. Despite the communication made to CIT(TDS), there was no communication with regard to the steps taken by the authority.

Due to inaction on the part of CPC in granting credit of tax u/s. 143(1)(c), the Assessee filed writ petition before the High Court. The Hon’ble Orissa High Court allowed the petition and held as follows:

“i) The circular and the Office Memorandum have been issued in consonance with the provisions contained in s. 205 of the IT Act. In the Office Memorandum dt. 11th March, 2016, it has been mentioned that the Board had issued directions to the field officers that in case of an assessee whose tax has been deducted at source but not deposited to the Government’s account by the deductor, the deductee assessee shall not be called upon to pay the demand to the extent tax has been deducted from his income. It was further specified that s. 205 of the IT Act puts a bar on direct demand against the assessee in such cases and the demand on account of tax credit mismatch in such situations cannot be enforced coercively.

ii) Sec. 205 of the IT Act read with CBDT circular, referred to above, being statutory one, the said provision has to be adhered to in letter and spirit and to give effect to such provision, CBDT circular was issued on 1st June, 2015 and the Office Memorandum was issued on 11th March, 2016. Therefore, for tax credit mismatch cannot be enforced coercively against the petitioner assessee.

iii) In view of the provisions contained in s. 205 of the IT Act, which provides that where tax is deductible at the source the assessee shall not be called upon to pay the tax himself to the extent to which tax has been deducted from that income and its applicability is not depending upon the credit for tax being given under s. 199 of the IT Act. Thereby, the Department shall not deny the benefit of tax deducted at source by the employer during the relevant financial years to the petitioner. The credit of the tax shall be given to the petitioner and if in the interregnum, any recovery or adjustment is made by the Department, the petitioner shall be entitled to the refund, with the statutory interest”

Return — Condonation of delay — Mistake in filling appropriate columns in the return vis a vis intimation by CPC — Assessee submitted corrected return in response to intimation dated 03.09.2019 issued by the CPC — Since the time to file revised return had expired on 31.03.2019, the Assessee filed corrected / revised return u/s. 119(2)(b) — Respondent was only required to consider the revised return as there was only a correction of mistake in the presentation of the correct figures — No impact of the corrected return on the income of the Assessee — It was only to facilitate the CPC to process the return so that Assessee is entitled to refund — Respondent ought to have allowed the application to condone the delay in filing the corrected / revised return.

26. [2025] 344 CTR 179 (Guj.):

Ujala Dyeing & Printing Mills (P.) Ltd. vs. DCIT:

A.Y.: 2018-19: Date of order 04.03.2025:

Secions 119(2)(b), 143(1)(a) and 237

Return — Condonation of delay — Mistake in filling appropriate columns in the return vis a vis intimation by CPC — Assessee submitted corrected return in response to intimation dated 03.09.2019 issued by the CPC — Since the time to file revised return had expired on 31.03.2019, the Assessee filed corrected / revised return u/s. 119(2)(b) — Respondent was only required to consider the revised return as there was only a correction of mistake in the presentation of the correct figures — No impact of the corrected return on the income of the Assessee — It was only to facilitate the CPC to process the return so that Assessee is entitled to refund — Respondent ought to have allowed the application to condone the delay in filing the corrected / revised return.

The Assessee, a private limited company, filed its return of income for AY 2018-19 on 24.09.2018 declaring total income at ₹81,85,340 and claimed a refund of ₹38,08,115. On 03.09.2019, the Assessee received an intimation from CPC pointing out mismatch in respect of disallowance of expenditure reported in Form 3CD but not taken into account in computing the total income of the Assessee. This was as a result of clubbing of disallowance of expenditure under column 23 instead of column 15 and column 18. In response to the intimation, the Assessee corrected its return of income and filed the corrected return of income electronically as per the intimation received from CPC. Since the mistake was corrected by showing disallowance under correct columns, the total income of the Assessee in the corrected return remained unchanged.

The CPC regarded the return as belated revised return and forwarded the same to the Jurisdictional Assessing Officer (JAO) and deemed it to be a return filed u/s. 119(2)(b) of the Act and intimated the Assessee vide letter dated 23.09.2019. Pursuant to receipt of the said communication, the Assessee filed applications dated 30.07.2020 and 06.08.2020 u/s. 119(2)(b) to condone the delay in filing the corrected return of income so as to consider it as revised return for processing the same by the CPC.

Thereafter, a show cause notice dated 10.05.2023 was issued requiring the Assessee to show cause why the application for condonation of delay should not be rejected. The Assessee filed its response and also furnished the details called for by further notice. However, the application was rejected vide order dated 23.08.2023. Thereafter the Assessee, vide letters dated 07.10.2023 and 10.02.2024 requested the Assessing Officer to process the original return filed by the Assessee. Since no response was received, the Assessee filed grievance on 16.03.2024 before the CBDT which was also rejected on 18.02.2024. Once again, the Assessee wrote a letter to the Assessing Officer to grant the refund of ₹38,08,120.

Since no response was received, the Assessee filed a writ petition before the High Court. The Hon’ble Gujarat High Court allowed the petition and held as follows:

“i) The CPC issued the intimation dated 03/09/2019 pointing out the mistake in the return and therefore the petitioner was called upon to submit the response thereto. The petitioner having found such mistake has therefore rightly filed a corrected/revised return under Section 119 (2) (b) of the Act as the time to file the revised return had already expired on 31/03/2019 as per the provision of Section 139(5) of the Act. The respondent was therefore only required to consider such revised return as there was only a correction of the mistake in the presentation of the correct figures in the column-15 and column-18 instead of clubbing the same in column-23 of the return and instead thereof, the respondent has enlarged the scope of Section 119(2)(b) by not redressing such minor corrections to be made in the return of income and has rejected the same on the ground of genuine hardship and advising the petitioner to avail the other legal resources under Section 254 or Section 154 of the Act unmindful of the fact situation that there was no impact on the corrected return on the taxable income of the petitioner and it was only to facilitate the CPC to process the return so that the petitioner is entitled to the refund, if any, so as to compute the taxable income of the petitioner in accordance with law as provided under Section 143(1)(a) of the Act. The respondent no.2 ought to have allowed the applications to condone the delay in filing the corrected/revised return which was a formality only as only the correct presentation in Form-ITR-6 was not made by the petitioner which has prevented the CPC from processing the return.

ii) Such an irresponsible approach by the respondent no.2 being unmindful of the fact situation has resulted into filing of this petition causing great hardship to the petitioner preventing and denying the legitimate refund to which the petitioner was otherwise eligible to get in the year 2019 itself.

iii) Considering the above fact situation and in view of the foregoing reasons, these petitions succeed and are accordingly allowed. Impugned order dated 24/08/2023 passed u/s. 119 (2)(b) is hereby quashed and set aside and the delay in filing the revised return is hereby ordered to be condoned and respondent no.1 is directed to process/transmit the revised return filed by the petitioner on 6/09/2019 to CPC to process the same in accordance with law.”

Reassessment — Limitation — Notice challenged in writ petition before the High Court — Direction of the Court and quashing of assessment order — Case sent back for deciding assessee’s objection and to pass further orders — No observations on the merits of the case — Applicability of extended period of limitation — In consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direction Department cannot claim the benefit of extended period of limitation – Assessment order passed u/s. 143(3) r.w.s. 147 and 144B is beyond the period of limitation.

25. [2025] 343 CTR 181 (Bom.):

Wavy Construction LLP vs. ACIT:

A. Y. 2012-13:

Date of order 20.12.2024:

Sections 143(3), 144B, 147, 148, 153(3)(ii) and 260

Reassessment — Limitation — Notice challenged in writ petition before the High Court — Direction of the Court and quashing of assessment order — Case sent back for deciding assessee’s objection and to pass further orders — No observations on the merits of the case — Applicability of extended period of limitation — In consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direction Department cannot claim the benefit of extended period of limitation – Assessment order passed u/s. 143(3) r.w.s. 147 and 144B is beyond the period of limitation.

The Assessee filed its return of income for AY 2012-13 on 29.09.2012. The return was processed and intimation u/s. 143(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 was issued. Subsequently, in 2018, notice u/s. 133(6) was issued by the DDIT(I&CI) calling for details in respect of transaction of sale of land by the Assessee. The Assessee filed the details and replies from time to time. Thereafter, in the aforesaid backdrop, notice u/s. 148 of the Act was issued on 29.03.2019 for re-opening of assessment. The Assessee filed its objections against the re-opening of assessment. The objections raised by the Assessee were rejected vide order dated 25.11.2019 and the assessment was completed vide order dated 19.05.2021.

The Assessee filed a writ petition challenging the notice issued u/s. 148 and the order disposing objections passed by the Assessing Officer. The Hon’ble High Court, vide order dated 13.12.2019 granted ad interim stay on the notice and the further proceedings. The said interim order continued until 21.09.2021 when the High Court passed the final order disposing the writ petition. While disposing the writ petition, the High Court remanded the matter to the Assessing Officer thereby directing him to consider the objections filed by the Assessee and pass further orders and also gave opportunity to the Assessee to make further submissions. However, there were no observations / findings given on the merits of the case.

In accordance with the directions of the High Court, an opportunity was given to the Assessee and the Assessee filed further submissions. Thereafter, the objections of the Assessee were rejected vide order dated 14.10.2021. The assessment proceedings were transferred to the National Faceless Assessment Centre. Notices were issued u/s. 142(1). However, since the Assessee was not aware of the issuance of notice us/. 142(1), the same remained to be replied. Subsequently, a show cause notice was issued upon the Assessee requiring the Assessee to furnish the response as to why the proposed addition should not be made. In response to the show cause notice, the Assessee filed its reply contending that the assessment was time barred. The Assessee stated that the as per provisions of section 153(2), the time limit for passing the order was 9 months from the end the financial year in which notice u/s. 148 was issued and since the notice u/s. 148 was issued on 29.03.2019, the time limit to pass the order expired on 31.12.2019. Further, the Assessee submitted that even if the period during which the proceedings were stayed by the High Court were excluded, the order ought to have been passed on or before 20.11.2021. It was submitted that all the notices issued after 20.11.2021 were time barred and had no validity in law. The Assessee also filed its response on the merits of the case. Once again show cause notice was issued in September 2022 which was replied by the Assessee and final assessment order came to be passed on 28.09.2022 wherein addition as proposed to be made was added to the total income of the Assessee.

Against this order of re-assessment, the Assessee once again filed a writ petition before the High Court. The Hon’ble Bombay High Court allowed the petition and held as follows:

“i) It is clear that the order dated 21 September 2021 passed by the Division Bench (supra) does not contain any findings necessary for disposal of the writ petition in a particular manner, so as to govern the issues which would be decided by the Assessing Officer. We may observe that in the context in hand when the Revenue seeks to take recourse to sub-section (6)(i) of Section 153 of the IT Act so as to avail all the benefits of extended period as stipulated by such provision, necessarily the Court is required to apply the principles as enunciated in the decisions as noted by us hereinabove, so as to make an exception from the applicability of sub-sections (1), (1A) and (2) and subject to the provisions of sub-sections (3), (5) and (5A) can be, only in the event when such assessment, reassessment and recomputation is being made qua the assessee “in consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direction” of any Court, as relevant in the present facts.

ii) The words “in consequence of or to give effect” would be required to be read in conjunction. As both these expressions are complementary to each other namely that such assessment, reassessment or recomputation is required to be made on the assessee or any person in consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direction contained in an order of the nature as specified in clause (i) of sub-section (6). Thus, the consequence needs to be created by such order and as a result of a finding or direction as may be contained in an order, as the provision envisages. It is but for natural, that any finding or direction needs to be taken to its logical conclusion and which is the sequel which would emanate from a finding or direction in the order. Thus, the intention of the legislature in providing for such expression is that an order which clause (i) of sub-section (6) talks about, is necessarily required to be an order which not only guides, but controls the course of such assessment, reassessment or recomputation, and not otherwise.

iii) As the order dated 21 September 2021 passed by this Court on the petitioner’s writ petition (supra) do not, in any manner, record a finding or issues directions as understood in terms of clause (i) of sub-section(6) of Section 153. We do not see how the Revenue can avoid the consequence of the limitation in the present case, being triggered by the first proviso below Explanation 1. In our opinion, as rightly contended on behalf of the petitioner, applying the provisions of clause (ii) below Explanation 1 read with the first proviso below Explanation 1, certainly the limitation for the Assessing Officer to pass the Assessment Order had come to an end on 20 November 2021 i.e. sixty days from 21 September 2021 (orders passed by the High Court) by applying the extended period as per the first proviso below Explanation 1, whereas the impugned assessment order has been passed almost ten months after the limitation expired. Thus, the case of the Revenue in regard to applicability of the extended period under sub-section (6)(i) of Section 153 cannot be accepted.”

Non-resident — Income deemed to accrue or arise in India — Payment to non-resident — Royalty — Amount paid for use and resale of computer software through distribution or end user licence agreement is not royalty — Not assessable in India.

24. (2025) 475 ITR 57 (Bom):

CIT(LTU) vs. Reliance Industries Ltd.:

Date of order 21.06.2024:

Section 9(1)(vi)

Non-resident — Income deemed to accrue or arise in India — Payment to non-resident — Royalty — Amount paid for use and resale of computer software through distribution or end user licence agreement is not royalty — Not assessable in India.

In its application as filed u/s. 195(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, the assessee raised contentions as to why remittance made to such foreign parties was not liable to be taxed as “royalty”, under the provisions of section 9(1)(vi) of the Act. Such application of the assessee was rejected by an order dated September 14, 2003 passed by the Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation).

The Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) allowed appeal filed by the assessee. In the appeal filed by the Revenue, the primary issue which had arisen for consideration of the Tribunal was as to whether the remittance made by the assessee to foreign parties on account of purchase of certain computer software, required for the business of the assessee, would be liable to tax in India as “royalty” under the provisions of section 9(1)(vi) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 or would it be a business income of the recipient companies. The Tribunal dismissed the appeal filed by the Revenue,

In the appeal filed by the Revenue before the High Court the following substantial question of law which we have reframed:

“Whether the payments made by the assessee for obtaining computer software were liable to be to taxed in India as royalty under the provisions of section 9(1)(vi) of the Act?”

The Bombay High Court dismissed the appeal filed by the Revenue and held as under:

“i) In the case of Engineering Analysis Centre of Excellence Pvt. Ltd. vs. CIT [(2021) 432 ITR 471 (SC); (2022) 3 SCC 321; 2021 SCC OnLine SC 159; (2021) 125 taxmann.com 42 (SC).] the Supreme Court laid down that amount paid by resident Indian end user and distributer to non-resident computer software manufacturers and suppliers, as consideration for the resale or use of the computer software through end user licence agreement and distribution agreement, is not royalty for the use of copyright of computer software, and that it does not give rise to any income taxable in India.

ii) Accordingly, the remittance made by the assessee to foreign parties on account of purchase of certain computer software, required for the business of the assessee, would not be liable to tax in India as “royalty” under the provisions of section 9(1)(vi) of the Act.”

Representations

BCAS has submitted its comments on ICAI’s Exposure Draft for regulating overseas networks. While supporting the intent, BCAS recommends simplifying the guidelines to avoid unintended impact on Indian CA firms and to encourage India-led global networks.

Readers can read the full representation by scanning the QR code or visit our website www.bcasonline.org

ICAI and Its Members

I OPINION

EAC Clarifies Accounting Treatment of Investment in Erstwhile Associate under Ind AS

The Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has issued an opinion addressing the accounting treatment of an investment in an erstwhile associate company under the Ind AS framework, following a query from a listed company transitioning to Ind AS.

Background:

The company had held shares in an associate (X Ltd.) since the 1970s. Due to financial distress, X Ltd. was referred to BIFR in 1998-99, and the investing company provided for 100% of its investment. Upon Ind AS transition in FY 2016-17, the investment was carried at a notional value of ₹1, using this as deemed cost under Ind AS 101.

In FY 2021-22, following a rights issue in which the investor did not participate, its holding dropped to 19%, and X Ltd. ceased to be an associate. Subsequently, in FY 2023-24, with the financial turnaround of X Ltd., the company proposed revaluation of the investment to fair value (~₹40–50 crore) through Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

Key Question:

Can the company now measure its investment in X Ltd. at fair value through OCI (FVOCI)?

EAC’s Opinion:

  •  As per Ind AS 109, an entity may opt to measure investments in equity instruments at FVOCI only at the time of initial recognition.
  •  Since the company did not make an irrevocable FVOCI election when the associate ceased to be an associate in FY 2021-22 (initial recognition under Ind AS 109), it cannot do so retrospectively now.
  • Hence, the investment must be measured at fair value through Profit or Loss (FVTPL) in the current period.

Conclusion:

The Company must account for the investment in X Ltd. at FVTPL, not FVOCI, as the FVOCI option was not exercised at the appropriate time of reclassification under Ind AS 109.

ICAI Journal July 2025 Pages 150-152

Link:https://resource.cdn.icai.org/86757cajournal-july2025-41.pdf

II FAQS ON GUIDANCE NOTE FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF NON-CORPORATE ENTITIES

ICAI Issues FAQs on Guidance Note for Financial Statements of Non-Corporate Entities – Applicable from April 1, 2024

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has released a comprehensive set of FAQs relating to its Guidance Note on Financial Statements of Non-Corporate Entities, jointly issued by the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) and Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB). This Guidance Note standardises the presentation of financial statements of non-corporate entities, aiming to improve quality, comparability, and reliability. It comes into effect from accounting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2024.

Key Highlights:

  •  Scope of Applicability:

Applicable to all business/professional entities other than companies and LLPs, including:

♦ Proprietorships, HUFs, Partnership firms, AOPs, Societies, Trusts, Statutory bodies, and others engaged in business/profession.

  •  Exclusions:

Not applicable where:

♦ Specific formats are prescribed by law or regulators,
♦ Entities like NPOs, political parties, or educational institutions follow ICAI’s other specific guidance.

  •  Supersession of Technical Guide (2022):

The earlier Technical Guide on Financial Statements of Non-Corporate Entities (2022) stands superseded by this Guidance Note.

  •  Prescribed Formats:

The Guidance Note mandates formats for financial statements. Additional line items may be added, and items with nil balances for both current and previous years may be omitted.

  •  Comparative Figures:

Comparative financials for the immediately preceding year are required in the prescribed format (except for entities preparing financials for the first time).

  •  Auditor’s Responsibility:

Non-compliance with the Guidance Note must be evaluated by the auditor for possible reporting or modification of opinion, in line with SA requirements. Professional judgment and documentation are essential.

  •  Applicability to NPOs:

For Not-for-Profit Organisations, ICAI’s Technical Guide on Accounting for NPOs remains applicable.

Revised Classification & AS Applicability for Non-Company Entities (from April 1, 2024)

ICAI has also issued a revised classification framework for non-company entities regarding the applicability of Accounting Standards, effective April 1, 2024, replacing the 2020 scheme.

Classification:

  •  MSMEs (Micro, Small & Medium-sized Entities):

Based on turnover ≤ ₹250 crore, borrowings ≤ ₹50 crore, not listed, not banks/FIs, and not subsidiaries/holding of large entities.

  •  Large Entities:

Non-company entities not meeting MSME criteria.

Compliance Requirements:

  •  Large Entities: Full compliance with all Accounting Standards.
  •  MSMEs: Eligible for exemptions/relaxations in certain AS (e.g., AS 3, 17, 20, 24). Must disclose if exemptions are availed.

The revised scheme can also be accessed at the following link https://resource.cdn.icai.org/82761asb66837.pdf

III EXPERT PANEL

Expert Panel Support by AASB – Audit Season 2025

The Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB) of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has reconstituted its Expert Panel to provide technical support to members during the upcoming Audit Season 2025, in continuation of the initiative undertaken over the past three years.

  •  Panel Availability: 11th July 2025 to 30th September 2025
  • Email for Queries: auditfaq@icai.in

Guidelines for Submission:

  •  Be brief yet provide complete facts.
  • Do not mention the name of any client or entity.
  • Do not send the same query multiple times.
  • Refrain from follow-up rejoinders.
  • Exercise professional judgment while relying on responses.

The panel operates on a best-effort basis. Responses are personal views of experts and not the official views of ICAI/AASB. These should not be used as evidence in any judicial/quasi-judicial proceedings. AASB reserves the right to not respond to certain queries without assigning any reason.

Members are encouraged to make use of this support initiative during the audit season.

IV DISCIPLINARY CASE SUMMARY – ICAI DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE

  1.  Case No.: DC/1726/2023

Complainant: Deputy Registrar of Companies, Mumbai

Order Date: 11th February 2025

Outcome: Not Guilty of Professional and Other Misconduct

Background:

The complaint alleged that CA R, in his capacity as the statutory auditor and certifying professional, filed Form INC-22A (ACTIVE) for H Pvt. Ltd., showing a registered office address that, upon later inspection by the Registrar of Companies (RoC), was allegedly non-existent. The concern arose in the context of broader investigations into companies suspected of Chinese ownership using dummy directors, false documents, and allegedly involved in illegal activities such as money laundering and tax evasion.

Key Allegation:

  •  Certifying a false registered office address in Form INC-22A filed in April 2019, despite the premises not being maintained by the company at the time of inspection in December 2021.

Respondent’s Defence:

  •  The office address had been unchanged since incorporation in 2011.
  •  Photographs and documents used to certify Form INC-22A were obtained from the company.
  •  Physical verification by the RoC occurred 2.5 years after the form was certified.
  •  The registered office was leased from a Chartered Accountant known to the Respondent, and the premises were visited earlier.
  •  No rent was paid as the company had remained non-operational since inception.
  •  There was no legal requirement for a CA to personally verify premises before certifying Form INC-22A.
  •  The Respondent was not involved in the incorporation process or alleged illegal activities.

Committee’s Findings:

  •  The certification was done based on documents and photographs as allowed under MCA norms.
  •  Form INC-22A requirements were met, including attaching photographs and declaring satisfaction regarding the address.
  •  The physical inspection occurred long after the certification, and no causal link to the Respondent’s conduct was established.
  •  The Respondent was not named in any wrongdoing in the Registrar’s inquiry report.
  •  The Economic Offences Wing confirmed that the Respondent was not involved in the criminal investigation and removed his name from the lookout notice.

Conclusion:

After considering the Respondent’s submissions, the delay in inspection, and absence of contrary evidence, the Disciplinary Committee held CA R of:

  •  Other misconduct under Item (2), Part IV, First Schedule, and
  •  Professional misconduct under Item (7), Part I, Second Schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.

The case has been closed as per Rule 19(2) of the Chartered Accountants (Procedure of Investigations of Professional and Other Misconduct and Conduct of Cases) Rules, 2007.

2.  Case No.: DC/191/2012

Complainant: Deputy Registrar of Companies, Mumbai

Order Date: 10th February 2025

Outcome: Not Guilty of Professional and Other Misconduct

Background:

The Reserve Bank of India alleged that CA B, as statutory auditor for six investment companies during FY 2007–08, failed to report that these companies were carrying on business as Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs) without obtaining the required Certificate of Registration (CoR) under Section 45-IA of the RBI Act, 1934. The companies involved included M/s E Pvt. Ltd., F Investments Pvt Ltd, H Investments Pvt Ltd, S Investments Pvt Ltd, S Holdings Pvt Ltd, and V Investments Pvt Ltd.

The complaint alleged non-compliance with the Non-Banking Financial Companies Auditor’s Report (RBI) Directions, 2008, particularly Paragraphs 2 and 5 which required exception reporting to both the Board of Directors and RBI.

Respondent’s Defence:

  •  The companies did not accept any public deposits and were engaged in investment activities, thus falling outside the CoR requirements under Section 45-IA.
  •  Since no deposit-taking activity occurred, there was no need to file any exception reports.
  •  The RBI did not initiate penal action against the companies or the auditor.
  •  Exception reports were subsequently submitted post-CBI probe to avoid adverse regulatory action, though no violations were ultimately found.

Committee’s Findings:

  •  No evidence was presented to prove that the companies engaged in activities requiring RBI registration.
  •  No regulatory penalties or proceedings were initiated by RBI against the companies.
  •  Financial records showed loans from directors and investments in shares, not public deposit mobilisation.
  •  The Respondent had exercised professional judgement and fulfilled his audit duties under the applicable provisions.

Conclusion:

The Disciplinary Committee held that CA B was Not Guilty of Professional Misconduct under Clause (7), Part I, Second Schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, which pertains to lack of due diligence or gross negligence.

Accordingly, the case was closed under Rule 19(2) of the Chartered Accountants (Procedure of Investigations of Professional and Other Misconduct and Conduct of Cases) Rules, 2007.

3. Case No.: DC/1910/2024

Order Date: 8th February 2025

Outcome: Held Guilty of professional misconduct and monetary penalty of ₹25,000 levied

Background:

CA A served as the statutory auditor of a religious trust (Dawoodi Bohra Jamat, Dhrangadhra) for the financial years 2011–12 to 2016–17. The complaint alleged that the auditor failed to report a violation of Section 35 of the Gujarat Public Trust Act, 1950 concerning an investment of ₹23.23 lakh made by the trust into a private company, which was not in accordance with the statutory provisions for public trust funds.

Nature of Misconduct:

  •  Failure to report non-compliance with Section 35 in the audit report despite repeated disclosure of the same amount (₹23.23 lakh) as “Other Deposits” over six consecutive financial years.
  •  Lack of audit evidence: No supporting documentation for the deposit or asset purchase was obtained or verified.
  •  Over-reliance on management representation despite the materiality (70% of the balance sheet size) and lack of corroborating documentation.
  •  Failure to consider issuing a qualified or disclaimer opinion under SA 705, even when sufficient evidence was not available.

Committee’s Findings:

  •  The auditor pleaded guilty during the hearing on 16th December 2024.
  •  The funds were never applied for the intended asset purchase and were returned only in FY 2017–18.
  •  The Assistant Charity Commissioner also concluded that the trust violated Section 35.
  •  The Committee held that the Respondent failed to exercise due diligence and did not obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, violating:

•Item (7): Gross negligence in professional duties
•Item (8): Failure to obtain sufficient information to express a valid opinion

of Part I of the Second Schedule to the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.

Outcome:

  • Held Guilty of professional misconduct.
  • A monetary penalty of ₹25,000 was imposed, payable within 60 days.

Glimpses Of Supreme Court Rulings

5. PCIT vs. MD Industries Pvt. Ltd.

(2025) 473 ITR 751 (SC)

Settlement of a case – Appeal before the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) – When the application before the Settlement Commission is pending and an order under Section 245D(4) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, on the application is yet to be passed, Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) should keep the appellate proceedings in abeyance till the disposal of the application by the Settlement Commission – It is only if the application for settlement is rejected without providing for terms of settlement that Section 245HA of the Act will be applicable and the appellate proceedings will stand revived.

A survey action u/s.133A of the Act was carried out in the premises of Shri Pankaj Danawala CA and in the premises of MD Industries by the DDIT (Inv) II, Surat on 11.03.2005. During the survey Shri Pankaj Danawala CA, was found to have created large number of bogus capital build-up cases in the name of different persons by adopting various modus operandi. Further, such funds were transferred to the various assessees of MD group. Shri Pankaj Danawala, in his statement recorded during the survey, accepted this fact and Shri Kirit Patel, the Director of MD Industries Pvt. Ltd. vide his statement recorded on oath u/s.131 of the Act on 20.05.2005 had further confirmed and owned up the bank accounts and benamidars.

MD Industries Pvt. Ltd. (the assessee) filed application for settlement on 09.03.2006 before the Settlement Commission.

The Assessing Officer meanwhile passed an assessment order Section 143(3) of the Act on 28.12.2006.

The assessee filed an appeal before the CIT(Appeal) who dismissed the appeals without entering into the merits on account of the pendency of the application filed by the assessee before the Settlement Commission as per the provisions of section 245F(2) of the Act.

The Settlement Commission admitted the twenty applications of the M. D. Group under Section 245(H)(A) vide order dated 20.02.2008. The Settlement Commission by order dated 31.03.2008 disposed of all the settlement applications filed by the petitioner as abated on account of the amendment in the Act.

The order of the Settlement Commission was challenged before the Hon’ble Bombay High Court on 28.04.2008. The Hon’ble Bombay High Court by common order dated 07.08.2009 involving 9 out of 20 applicants remanded the matter back to the Settlement Commission for fresh consideration.

Thereafter, the report under Rule 9 of the Settlement Commissioner Rules was submitted by the CIT before the Settlement Commission and the assessee raised objections to the said report vide submissions dated 10.09.2018 which was forwarded by the Settlement Commission to the Principal CIT(1), Surat. The Principal CIT(1), Surat, vide letter dated 18.10.2018 submitted comments on the submission of the assessee and thereafter several hearings were conducted before the Settlement Commission in the proceeding under section 245D(4) of the Act.

The assessee thereafter filed an appeal before the ITAT challenging the order dated 06.09.2007 passed by the CIT(Appeal) with an application to condone the delay in preferring the appeal. The ITAT by order dated 06.12.2019 condoned the delay of 4379 days and remitted the matter back to the CIT(Appeal) for fresh consideration on merits.  The Revenue preferred Misc. Applications before the Tribunal for recall of the aforesaid order dated 06.12.2019, on the ground that there was a mistake apparent on record, It was submitted that as the applications were pending before the Settlement Commission, the Tribunal could not have proceeded with the appeals filed by the assessee as the jurisdiction over the matter would lie before the Settlement Commission as per Section 245F(2) of the Act and the Tribunal has no jurisdiction to adjudicate the appeal. It was further pointed out to the Tribunal that as the CIT(Appeal) had dismissed the appeal of the assessee for want of jurisdiction, and the disposal was only for statistical purposes, it was not an appealable order. It was also pointed out to the Tribunal that there was mistake apparent on record as the Tribunal has relied upon the order passed in ITA No.1635 to 1638 and 1655 of 2016. However, the facts of those cases are not identical to that of the assessee, as in those cases the applications were not admitted by the Settlement Commission, whereas in the case of the assessee the applications were admitted by the Settlement Commission.

The Tribunal by impugned common order dated 02.01.2021 dismissed all the Miscellaneous applications.

Being aggrieved the Revenue preferred writ petitions before the High Court.

The High Court did not find any infirmity in the impugned order passed by the Tribunal and came to the conclusion that there was no mistake apparent on record in the order of the Tribunal. The Tribunal, after following the decision of the Coordinate Bench, had condoned the delay and as the CIT(A) did not adjudicate the issue on merits (the CIT(A) dismissed the appeals of the respondent-assessee as not maintainable in view of the order passed by the Settlement Commission on the ground that the matters have abated), the Tribunal had rightly remanded the matter back to the CIT(A) in light of the decision of the Coordinate Bench of the Tribunal in case of the Kirit M. Patel in ITA No.1639, 1821 and 1822 of 2016 dated 29.05.2018.

The High Court dismissed these petitions as being without any merit.

The Revenue filed Special leave Applications before the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court noted that the application before the Settlement Commission were pending and an order under section 245D(4) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, on the application was yet to be passed.

According to the Supreme Court, it is only if the application for settlement is rejected without providing for terms of settlement that Section 245HA of the Act will be applicable and the appellate proceedings will stand revived.

According to the Supreme Court, the stand of the Revenue that the assessee must give up his right to contest the assessment order on merits, if the settlement application is rejected, without providing for terms of settlement was misconceived and therefore rejected the same.

The Supreme Court in the peculiar facts of the case held that the Tribunal was justified in condoning the delay, as well as setting aside the order of the CIT(A) and restoring the first appeal. Recording the aforesaid, the Supreme Court dismissed the present special leave petition. The Supreme Court, however, clarified that the CIT(A) should keep the appellate proceedings in abeyance till the disposal of the application by the Settlement Commission in terms of the Act.

6. Woodland (Aero Club) Pvt. Ltd. vs. ACIT

(2025) 474 ITR 322 (SC)

Appeal to the High Court – Substantial questions of law – Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant before the High Court erroneously contended that two substantial questions of law were covered by the judgment of the Supreme Court against the Assessee, but that was not so – Supreme Court was of the view that an opportunity must be given to the Appellant herein to make submissions on those two substantial questions of law and for the purpose of reconsidering whether they were covered by the judgment of the Court against the Assessee or not

When the appeal (ITA 267/2023) had come for admission before the Delhi High Court on 18th May, 2023, Mr Jain the Counsel for the Appellant had submitted that while a substantial part of the issue in the appeal was covered by the judgment of Supreme Court rendered in Checkmates Services Pvt. Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax [(2022) 448 ITR 518 (SC)], there was one limb which still remained alive. According to him, in certain cases, the due date which arose under the subject statute for deposit of employees’ contribution towards provident fund, arose on a National Holiday, for instance, 15th August, and the deposit was made on the following day. In support of the plea that this aspect is pending examination by the Court, Mr Jain has cited the order of the Coordinate Bench, in ITA No. 12/2023 titled as Pr. Commissioner Of Income Tax-7 vs. Pepsico India Holding Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Jain said that he would have to move an application for amendment, so that this aspect of the matter, which otherwise emerges from the record, could be embedded in the grounds of appeal. The Court was pleased to grant leave in that behalf.

On 5th September, 2023, the Delhi High Court observed that the appeal was required to be admitted qua one issue and framed the following question of law:

“Whether the Income tax Appellate Tribunal misdirected itself on facts and in law in failing to notice that ₹44,28,453, the amount payable towards the provident fund and ₹72,131, the amount payable towards the Employees’ State Insurance, fell due on a National Holiday, i.e. August 15, 2018 and, therefore the deposit made on the following date, i.e., August 16, 2018 was amenable to deduction?”

The High Court allowed the appeal of the Appellant following its decision in Pr. CIT vs. Pepsico India Holding Pvt. Ltd. (2023 SCC OnLine Delhi 5984).

The Appellant though having succeeded in the appeal approached the Supreme Court.

Learned senior counsel for the Appellant submitted before the Supreme Court that on 18.05.2023, learned counsel on behalf of the appellant expressly submitted before the High Court that two substantial questions of law raised in the appeal were covered by the judgment of the Court in Checkmates Services Pvt. Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax (2022 SCC OnLine SC 1423) and therefore, only one substantial question of law remained for consideration. On the basis of the said submission, the High Court considered only one substantial question of law and answered the said substantial question of law in favour of the Appellant herein (Assessee) and against the respondent (Revenue). However, the appeal was dismissed by the High Court. Learned senior counsel for the Appellant submitted before the Supreme Court that although the third substantial question of law was answered in favour of the appellant herein, nevertheless, the appellant was aggrieved, in the sense that an erroneous submission was made on behalf of the appellant on 18.05.2023 to the effect that two other substantial questions of law had been covered by the judgment of this Court in Checkmates Services Pvt. Ltd. (supra). In fact, the said submission was not in accordance with law and the High Court ought to have considered the said two substantial questions of law also raised by the Appellant herein. Nevertheless, there can be no error, as such, in the order dated 18.05.2023. But the fact remained that the appellant had now lost an opportunity of making its submissions on the two other substantial questions of law on account of the submission made on behalf of the appellant. Learned senior counsel, therefore, prayed that the appellant herein may be given an opportunity to make submissions before the High Court on the other two substantial questions of law, which were raised before the High Court in ITA No.267 of 2023. Alternatively, the Supreme Court may hear the appeal on those two substantial questions of law. Learned senior counsel for the appellant submitted a copy of the order dated 18.05.2023 passed in ITA No.267 of 2023, by which the appellant was aggrieved. The same was taken on record.

Per contra, learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for the Respondent submitted that the impugned order dated 05.09.2023, per se, would not call for any interference at all. It was on the basis of the submission made by learned counsel for the Appellant herein that the High Court proceeded to consider only one of the substantial questions of law and observed that the other two substantial questions of law were covered by the Judgment of this Court in Checkmates Services Pvt. Ltd. (supra). Thus, the appellant cannot now seek to assail the order dated 05.09.2023 in this appeal in the absence of there being any challenge to the order dated 18.05.2023, inasmuch as the said order remains on the file of the High Court and the High Court has thereafter proceeded to dispose of the appeal on 05.09.2023. He, therefore, submitted that at this stage there can be no interference with the impugned order and hence, the appeal may be dismissed.

The Supreme Court considered the arguments advanced at the bar and also the submission made by the learned senior counsel for the appellant to the effect that the learned counsel, who appeared on behalf of the appellant before the High Court erroneously contended that two substantial questions of law were covered by the judgment in Checkmates Services Pvt. Ltd. (supra) against the Assessee, but that was not so.

In the circumstances, the Supreme Court was of the view that an opportunity must be given to the Appellant to make submissions on those two substantial questions of law and for the purpose of reconsidering whether they were covered by the judgment of this Court in Checkmates Services Pvt. Ltd. (supra) against the Assessee or not.

For the aforesaid purpose, the Supreme Court set aside the order dated 05.09.2023, although the said order has been accepted by both sides and there was no challenge to the same in the context of there being any error in the said order, but being assailed only for the purpose of seeking to assail the order dated 18.05.2023 and for seeking restoration of ITA NO.267 of 2023 on the file of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi on setting aside the order dated 05.09.2023.

In the circumstances, the Supreme Court did not go into the merits of the order dated 05.09.2023 passed in ITA NO.267 of 2023 by the High Court of Delhi for the simple reason that the same had been accepted by both sides. However, the said order had to be set aside as it is a final order of the High Court, so as to enable ITA No.267 of 2023 being restored on the file of the High court. Consequently, the Supreme Court also set aside the interim order dated 18.05.2023.

In the result, ITA No.267 of 2023 was restored on the file of the High Court. The parties were given liberty to advance their arguments on all substantial questions of law which have been raised by the appellant herein. The High Court was requested to dispose of the said appeal in accordance with law.

From The President

My Dear BCAS Family,

As I pen down my thoughts for the first time after taking over as the President of this august institution in its 77th year, I am filled with mixed feelings, both of joy as well as introspection considering that I am the second oldest person to assume this office! I also feel destiny and providence has also played a part in this journey which I refer to as my third inning. My first innings began with a professional services firm for 30 years till March 2015. In my second innings, I began undertaking my personal practice coupled with social service activities and also serving as an independent director and trustee in companies and NPOs, which I am still continuing with. It was during this period that I also got an opportunity to serve BCAS which was a consistent part of my life! Whilst I have played multiple roles during this journey, a significant portion thereon was devoted to BCAS which in a way became my second home, culminating with my appointment as a President. This is what I refer to as destiny and providence. Now I am before you all in my third innings!

Before proceeding further, I refer to the change of guard at the Journal with CA Sunil Gabhawalla taking over as the Editor in place of CA Mayur Nayak. I would like to place on record the stellar contribution made by Mayurbhai and also extend a warm welcome to Sunilbhai and I am sure that the journal would scale greater heights with his visionary stewardship.

During the course of my presidential journey over the next twelve months I will be penning down my thoughts on certain contemporary themes; one in each month, affecting the profession and how we as members as well as BCAS are impacted and the way forward as also important developments and events within BCAS, without duplicating too much of what appears in the Society News section elsewhere in the Journal.

This being the season of AGMs, it would be appropriate to deal with Governance and its impact on companies, professionals and institutions like us. As Professionals, we are not just observers of governance – we are active participants, evaluators, and its stewards. Whether we audit financial statements, advise boards, or ensure regulatory compliance, our actions directly influence the quality and credibility of governance in the institutions we serve.

In the context of Corporates, governance ensures that companies are not merely driven by promoters or executives, but managed in the interests of all stakeholders—shareholders, employees, customers, creditors, regulators, and the community. Further, governance is not just restricted to listed companies in view of specific regulatory guidelines as also their enhanced public interest; it is equally critical for startups, family businesses, NGOs, cooperative societies, professional bodies and public institutions since they also in some way or the other deal with public funds and specific stakeholders interests.

Since the beginning of this century, India has made significant progress in formalising governance norms through legislations such as the Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI’s Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR). In the journey towards Corporate Governance, we have scaled new heights since the inception of SEBI. The evolving ESG and BRSR frameworks will enable India to meet its sustainability targets. Provisions related to independent directors, audit committees, board disclosures, and related party transactions are now central to boardroom functioning. However, true governance goes beyond compliance. While regulation can mandate structure, the spirit of governance must be internalised. It must manifest in culture, tone at the top, board dynamics, whistleblower protection, succession planning and stakeholder engagement. Several corporate failures – despite being compliant on paper – have exposed governance gaps in practice. In this context it is worth mentioning that in the keynote address delivered by Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), on the role of CAs in Corporate Governance during the 77th Founding day, he emphasised that Corporate Governance should not just be ticking the checklist.

At BCAS, we continue to play an active role in fostering conversations around governance. Our lectures, workshops and other programmes consistently explore topics such as board effectiveness, audit reforms, regulatory updates and ethics, amongst others. Further, at an organisational level by embracing the ISO standards we strive to lead by example—through systematic decision-making by framing SOPs and making the institution process agnostic rather than person agnostic and adopt a member-centric approach.

In future the role in governance would increasingly cover the following facets

  • In family-run enterprises, balancing tradition with transparency.
  • In startups, governance should be practiced upfront rather than as an afterthought when a crisis emerges.
  • In public institutions, bureaucracy and lack of accountability should not hinder effective governance.

The following emerging trends need to be kept in mind by professionals whilst advising on governance:

  • Board diversity and competence.
  • Ethical leadership and succession planning.
  • Digitally enabled governance tools and dashboards.
  • Stronger integration of ESG considerations in governance decisions.

Recent Initiatives:

I would like to specifically highlight two recent initiatives – BCAS BROADCAST and BCAS ACADEMY.

BCAS BROADCAST is a digital platform which aims to take member communication to the next level by not only communicating news and views and latest regulatory updates but also providing links to important events and other announcements.

BCAS ACADEMY is the next level state of the art digital platform which provides a self based learning infrastructure which houses digital assets and offers various certification programmes, both paid and unpaid to both members and non-members.

Members are earnestly requested to explore these platforms.

Congruence through Thought, Words and Deeds:

To conclude, I am reminded of the words in the Parsi Zoroastrian Avesta prayers – Humatha Hukatha Huvarshta which translates into good thoughts, good words and good deeds. Our roles as professionals should necessarily follow this value system. If we cannot practice what we advise, it is better that we do not advise. Our thoughts, words and deeds should always be synchronized.

My thanks once again to one and all for reposing faith in me for this prestigious post and warm greetings for the festive season and Happy Independence day in advance!

Warm Regards,

 

CA Zubin F. Billimoria

President

From Published Accounts

COMPILER’S NOTE

Standard on Auditing (SA) 701 ‘Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors’ Report’ requires auditors to communicate additional information to intended users of the financial statements to assist them in understanding those matters that, in the auditor’s professional judgement, were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period. Communicating key audit matters (KAM) may also assist intended users in understanding the entity and areas of significant management judgment in the audited financial statements.

Given below are 3 interesting instances of KAM reported by Auditors for the year ended 31st March 2025

Notes to Standalone Financial Statements

Note 2.3(e) – Derivative Instruments

Forex Derivatives

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward, future and currency options contracts to hedge its foreign currency risks. Forex derivative instruments entered by the Company has not been designated as ‘Hedge’ and consequently are categorised as Financial Assets or Financial Liabilities at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivative financial instrument are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Commodity Contracts

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

The Company enters into derivative instruments such as commodity future contracts to manage its exposure to risk associated with commodity prices fluctuations, which are accounted for as derivative at fair value through profit and loss.

Commodity Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

Commodity contracts, i.e., contracts for purchase and sale of non-financial assets, that are entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in accordance with the Company’s own expected purchase, sale or usage requirements are held at cost. (‘own use contracts’). The Company does not recognize contracts entered into for own use in the financial statements, until physical deliveries take place or contracts become onerous. The purchase or sale contracts, which do meet own use exception, are treated as a derivative under Ind AS 109.

At the time of entering into contract, the Company’s management assesses whether the committed purchase and sales contracts should be designated as derivatives measured at fair value through profit and loss, or for own use, based on factors such as operational needs, and priorities, expected price fluctuation in commodity prices and recent trends of settlement on net basis. For contracts initially designated as own use, the management makes a continuous reassessment whether own use designation is appropriate, or they sho uld be designated as derivative based on the factors stated above and if a change is needed, the said change in made prospectively. For contracts initially designated as own use, no reassessment is made.

Refer Note 2.2 (xi) for key judgement and estimation related to Designation and valuation of Commodity Derivatives Contracts.

Note 2.2(xi) – Derecognition and valuation of Commodity

Derivative Contracts

The Company has committed purchase and sale contracts and commodity future contracts for edible and non-edible oils designation of such contracts as derivative contracts based on management’s judgement and assessment done periodically as per the Company’s policy and as per the latest trends of managing portfolio of commodity contracts including settlement of firm commitment contracts on net settlement basis or through delivery. Such commodity derivative contracts are recognised and measured at fair value where the management has made a judgement to designate contracts as financial instruments. In situation when the firm commitment contract no longer meets Ind AS 109 criteria for fair value designation, the Company does not use this designation. As at March 31, 2025, no committed purchase and sales contracts were designated as “Derivatives”.

Estimation of mark to market value of commodity derivative contracts are based on commodity future exchange quotations, broker or dealers quotations or market transactions in either listed or over the-counter (“OTC”) markets with appropriate adjustments for difference in local markets where the Company’s inventories located.

Kesoram Industries Limited (Consolidated Financial Statements)

Group Audit under SA 600

Key Audit Matters How our audit addressed the key audit matters
 

Refer note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the disclosures around basis for consolidation.

 

As detailed in note 43 of the consolidated financial statements, the Holding Company has given effect of the demerger of Cement business from 1st March 2025. Post demerger, Cygnet Industries Limited (‘CIL’) remains the only operational business for the group which is audited by another firm of Chartered Accountants, and whose audit work has been considered by us for opining on the accompanying financial statements using the principles enunciated under SA 600, Using the Work of Another Auditor (‘SA 600’). Also, refer to paragraph 15 below.

 

As on 31st March 2025, the financial information of CIL constitutes a significant portion of the Group’s assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as at such reporting date.

 

Given its financial significance, the group audit strategy and approach required significant auditor attention in order to comply and ensure sufficient involvement as group auditor in accordance with the principles of SA 600 and accordingly, Group Audit has been identified as a Key Audit Matter for the audit of the current year.

 

 

Our audit procedures for auditing the consolidated financial statements and consolidation adjustments included, but were not limited to, the following:

  •   Obtained an understanding of the management’s process of preparation of consolidated financial statements comprising the Holding Company and CIL;
  •   Developed an overall audit plan to perform work around CIL’s financial information in accordance with the Guidance Note on Audit of consolidated financial statements and SA 600.
  •   Communicated the group audit instructions to the component auditor of CIL, including and not limited to materiality, audit risks identified at the Group level, and a questionnaire to understand the procedures performed by the component auditors to mitigate those audit risks and their response to the significant transactions and matters identified at the component level;
  •   Assessed the work performed by such component auditor, including discussions with the component auditor to understand their response and findings, as required;
  •   Performed additional audit procedures directly on the financial information of CIL as considered appropriate to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence to issue opinion on consolidated financial statements;
  •   Obtained the audited financial statements of the components from the management of the Holding Company and traced the information to the consolidation workings provided by management;
  •   Reviewed inter-company eliminations, consolidation adjustments, alignment of Group accounting policies, and the resultant tax impacts; and
  •   Assessed the adequacy and appropriateness of the disclosures made in accordance with applicable accounting standards in these consolidated financial statements
Other Matter (para 15)

We did not audit the financial statements of one subsidiary, whose financial statements reflect total assets of `530.83 crores as at 31 March 2025, total revenues of `258.76 crores and net cash inflows amounting to `3.65 crores for the year ended on that date, as considered in the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements also include the Group’s share of net loss (including other comprehensive income) of Nil for the year ended 31st March 2025 in respect of one joint venture, whose financial statements has not been audited by us. These financial statements have been audited by other auditors whose reports have been furnished to us by the management and our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, in so far as it relates to the amounts and disclosures included in respect of these subsidiary and joint venture, and our report in terms of sub-section (3) of section 143 of the Act in so far as it relates to the aforesaid subsidiary and joint venture, are based solely on the reports of the other auditors. Our opinion above on the consolidated financial statements, and our report on other legal and regulatory requirements below, are not modified in respect of the above matters with respect to our reliance on the work done by and the reports of the other auditors.

Notes to Consolidated Financial statements

Note 2.02 – Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Group and entity controlled by the Group i.e. its subsidiary. It also includes the Group’s share of profits, net assets and retained post-acquisition reserves of joint arrangement that are consolidated using the equity method of consolidation, as applicable.

Control is achieved when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to the variable returns of the entity and the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity.

The results of subsidiary and joint arrangement acquired or disposed off during the year are included in the consolidated statement of profit and loss from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate.

Wherever necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries and joint arrangements to bring their accounting policies in line with those used by other members of the Group.

Intra-group transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated on consolidation.

Note 43(a)

Pursuant to the Scheme of Arrangement approved by the Board of Directors on November 30, 2023, and sanctioned by the Hon’ble National Company Law Tribunal, Kolkata Bench and Mumbai Bench on November 14, 2024 and November 26, 2024 respectively, the Cement Business of the Parent company was demerged and transferred to UltraTech Cement Limited with effect from the Appointed date of April 1, 2024; the Scheme became effective on March 1, 2025 upon fulfilment of all conditions precedent. In accordance with Clause 10.1 of the Scheme, the Parent company has transferred the assets and liabilities of the Demerged Undertaking at their book values as on the date immediately preceding the Effective Date and derecognized the same from its books; the fair value of such assets and liabilities has been debited to general reserve/retained earnings, representing a distribution of non-current assets to shareholders, and the difference between the book value and fair value has been recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The financial results of the Cement Business have been presented as discontinued operations for all comparative periods as per Ind AS 105.

ITC Limited (Standalone Financial Statements)

Accounting for demerger of hotels business

Key Audit Matters  How our audit addressed the key audit matters

The Company, in the current year, has given effect to the scheme of demerger of Hotels business (demerged undertaking) into ITC Hotels Limited (ITCHL) pursuant to the Scheme of Arrangement (‘Scheme’). The Scheme was approved by the Hon’ble National Company Law Tribunal, Kolkata bench vide its order dated October 04, 2024 and the appointed date and the effective date of the Scheme is January 01, 2025.

By virtue of this scheme being effective in the current year, the said demerged undertaking has been disclosed as discontinued operations till the effective date of the demerger.

At the appointed and effective date, the Hotels business of the Company (along with all assets and liabilities thereof, excluding ITC Grand Central, Mumbai) and the investments held by the Company in Hospitality entities as defined in the Scheme were transferred to ITCHL on a going concern basis in accordance with the approved Scheme.

Demerger is a significant non-routine transaction and requires determination of fair value of demerged undertaking for the purposes of accounting as per Ind AS which involves significant judgements and estimates which are sensitive to underlying assumptions (forecast of future cash flows, growth rate, weighted average cost of capital, discount rates etc). These judgements / estimates could have an impact on the recognition of the amount of liability for assets to be distributed to shareholders at fair value and the consequential gain as recognised in the standalone Ind AS financial statements.

Due to the magnitude and complexity of the transaction and considering the assumptions and estimates required to be made by the management for the purpose of accounting and presentation / disclosures in the standalone Ind AS financial statements, this is considered as a key audit matter.

Refer Note 29(x) to the standalone Ind AS financial statements.

 

Our audit procedures included the following:

  •   Obtained and read the Scheme and final order passed by the Hon’ble National Company Law Tribunal to understand its key terms and conditions.
  •   Evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the internal financial controls (including management review controls) relevant for recording the impact of the Scheme and related disclosures.

 

  •   Tested the Management’s working for identification of specific assets and liabilities of the demerged undertaking and relevant impact in the reserves as per the Scheme.
  •   Assessed the appropriateness of accounting treatment of this demerger and compared with applicable Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) and the approved accounting treatment in the Scheme.
  •   Obtained the report of the management’s expert for determination of fair value of demerged undertaking. Evaluated the competence and objectivity of the management’s expert.
  •   Involved our valuation specialist to review the appropriateness of methodology and key assumptions considered by management to determine fair value of the demerged undertaking.
  •   Assessed the adequacy and appropriateness of the disclosures made with respect to the accounting of the transaction as required by the applicable Ind AS.

 

 

Notes to Standalone financial statements

Note 29(x)

The Hon’ble National Company Law Tribunal, Kolkata Bench, vide Order dated 4th October, 2024, sanctioned the Scheme of Arrangement amongst the Company and ITC Hotels Limited (‘ITCHL’) and their respective shareholders and creditors under Sections 230 to 232 read with the other applicable provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘the Scheme’) for demerger of the Hotels Business of the Company (as defined in the Scheme) into ITCHL; certified copy of the Order was received on 16th December, 2024. Upon fulfilment of all the conditions stated in the Scheme, including filing of the aforesaid Order with the Registrar of Companies, West Bengal, the Scheme became effective from 1st January, 2025, being the Appointed Date and the Effective Date of the Scheme.

With effect from the Appointed Date, the Hotels Business of the Company (along with all assets and liabilities thereof, excluding ITC Grand Central, Mumbai) and the investments held by the Company in Hospitality entities viz., Fortune Park Hotels Limited, Bay Islands Hotels Limited, Landbase India Limited, Welcom Hotels Lanka (Private) Limited, Srinivasa Resorts Limited, International Travel House Limited, Gujarat Hotels Limited and Maharaja Heritage Resorts Limited were transferred to ITCHL on a going concern basis. Consequently, the carrying / book value of the net assets of the Demerged Undertaking (as defined in the Scheme) amounting to ₹10,694.76 Crores was transferred to ITCHL on a going concern basis.

Pursuant to the Scheme, ITCHL allotted 125,11,71,040 Equity Shares of ₹1/- each on 11th January, 2025 to the shareholders of the Company (as on the Record Date i.e., 6th January, 2025) and therefore it has ceased to be a subsidiary of the Company. The Company’s shareholding in ITCHL stands at 39.88% of its paid-up share capital and consequently, ITCHL has become an Associate of the Company.

As provided in the Scheme, the Company has accounted for the aforesaid demerger in its books of accounts in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) and generally accepted accounting principles in India. The fair value of the net assets of the Demerged Undertaking distributed to the shareholders of the Company, amounting to ₹22,033.37 Crores has been debited to General Reserve in the Statement of Changes in Equity. For this purpose, Retained Earnings amounting to ₹4,448.06 Crores has been transferred to General Reserve.

The carrying / book value of the net assets of the Demerged Undertaking [refer details in (a) below] to the extent of the Company’s continued holding in ITCHL amounting to ₹4,215.32 Crores has been added to the value of investment in ITCHL (Refer Note 4).

The excess of fair value of the net assets distributed to the shareholders of the Company and addition to the value of investment in ITCHL over the carrying value of net assets of the Demerged Undertaking and consequential adjustments of ₹63.44 Crores [refer details in (b) below] pursuant to the Scheme, has been recognised as an exceptional gain in the Statement of Profit and Loss amounting to ₹15,163.06 Crores [net of demerger related expenses of ₹454.31 Crores (2024 – ₹7.57 Crores)].

In terms of the requirements of Ind AS, the operations of the Hotels Business of the Company (excluding ITC Grand Central, Mumbai) have been classified as ‘Discontinued Operations’ for the year ended 31st March, 2025 and comparative information in the Statement of Profit and Loss has been presented accordingly.

Brief particulars of the Demerged Undertaking / Discontinued Operations are given as under:

a. Carrying value of net assets of the Demerged Undertaking transferred as on the Appointed Date:

b. Consequential adjustments in ‘Other Equity’

c. Profit from Discontinued Operations (₹ in Crores)

# Figures in relation to operations of the Hotels Business are for the nine-month period from 1st April, 2024 to 31st December, 2024.

* Tax expenses for the year ended 31st March, 2025 includes ₹602.79 Crores (2024 – Nil) relating to deferred tax liability recognised on addition to the value of investment in ITCHL.

d. Net Cashflows attributable to the Discontinued Operations (₹ in Crores)

Financial Reporting Dossier

A. KEY GLOBAL UPDATES

1. FRC: PUBLISHES GUIDANCE PROVIDING CLARITY TO AUDIT PROFESSION ON THE USES OF AI

On 26th June 2025, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has published its first guidance on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in audit, alongside a thematic review of the six largest firms’ processes to certify new technology used in audits.

FRC observed that most firms had well-established processes in place to certify Automated Tools and Techniques (ATT)prior to deployment for use in audits. However, in some cases, these processes were less mature and not supported by documented policies. They identified various examples of good practice across the certification process. This included innovative ways to identify opportunities for using ATTs in audits, guiding audit teams through the ATTs available to them depending on their requirements and targeting required training to relevant users. They also observed good practice across some firms to proactively review ATTs over time to confirm they remain appropriate for use in audits.

As AI tools continue to be utilised in audit, this new guidance outlines a coherent approach to implementing a hypothetical AI-enabled tool, and offers insights into FRC documentation requirements, all designed to support innovation across the audit profession. This guidance should support auditors and central teams at audit firms as they develop and use AI tools in their work, while also providing third-party technology providers with the regulatory expectations for their customer base.

The key features of the guidance, which are fundamental to the delivery of audit quality are as below:

» Two-part structure: Illustrative example of one potential way AI can be leveraged in an audit, as well as principles that are intended to support proportionate and robust documentation of tools that use AI

» Broad and forward-looking AI definition: Encompasses both traditional machine learning and deep learning models, including generative AI

» Balanced documentation expectations: Proportionate approach to prevent over documentation

» Sophisticated view on appropriate explainability: Acknowledges that appropriate levels of explainability vary based on context and usage

» Versatile principles: Illustrates topics, judgements and considerations that have broad applicability to other instances of AI use in audit

» Alignment with Government AI principles: Documentation guidance reflects the UK government’s five AI principles

» Relevant across market: The guidance contains material that clarifies how expectations translate into contexts where a tool is obtained from a third party

While comprehensive in scope, the guidance is not prescriptive and does not introduce new regulatory requirements, instead focusing on supporting innovation while maintaining appropriate standards.

2. FASB: UPDATE TO IMPROVE GUIDANCE ON SHARE-BASED CONSIDERATION PAYABLE TO A CUSTOMER

On 15th April 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) published an Accounting Standards Update (ASU) to provide accounting guidance for share-based consideration payable to a customer in conjunction with selling goods or services.

The changes improve financial reporting results by addressing the intersection of the requirements of FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation.

The amendments affect the timing of revenue recognition for entities that offer to pay share-based consideration (for example, equity instruments) to a customer (or to other parties that purchase the entity’s goods or services from the customer) to incentivize the customer (or its customers) to purchase its goods and services. Specifically, the amendments clarify the requirements for share-based consideration payable to a customer that vests upon the customer purchasing a specified volume or monetary amount of goods and services from the entity.

3. FASB: CLARIFICATION ON GUIDANCE FOR IDENTIFYING THE ACCOUNTING ACQUIRER IN A BUSINESS COMBINATION

On 12th May 2025, FASB published an ASU that improves the requirements for identifying the accounting acquirer in FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations.

In a business combination, the determination of the accounting acquirer can significantly affect the carrying amounts of the combined entity’s assets and liabilities.

The ASU will revise current guidance for determining the accounting acquirer for a transaction effected primarily by exchanging equity interests in which the legal acquiree is a variable interest entity that meets the definition of a business. The amendments require an entity to consider the same factors that are currently required for determining which entity is the accounting acquirer in other acquisition transactions.

4. IAASB: REVISES FRAUD STANDARD TO ENHANCE PUBLIC TRUST

On 8th July 2025, The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) has revised International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 240, The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements. The updated standard responds to global scrutiny and stakeholder concern regarding the auditor’s role in detecting fraud. The revised standard clarifies the auditor’s responsibilities, emphasises a fraud lens in the auditor’s risk identification and assessment and the appropriate responses to assessed risks, and provides greater transparency in the auditor’s reports of publicly traded entities. ISA 240 (Revised) becomes effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2026, representing a practical and meaningful shift in how auditors assess and respond to fraud risks.

ISA 240 (Revised) incorporates the following key elements:

» Clearer Auditor Responsibilities – Strengthens and clarifies what auditors are expected to do when addressing risks relating to fraud.

» Reinforced Professional Skepticism – Introduces new requirements to elevate the consistency and effective practice of professional skepticism across all stages of the audit.

» Sharper Fraud Risk Assessment – Requires a focused “fraud lens” when identifying and addressing risks, with stronger links to related standards.

» More Effective Fraud Responses – Establishes a new section with clearer, enhanced requirements to guide how auditors respond to identified or suspected fraud.

» Improved Transparency and Communication – Emphasizes timely communication with management and those charged with governance, with clearer disclosures in the auditor’s report.

The revisions also align with ISA 570 (Revised 2024), Going Concern, recognizing that fraud and financial distress are often interrelated risks that must be addressed together to bolster corporate transparency and resilience.

5. IESBA: LAUNCHES PUBLIC CONSULTATION ON AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE FOR AUDITS OF COLLECTIVE INVESTMENT VEHICLES AND PENSION FUNDS

On 31st March 2025, The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) issued a Consultation Paper seeking feedback on whether revisions to the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards) (the “Code”) are necessary to address the independence of auditors when they carry out audits of Collective Investment Vehicles (CIVs) and Pension Funds (collectively referred to as “Investment Schemes” or “Schemes”).

Investment Schemes enable investors to pool their funds and often rely on external parties (“Connected Parties”) for functions typically managed internally in conventional corporate structures. This structure introduces specific relationships that are highlighted in the Consultation Paper and need to be carefully considered to ensure that any threats to auditor independence are identified and appropriately addressed.

Key areas of focus include:

» The definition of “related entity” in the Code and its applicability to audits of Investment Schemes.

» The Connected Parties that should be considered in relation to the assessment of auditor independence with respect to the audit of an Investment Scheme.

» The application of the Code’s conceptual framework when assessing threats to independence resulting from interests, relationships, or circumstances between the auditor of an Investment Scheme and Connected Parties.

B. GLOBAL REGULATORS- ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS AND INSPECTION REPORTS

I. THE FINANCIAL REPORTING COUNCIL, UK

a) Sanctions against Sean Robert Clark in relation to the operations and investment activities of Thurrock Council

The Executive Counsel of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has agreed terms of settlement with Sean Robert Clark, Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Thurrock Council, following his admission of Misconduct, in relation to his role in the operations and investment activities of Council’s affairs for the financial years ended 31 March 2018 to 31 March 2022.

The following sanctions were imposed on Mr Clark as part of the settlement:

  •  Exclusion as a Member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) for a recommended period of 5 years; and
  •  A Severe Reprimand.
    In October 2017 Thurrock Council formally approved an Investment and Treasury Management Strategy document which set out an approach for borrowing on a short-term basis, primarily from other local authorities, and using the funds to make longer-term commercial investments (a “debt for yield approach”). Under this approach, short-term borrowing and investments eventually exceeded £1 billion, more than six times the Council’s annual budget.

A number of the investments ran into difficulties from 2020, and the Council reported the investment portfolio lost more than a quarter of its value. In September 2022 the Secretary of State appointed Commissioners to run the Council because of concerns around the “debt for yield” approach and associated governance issues.

In December 2022 the Council gave notice that its expenditure was likely to exceed its resources in that financial year, and extraordinary financial support was received from Central Government. In addition to agreed support in excess of £343 million, the Council has needed to make significant increases to Council Tax bills as well as cutting services, and has reported ongoing uncertainty as to the long-term financial position.

The sanctions reflect the seriousness of the Misconduct and its consequences, but also Mr Clark’s personal circumstances and the fact that he has co-operated with Executive Counsel’s investigation.

b) Sanctions against KPMG LLP and Nick Plumb.

The Executive Counsel to the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has issued a Final Settlement Decision Notice (FSDN) under the Audit Enforcement Procedure against KPMG LLP (KPMG) and Nick Plumb (audit engagement partner) and imposed Sanctions as a result of the investigation into the Statutory Audit of the financial statements of Carr’s Group plc (Carr’s) for the financial year ended 28 August 2021 (FY21). Carr’s is the parent company of a corporate group operating in the agriculture and engineering sectors. In FY21 it was listed on the main market of the London Stock Exchange and was a Public Interest Entity (PIE).

Mr Plumb and KPMG breached the FRC’s 2019 Ethical Standard (the Ethical Standard) and International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) by failing to ensure compliance with applicable independence requirements. The independence issue arose because the Statutory Audit of Carr’s relied on the work of another firm (a component auditor outside the KPMG network, Firm X) who undertook the Statutory Audit of an associate of Carr’s, in circumstances where the audit engagement partner at Firm X had held the role for longer than five years, and Firm X had provided certain non-audit services to the associate entity.

In this case, whilst the quality of the audit work performed by the two firms is not brought into question, the breaches were serious. KPMG and Mr Plumb missed a number of opportunities in FY21 to establish the facts underpinning the breaches. The breaches in the current case involve the failure to identify bright-line prohibitions designed to secure the independence of the Statutory Auditor. The Respondents’ failings in this regard were of a basic and fundamental nature.

II. THE PUBLIC COMPANY ACCOUNTING OVERSIGHT BOARD (PCAOB)

a) PCAOB Sanctions Two Firms for Violations Related to Required Audit Records and Disclosure of Key Information for Investors

On 11th July 2025, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) announced settled disciplinary orders sanctioning two audit firms: one for violating PCAOB rules and auditing standards related to the timely assembly of a complete and accurate record of the work the firm performed and the other for failing to report key information on the PCAOB’s Form 3 within the required timeframe.

Proper audit documentation is essential to the audit process and investor protection, given that documentation serves as the written record that provides support for the representations in the auditor’s report. Form 3 reporting also provides key information for investors and others, including the initiation and conclusion of certain criminal, regulatory, administrative, or disciplinary proceedings against a firm or its personnel.

As detailed in the orders released:

» Goldman & Company, CPA’s, P.C. failed to timely assemble a complete and final set of audit documentation in connection with the audit of a broker-dealer, in violation of AS 1215, Audit Documentation. The order imposes on the firm a censure, $25,000 civil money penalty, and undertakings to review and certify its audit documentation policies and procedures and ensure annual training concerning audit documentation requirements.

» Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton LLP failed to timely report the initiation and conclusion of three proceedings brought against it by a local regulator, in violation of PCAOB Rule 2203, Special Reports. The order imposes on the firm a censure and $30,000 civil money penalty. The order also requires it to comply with its previously revised policies and procedures concerning PCAOB reporting requirements.

Without admitting or denying the findings, the firms settled with the PCAOB and consented to the PCAOB’s orders and disciplinary actions.

b) PCAOB Sanctions Audit Partner for Multiple Audit Failures in Consecutive Audits and Violation of Partner Rotation Requirements

On 12th March 2025, The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) announced a settled disciplinary order against Jaslyn Sellers, CPA, in connection with significant audit failures in her role as engagement partner in consecutive audits of issuer NetSol Technologies, Inc. for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021, and June 30, 2022 (“NTI Audits”). The PCAOB also found that Sellers violated auditor independence requirements by serving as the NTI engagement partner for a sixth consecutive year, beyond applicable partner rotation limits.

Sellers failed during the NTI Audits to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence in multiple areas that she had identified as significant risks, including revenue recognition and accounting estimates. In addition, Sellers authorized the issuance of audit reports for each of the NTI Audits, which identified critical audit matters (CAMs). Those CAMs included descriptions of audit procedures intended to address each CAM, but certain of those procedures were not actually performed.

Sellers also failed to appropriately supervise the NTI Audits and violated U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and PCAOB independence requirements by serving as the NTI engagement partner for a sixth consecutive year.

c) Deficiencies in Firm Inspection Reports:

1) M. S. Madhava Rao:

Deficiency: In an inspection conducted by PCAOB it has identified deficiencies in the financial statement audit related to Litigation, Claims, and Assessments, Revenue, Convertible Debt and Derivative Liabilities.

The firm’s internal inspection program had inspected this audit and reviewed these areas but did not identify the deficiencies below:

» With respect to Litigation, Claims, and Assessments: The firm’s procedures for identifying litigation, claims, and assessments and determining whether the financial accounting and reporting of such matters was complete and accurate consisted solely of obtaining letters of audit inquiry from the client’s lawyers, without evaluating such responses and performing other necessary procedures.

» With respect to Revenue:

i. The firm did not perform procedures to evaluate whether the issuer’s recognition of this revenue was in conformity with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

ii. The sample size the firm used in its substantive procedures to test this revenue was too small to provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence.

iii. The firm did not identify and evaluate a GAAP departure related to the issuer’s omission of disclosures related to significant payment terms for its customer contracts as required by FASB ASC Topic 606.

» With respect to Convertible Debt, for which the firm identified a significant risk:

i. The issuer reported convertible notes payable with conversion features that were recorded as derivative liabilities.

ii. The firm did not perform any procedures to test certain convertible notes payable.

iii. The firm sent a positive confirmation request to the issuer’s lender for a convertible note payable. The confirmation was returned with an exception, and the firm did not consider the nature of the exception and whether additional evidence was needed.

iv. The firm did not perform any procedures to test the unamortized debt discount related to the convertible notes payable.

» With respect to Derivative Liabilities, for which the firm identified a significant risk:

i. The firm did not perform any procedures to evaluate the accounting treatment of the embedded conversion features as derivative liabilities.

ii. The firm did not perform substantive procedures to test the fair value of the derivative liabilities, beyond obtaining and reading a company-provided memo.

2) Brown Armstrong Accountancy Corporation.

Deficiency: In review, it had identified deficiencies in the financial statement audit related to Revenue and Significant estimates.

» With respect to Revenue, for which the firm identified a fraud risk. The firm’s selected a sample of transactions to test certain revenue. The firm did not perform any procedures to test whether certain of these transactions were appropriately recognized as revenue. Further, for certain other transactions, the firm did not perform sufficient procedures to test the related revenue because it limited its procedures to vouching to cash receipts

» With respect to a Significant Estimate, for which the firm identified a significant risk: The firm’s approach for substantively testing a significant estimate was to test the issuer’s process. The firm did not perform any procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of a significant assumption used by the issuer to develop this estimate, beyond testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.

III. THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC)

a) Charges Georgia-based First Liberty Building & Loan and its Owner for Operating a $140 Million Ponzi Scheme (10th July 2025)

The Securities and Exchange Commission announced that it filed charges seeking an asset freeze and other emergency relief against Newnan, Georgia-based First Liberty Building & Loan, LLC and its founder and owner Edwin Brant Frost IV in connection with a Ponzi scheme that defrauded approximately 300 investors of at least $140 million.

According to the SEC’s complaint, from approximately 2014 through June 2025, First Liberty and Frost offered and sold to retail investors promissory notes and loan participation agreements that offered returns of up to 18% by representing that investor funds would be used to make short-term bridge loans to businesses at relatively high interest rates. The defendants allegedly told investors that very few of these loans had defaulted and that they would be repaid by borrowers via Small Business Administration or other commercial loans. The complaint also alleges that, while some investor funds were used to make bridge loans, those loans did not perform as represented, and most loans ultimately defaulted and ceased making interest payments. Since at least 2021, First Liberty operated as a Ponzi scheme by using new investor funds to make principal and interest payments to existing investors, according to the complaint. The complaint further alleges that Frost misappropriated investor funds for personal use, including by using investor funds to make over $2.4 million in credit card payments, paying more than $335,000 to a rare coin dealer, and spending $230,000 on family vacations.

The SEC seeks emergency relief, including an order freezing assets, appointing a receiver over the entities, and granting an accounting and expedited discovery. The SEC also seeks permanent injunctions and civil penalties against the defendants, a conduct-based injunction against Frost, and disgorgement of ill-gotten gains with prejudgment interest against the defendants and relief defendants.

b) Charges Three Arizona Individuals with Defrauding Investors in $284 Million Municipal Bond Offering that Financed Sports Complex (1st April 2025)

The Securities and Exchange Commission charged Randall “Randy” Miller, Chad Miller, and Jeffrey De Laveaga with creating false documents that were provided to investors in two municipal bond offerings that raised $284 million to build one of the largest sports venues of its kind in the United States.

As alleged in the SEC’s complaint, in August 2020 and June 2021, Randy Miller’s nonprofit company, Legacy Cares, issued approximately $284 million in municipal bonds through an Arizona state entity to finance the construction of a multi-sports park and family entertainment center in Mesa, Arizona. Investors were to be paid from revenue from the sports complex, and investors were given financial projections for revenue that were multiple times the amount needed to cover payments to investors, according to the complaint. However, the complaint alleges that the defendants fabricated or altered documents forming the basis for those revenue projections, including letters of intent and contracts with sports clubs, leagues, and other entities to use the sports complex. The sports complex opened in January 2022 with far fewer events and much lower attendance and generated tens of millions less in revenue than expected under the false projections, and the bonds defaulted in October 2022, according to the complaint.

The complaint alleges that these defendants used fake documents to deceive municipal bond investors into believing a sports complex would generate more than enough revenue to make payments to bondholders. The SEC will hold accountable individuals who defraud municipal bond investors.

Finally Tax Justice in Sight – Procedure before the GSTAT

This article provides a detailed analysis of the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) framework in India. It traces the historical delay in establishing GSTAT despite its statutory mandate under Section 109 of the CGST Act, 2017, and the constitutional backing from Article 323B. The delay stemmed from judicial challenges to its composition and appointment procedures, resolved through the 2023 Appointment Rules and GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025. The article highlights key procedural aspects, including filing timelines, pre-deposit requirements, defect rectification, and powers of the Tribunal. It compares GSTAT’s rules with CESTAT, underscoring differences in cost awards, order enforcement, and digital integration. While applauding GSTAT’s digitalization initiatives, it cautions about practical challenges like infrastructure readiness and staffing. The Tribunal’s success depends on effective implementation and resolution of legacy disputes accumulated over eight years

The introduction of goods and service tax (GST) law in India was a watershed moment in India’s indirect tax regime. With its introduction, several erstwhile indirect tax laws were subsumed to achieve the idea of ‘One Nation, One Tax’. However, despite the law being introduced in 2017, till date there is an institutional gap in the framework due to absence of a functioning GST Appellate Tribunal (‘GSTAT’ or ‘Tribunal’). Before delving into the main topic, it is first important to understand the relevance of having a tribunal-centric adversarial system in India specifically for deciding tax disputes.

WHY ARE SEPARATE TRIBUNALS IMPERATIVE FOR DECIDING TAX DISPUTES IN INDIA?

Tax laws are complicated subjects and are highly technical in nature. Tax disputes are generally interpretational inter alia including complex valuation matters, classification issues, place of supply disputes and issues involving eligibility of input tax credit by assessees. The constitutional courts lack adequate number of qualified individuals who can adjudge such disputes in a timely and effective manner.

Further, the constitutional courts are also burdened with high volume of litigation matters. Tax disputes will further add on to the judicial backlog of the courts. A specialised tribunal serves as an intermediate forum to ensure that only constitutional challenges and major interpretational issues reach the High Courts or the Supreme Court. The Tribunals serve as supplementary bodies and not as a substitution for the constitutional courts1.

Tribunals are composed of members who are specialists in complex or technical subjects. Tribunals are not governed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. They follow simplified procedures, enabling faster resolution. The Tribunals provide a setting for the assessees and their representatives to present their case in court effectively. This not only saves the cost but also ensures speedy resolution. Further, specialised tribunals ensure consistent interpretation and application of the law within their subject matter.


1 L. Chandra Kumar vs. Union of India (1997) 3 SCC 261

CONSTITUTIONALITY AND HISTORY OF GSTAT

In terms of Article 323B of the Constitution of India2, the legislature may provide for adjudication or trial by Tribunals of any disputes pertaining to levy, assessment, collection and enforcement of any tax.


2 Introduced by the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976.

Section 109 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (‘CGST Act, 2017’) mandated the constitution of a GST Appellate Tribunal and its benches as the forum to hear appeals. GSTAT ensures an independent authority to examine GST disputes without interference of the executive.

However, the constitution of GSTAT remained in abeyance owing to various legal challenges.

The constitution and composition of GSTAT was challenged before the Hon’ble Madras High Court3 on the grounds that it lacked the judicial independence requirements as originally envisaged. Accordingly, provisions relating to appointment of an Indian Legal Service member as the judicial member, and the composition of the Benches wherein the technical members outnumbered judicial members were struck down by the Hon’ble High Court4.


3 Revenue Bar Association vs. Union of India 2019 (30) G.S.T.L. 584 (Mad.)

4  Ibid

In light of the judgement,after prolonged policy deliberations and legislative amendments, the 2023 Appointment Rules5 and Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 2025 (‘GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025’) were notified. The composition of the Benches and the qualifications of the members were amended in line with the recommendations and findings of the Hon’ble Madras High Court.


5 Goods And Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (Appointment and Conditions of Service of President and Members) Rules, 2023


The aforesaid legal challenges halted the operationalisation of GSTAT. However, it can now be observed that the GSTAT is developing step by step. The President of the Tribunal has been appointed and has entered the office6. Further, Technical Members have also been appointed in few states7. A separate GSTAT Portal has been constituted. A user manual for e-filing has also been released on the GSTAT Portal for the purpose of registration of assessees, advocates and filing of appeals/ applications8. Another most crucial development is the introduction of the GST Procedure Rules, 2025 which have been discussed in detail in the present article.


6 Press Release ID 2019749 dated 06.05.2024

7  Office Order No. TMS – 01, 02 and 04/ 2025 dated 9.7.2025 and Officer No. TMS –06 /2025 dated 10.7.2025
8 GSTAT E-filing Portal User Manual/ Registration- 
Guide to Online Filing of Appeals and Applications 
dated 4.4.2025, Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal, 
Government of India.

Despite the above updates, there are still hurdles before the Tribunal is fully functional. The most immediate logistical challenge is the non-finalisation of locations for the proposed state benches. Without confirmed locations, it will be impossible to commence physical hearings, set up basic court infrastructure, etc.

It is also very crucial to fast-track the process of appointment of members in the Tribunal. This will help in avoiding any relaxation of the eligibility conditions9 and prevent re-constitution of the selection committee after the finalization of the selected candidates10.


9  Notification F. No. 3(17)/Fin (Exp-I)/2024/DS-I/1077 dated 5.12.2024 
for relaxation of condition for appointment of Technical Members in SGST Bench of Delhi.

10  See Pranaya Kishore Harichandan vs. Union of India, 2025 (7) TMI 59 - ORISSA HIGH COURT

OVERVIEW OF THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE GST

The GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025, are more comprehensive than the rules pertaining to the earlier laws like the CESTAT Procedure Rules, 1982. However, the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025, lack clarity in certain aspects where certain rules are contradictory to other provisions and there are rules which are repetitive11. For instance, Rule 108 states that rectification applications can be filed within a month whereas Section 113 of the CGST Act, 2017 prescribes a period of three months. Hence, the actual implementation of the procedure is yet to test the waters. Some of the key differences between the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025 and CESTAT Procedure Rules, 1982 are highlighted below-


11 Rule 102 and Rule 120 prescribe for imposition of costs; 
Rule 77 and Rule 122 discuss the dress code for authorised representatives;
 Rule 14 and 107 both empower the Tribunal to enlarge time period.
12  Rule 120 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

13  Rule 38 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

14  Section 111 (3) of the CGST Act, 2017

TIME LIMIT TO FILE AN APPEAL

Undoubtedly, a person who is aggrieved by an order passed against him by Appellate Authority or Revisional Authority under Section 107 or Section 108 of the CGST Act, 2017, respectively, can file an appeal to GSTAT against such order15.

The appeal is to be filed within 3 months16, (in the case of an assessee) and 6 months17, (in the case of the department) from the date on which the order is communicated or the date for filing an appeal before the Tribunal may be notified by the Government itself, whichever is later18.

Considering the fact that the Tribunal has not been functional till date, there is no proper mechanism provided to file appeals before the Tribunal. Accordingly, it has been directed that the assesses should file a declaration stating that they will be filing appeal against the order as and when the Tribunal is constituted19. Further, the assessee is also required to pay additional pre-deposit of 10% of the disputed tax amount (or penalty, as and when notified) to prevent any recovery proceedings20.


15  See Section 112 of the CGST Act, 2017

16  Section 112(1) of the CGST Act, 2017

17  Section 112(3) of the CGST Act, 2017

18  Ibid at 16 and 17

19  Circular No. 224/18/2024 – GST dated 11.7.2024

20  Ibid

For the purpose of computing time, Rule 3 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules dictates that the day on which time starts, is excluded. Further, if the last day is a non-operating day (such as holiday), it will be excluded, and the succeeding functional day will be included.

The said rule is in line with Sections 9 and Section 10 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 with a slight variation. Further, Section 12 (1) of the Limitation Act,1963 also has a similar effect.

The law also provides for a condonation period of 3 months for filing an appeal21. The Tribunal has been granted discretionary powers to enlarge any period under the GSTAT Rules22 and non-specified inherent powers to meet the ends of justice23.

However, whether an appeal can be filed beyond the condonable period is still a matter of debate. On strict interpretation of law, delay in filing of appeal cannot be condoned beyond the condonable period since the statute does not provide for such concession24. Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 cannot be resorted to for condonation in filing an appeal beyond the condonable period prescribed under the statute25. The Hon’ble Calcutta High Court resorted to take a different view and has held that without any specific exclusion of Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 by CGST Act, 2017, the period for filing an appeal can be extended beyond the condonable period26. The operation of the order of the Hon’ble Calcutta High Court has been stayed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court27.


21  Section 112(6) of the CGST Act, 2017

22  Rule 107 and Rule 14 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025.

23  Rule 10 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025.

24  Singh Enterprises vs. Commissioner, 2007 (12) TMI 11 – SC

25  Addichem Speciality LLP vs. Commissioner, 2025 (2) TMI 366 – Del HC; Sanjib Kumar Pal vs. Union of India, 2023 (8) TMI 397 – Tripura HC.

26 S.K. Chakraborty & Sons vs. Union of India, 2024 (88) GSTL 328 (Cal.)

27 Joint Commissioner vs. S.K. Chakraborty & Sons, 2025 (95) G.S.T.L. 3 (S.C.)

INSTITUTION OF APPEALS

Rule 18 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules 2025 lists the requirements and the content of forms mandated for filing an appeal before GSTAT. In situations where multiple show cause notices have been issued for single order-in-original, the appellant will have to file one appeal only28. However, where order-in-appeal has been passed with reference to more than one orders-in-original, the form for appeal as prescribed shall be as many as the number of the orders-in-original pertaining to the appellant’s case29. The rules clearly prescribe that no common appeal or joint appeal will be entertained even where the order involves multiple parties30. Hence, each person will have to file separate appeals only.

All documents submitted before the Tribunal should be in English only and if there is any document in another language then an English translated copy should be submitted with the same31. If any defect is found in appeal, application or document then a notice will be served to the concerned person to cure the defect within 7 days. If the defect is not cured within 7 days, then the matter will be put before the Registrar. Registrar may allow further period of not exceeding 30 days to cure the defect. However, if the party fails to cure the defect even then, the Registrar has the power to decline the registration of appeal, application or the document. The Registrar can also give a hearing and if not satisfied, it can list the same before the GSTAT Bench, which can either accept or reject the appeal.32


28 Rule 18(2) of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

29 Rule 18(3)(a) of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

30 Rule 18(3)(b) of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

31 Rule 23 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

32 See Rule 24 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

PAYMENT OF PRE-DEPOSIT FOR FILING AN APPEAL

For filing an appeal, an additional amount of 10% of the disputed tax amount is required to be deposited as pre-deposit33. The same is capped at 20 crores34. If the dispute only involves penalty, then pre-deposit amount of 10% of the penalty amount is required to be deposited35. However, the amendment proposing the pre-deposit of penalty is yet to be notified.

There is divergence of opinion as to whether the payment of pre-deposit can be made either via electronic cash ledger or through electronic credit ledger. The Hon’ble Orissa High Court had held that pre-deposit amount cannot be equated with ‘output tax’ defined under GST law and therefore, electronic credit ledger cannot be used to make payment towards the same36.

In Oasis Realty37, the Bombay High Court had held that any payment towards output tax, whether self-assessed in the return or payable as a consequence of any proceedings instituted under the Act can be made by utilization of the amount available in the Electronic Credit Ledger. For demands which are raised under reverse charge mechanism, the pre-deposit should be made through electronic cash ledger only38. The Hon’ble Patna High Court39 has observed that pre-deposit cannot be paid through the electronic credit ledger. The Hon’ble Gujarat High Court40 held that pre-deposit can be made through electronic credit ledger. The Hon’ble Supreme Court has dismissed the special leave petition filed by the department against the decision of the Hon’ble Gujarat High Court41. This issue needs to be settled through a clarification by the GST Council or by the CBIC.


33 Section 112 (8) of the CGST Act, 2017.

34 Where demand involves CGST And SGST, then 20 crores under each head, 

where demand involves IGST then 40 crores under the IGST Head.

35 Refer Section 129 of the Finance Act, 2025

36   Jyoti Construction vs. Deputy Commissioner, 2021 (54) GSTL 279 (Ori.)

37  Oasis Realty vs. Union of India, 2023 (71) G.S.T.L. 158 (Bom.)

38  Circular F. No. CBIC-20001/2/2022-GST dated 6.7.2022

39  Flipkart internet v. State of Bihar 2023 (12) TMI 419- Patna HC. 

Stayed by Supreme Court in Flipkart Internet v. State of Bihar, 2023 (12) TMI 425;

 Noted in Friends Mobile vs. State of Bihar, (2023) 13 Centax 129 (Pat.), 

Division Bench of the Hon’ble Patna HC set aside the order and remanded

 the matter back for reconsideration on merits.

40 Yasho Industries Ltd. vs. UOI 2024 (10) TMI 1608

41 2025 (5) TMI 1614

PROCEDURE AFTER INSTITUTION OF APPEAL

A copy of each appeal and the relevant relied upon documents are to be provided to the respondent and the concerned Commissioner as soon as the said documents are filed42. The respondent can file cross-objection in the format prescribed in the CGST Rules, 201743 within a period of 45 days from the date of notice of appeal filed.44 Further, respondent can also file a reply to the appeal or application within one month of the receipt of such document45. On receipt of the reply, the applicant has to specifically admit, deny, or rebut the facts made by the respondent in the reply46. In case the respondent states additional facts then the Bench may allow the appellant to file a rejoinder within a period of one month or any period as prescribed by the Bench47.


42 Rule 34 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

43 Rule 35 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

44 Section 112(5) of the CGST Act, 2017.

45 Rule 36(1) of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

46  Rule 36(2) of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

47  Rule 37 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

HEARING PROCESS BEFORE THE TRIBUNAL

It is mandatory for GSTAT to hear the appellant in support of the appeal. However, respondent will be heard by GSTAT only if necessary and in such a case the appellant shall be entitled to reply48. The same is slightly contradictory to Section 113 of the CGST Act, 2017 which provides that the GSTAT may pass orders after providing an opportunity of being to the parties to the appeal. It cannot be inferred that no opportunity of hearing will be granted to the respondent. The requirement of reasonable opportunity must be read into the provisions even if the same is not stated explicitly49. However, if the respondents are not present on the day of the hearing, then the Tribunal has the option to pass the order ex-parte50.

If the appellant is not present on the day of the hearing, then the Appellate Tribunal may, in its discretion, either dismiss the appeal for default or hear and decide it on merits51.

When the appeal has been dismissed on the above ground then the Appellant can appear again and show sufficient cause for his non-appearance. Thereupon, GSTAT shall make an order setting aside the dismissal and restore the appeal.52

The above provision aims to strike a balance between judicial discipline and fair access. However, the same can be counterproductive to the sole objective of the Tribunal.

The provision is pari materia to Rule 20 of the CESTAT Procedure Rules, 1982 and Rule 24 of the Appellate Tribunal Rules, 1956 in respect of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. Rule 20 of the CESTAT Procedure Rules, 1982 has been struck down by the Hon’ble Gujarat High Court53. The Hon’ble Hight Court noted that Section 35C (1) of the Central Excise Act, 1944 states that the “Appellate Tribunal may, after giving the parties to the appeal an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders thereon as it thinks fit”. The use of the word ‘thereon’ indicates that that the Appellate Tribunal must pass the order on merits and, therefore, Rule 20 which enables the Appellate Tribunal to dismiss the appeal for default of appearance of the party, is ultra vires54.

Similarly, Rule 24 of the Appellate Tribunal Rules, 1956 was struck down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court on the ground that it was ultra vires the statutory provisions55.

It is important to highlight that the language of Section 113(1) of the CGST Act, 2017 is pari materia to Section 35C (1) of the Central Excise Act, 1944. Hence, considering the judgements discussed above, Rule 42 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025 is likely to be struck down since it is inconsistent with the statutory provisions.


48  Rule 41 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

49  CB Gautam vs. Union of India, 1993 (199) ITR 530 (SC)

50  Rule 43 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

51  Rule 42 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

52  Ibid

53 Viral Laminates vs. Union of India, 1998 (100) ELT 335

54  Ibid

55  Commissioner of Income Tax vs. S. Chenniappa Mudaliar, AIR 1969 S.C. 1068

PROCEEDINGS TO BE CONDUCTED IN A TIME-BOUND MANNER

In terms of proviso to Section 113(2) of the CGST Act, 2017, the number of adjournments that can be granted to a party has been restricted to three. However, no such limit is prescribed in the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 202556.

The other most important procedural mandate is the incorporation of time limit to pass an order after the final hearing. The Tribunal has to make and pronounce an order either at once or as soon as thereafter but not later than 30 days after the final hearing57. This is a welcoming move so as to avoid the matter getting relisted again even after the final hearing is done. The Tribunal also has the power to transmit the order to a court for enforcement. However, no specific procedure has been specified for such transmission and the execution, thereof.


56  Rule 47 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

57  Rule 103 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

DISSENTING OPINIONS BETWEEN MEMBERS AND REFERENCE TO LARGER BENCH

The mechanism to deal with conflict of different opinions between Members been prescribed in Section 109(9) of the CGST Act, 2017 itself.

Figure 3-Reference to third member in case of dissenting opinions

The points on which the dissent existed will be decided according to the majority opinion including the opinion of the Members who first heard the case. An appeal can be referred to Larger Bench by the President in case of different opinion of the members of the bench58. The CESTAT Procedure Rules, 1982 did not contain any specific provision for reference to Larger Bench. However, in practice the matters were referred to larger bench by the CESTAT whenever there are conflicting decisions/opinions.


58  Rule 50 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

POWERS OF THE GSTAT

The Tribunal has been granted with inherent powers to do anything or decide anything in the interests of justice. While there is a specific provision granting such inherent powers, other rules also complement the expansive powers provided to the Tribunal.

The Tribunal can also impose costs on parties for delay, frivolous litigation, or misconduct59. Further, Tribunal can enlarge time prescribed under the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 202560. Hence, it can be seen that the Tribunal has powers in line with that of the High Court except for the power of review.

The GSTAT does not have the power to review its own order. Rule 108 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025 allows the Tribunal to rectify any clerical or arithmetical mistakes or errors apparent on the face of the record in its orders. The rectification can be done either suo moto or on application made by a party within one month from the date of the order. By way of the said provision, the Tribunal cannot rectify any misapplication of law or reconsider the evidence under the garb of rectification of mistake. This power conferred upon the Tribunal cannot be a substitute for review or appeal61.


59  Ibid

60  Rule 107 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

61  Lily Thomas vs. Union of India, AIR 2000 SC 1650

DIGITALIZATION OF GSTAT- A STEP FORWARD?

The introduction of the GSTAT Procedure Rules has not only marked the way for an appellate institution in GST but is also a major step forward in modernising tax dispute resolution process. The comprehensive adoption of digital processes for each and every stage of proceedings before the GSTAT is a significant and much needed step forward towards Digital India initiative. This digital transformation is necessary in a country like India where the judicial system is burdened by procedural inefficiencies, paper-based filings and logistical bottlenecks.

All the appeals62, interlocutory applications, cross-objections, replies to appeals/applications, rejoinder to replies, etc. are required to be uploaded online on the GSTAT Portal63 and will be scrutinised and processed electronically. Further, notices, communications and summons shall be issued electronically and signed in the manner provided on the said portal. Hearings before the GSTAT can either be conducted in physical mode or in electronic mode, only on taking permission from the President64. The law should provide for a hybrid mode of hearing to allow the assessees to choose either mode as per their convenience.

The adoption of a dashboard-based case management system allows the assessees to track their appeal status in real time and also access the filed documents, orders, etc. in one click. This is in line with the eCourts Project adopted by the High Courts and Supreme Court.

However, it is only on implementation that one can know the challenges which may be faced. For instance, server and portal stability is required considering the experiences with the current GST Portal wherein several technical glitches are faced by the assessees. Further, the Tribunal Staff and Members should be proficient with the GSTAT Portal to ensure smooth and seamless progress throughout.


62  Rule 18 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

63  Rule 115 of the GSTAT Procedure Rules, 2025

64  Ibid

CONCLUSION

Undoubtedly, the establishment of GSTAT represents a critical step in shaping the GST jurisprudence in India. While the legal and procedural framework has now been enacted, its implementation will only decide its effectiveness.

In the initial stages, the Tribunal is likely to be burdened with a huge backlog of appeals from the last 8 years. With effective management of matters along with the adoption of digital tools, the Tribunal can overcome these challenges and holds the potential to serve as a model for all tribunals in India.

Height Of Gratitude !

Arjun: (Screaming)  Hey Bhagwan! Hey Shrikrishna! Hey saviour of the world! Save me! Save us all!

Shrikrishna: (Smiling)  Arey Arjun, what happened, you are so much in panic!

Arjun:  Lord, we are really in the peak of kaliyuga. It’s time for you to take your ‘Avtaar- (incarnation)

Shrikrishna:  Tell me, which demon has seized you?

Arjun: Height of Ungratefulness!!

Shrikrishna: Tell me everything.

Arjun; Listen. My friend is now 70; almost retiring from practice. He had a client for many years, almost of his age.

Shrikrishna: Ok

Arjun: They had a good tuning with each other. When the client needed some funds, my friend gave him a small loan. The client graciously offered to pay interest although my friend was not very keen on interest.

Shrikrishna: Good

Arjun: Unfortunately, the client’s position was worsening. He was not in a position to repay the loan. So, the interest kept on accruing and the figure became sizeable over more than 10 years!

Shrikrishna: But your friend kept quiet?

Arjun: No. Actually, from time to time he was asking for his money. But it did not happen.

Shrikrishna:Ok.

Arjun: A few years ago, the client’s son started looking into the business. He was of new generation, with lesser sentiments about relations! No maturity.

Shrikrishna: The senior client must have gradually retired, entrusting everything to the son. He had no say in the business. Correct?

Arjun: Absolutely. The son found this old CA a little inconvenient. So he wanted to get rid of him.

Shrikrishna: But your friend’s fees were paid?

Arjun: No ! Quite a large amount of fees got accumulated. Then the son changed auditor. However, our Institute’s rule says that previous auditor’s fees should be paid first.

Shrikrishna: Was it then paid?

Arjun: Not voluntarily; but only after quoting this rule! That was paid very reluctantly. Otherwise, the new auditor would have come in trouble!

Shrikrishna: Yes. I understand. What next?

Arjun : Now the real problem comes! The client’s son became vindictive. And our CAs -! The less said the better! They are very enthusiastic in instigating someone to file complaints against another CA. They guide that clients and provide them all technical points.

Shrikrishna: Perhaps, clients may not be even aware of those points. But some CAs educate them! Right?

Arjun: Yes. You know what the son has done? He filed a complaint of misconduct against my friend saying that by way of loan, the CA had financial interests in the entity that he was auditing!

Shrikrishna: So, he is taking advantage of his own wrong – of not repaying the loan In time.

Arjun: And over the years, the partners’ capital got eroded due to mis-management; and the loan amount with interest looked comparatively high!!

Shrikrishna: Strange!

Arjun: Unjust and unfair! On the one hand, you borrow from a professional, don’t repay him; and then file a complaint of ‘conflict of interest! No word to describe this ungratefulness.

Shrikrishna: But your friend needs to show the materiality or otherwise of the loan. amount.

Arjun : That he will, of course, do. The question is such types of complaints are also made. And that too, at the instance of our own CAs!

Shrikrishna: I agree Arjun. I now understand why many CAs are keen to surrender their Certificate of Practice!

Arjun: I am aware. Ultimately he will get justice from the Disciplinary Panel; but it takes at least 3 to 4 years for its decision. That itself is a punishment!

Shrikrishna: I agree. What cannot be cured has to be endured. I hope, they will bring further reforms in the procedure.

Arjun: True. You alone can make it happen. श्रीकृष्ण: शरणं मम !

OM SHANTI.

This dialogue is based on the incidents that happen unknowingly and people use them to harass the CAs. One should be cautious in having financial dealings with the clients.

Essential Insights into SA 260: Strengthening Auditor-Governance Communication

This article provides a comprehensive overview of SA 260, focusing on the critical role of effective communication between auditors and Those Charged with Governance (TCWG). It highlights the importance of clear, timely, and two-way communication in enhancing audit quality and transparency. The discussion covers the auditor’s responsibilities, the scope and timing of communications, and the implications of inadequate engagement with TCWG. Practical insights are offered into key areas such as planning, identifying significant risks, and managing disagreements. The article also examines NFRA’s increased scrutiny of compliance with SA 260, underscoring its relevance in fostering strong auditor-governance relationships. This framework ultimately strengthens the reliability of financial reporting and protects stakeholders’ interests.

In auditing, communication between statutory auditors and ‘Those Charged With Governance’ (TCWG) has always been crucial. Recently, there has been a marked increase in the importance of the implementation of Standard Auditing (SA) 260 -“Communication with Those Charged with Governance,” issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), especially after the reports issued by the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA).

As a part of the overall improvement in audit quality, NFRA has recently commenced the release of the ‘Auditor- Audit Committee Interactions’ series. This will highlight significant areas of accounting and auditing from time to time and provide practical guidance on them. The 1st series covers potential questions that the Audit Committee/Board of Directors may ask the statutory auditors in respect of the Accounting Estimates and Judgements in the audit of Expected Credit Loss (ECL) for financial assets and other items as required by Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments.

SA 260 SNAPSHOT

SA 260 outlines the role of auditors in communicating with TCWG, emphasising the need for clear, effective communication about audit matters of governance interest.

The table below encapsulates the essence of the auditing standard, highlighting its core aspects and requirements:

Aspect Details
Framework for Communication

Establishes a framework for auditors to communicate with governance bodies, focusing on effective two-way communication.

Scope of Communication

Specifies matters to be communicated with governance, including auditor responsibilities, audit scope and timing, and observations from the audit.

Role of Communication

It aims to aid understanding of audit matters, foster a constructive relationship while ensuring auditor independence, and assist governance in overseeing financial reporting.

 

It involves obtaining information relevant to the audit from governance and providing them with timely and significant observations.

Management’s Responsibility

This highlights that communication by the auditor does not absolve management of its responsibility to communicate governance-related matters.

Determining the Appropriate Communication Partner

Requires identifying the right person(s) within governance to communicate with, which may involve discussions with the engaging party in less formal governance structures.

 

Emphasises the communication with TCWG as a key element, detailing expectations for regular meetings and interactions without management.

Evaluating and Documenting Communication

The auditor must evaluate the adequacy of communication for the audit’s purpose and document all communications, including the content, timing, and recipients.

 

Stresses the importance of documenting oral and written communications as part of the audit documentation.

Implications of Lack of /  Inadequate Communication

Lists potential actions if effective communication is not achieved, such as modifying the audit opinion, seeking legal advice, communicating with third parties or higher authorities, or withdrawing from the engagement.

The following section gives a concise overview of the roles of auditors and TCWG as per SA 260 and related insights:

ROLE OF AUDITORS AS PER SA 260

Auditor’s role is crucial in upholding the transparency and integrity of financial statements by communicating key audit matters of governance interest to TCWG. This communication is multi-faceted, encompassing the audit’s overall approach, any constraints on its scope, and significant findings that could impact the financial statements. This includes not only the written reports but also regular meetings and discussions, sometimes without management present, to ensure transparency and independence in the audit process.

The following are the key elements of the auditor’s role as defined in SA 260:

1. Identify the Governance

It is essential to note that there is a distinction between TCWG and management. The auditor should determine the appropriate persons within the governance structure of the auditee to communicate with. SA 260 has defined what constitutes TCWG. Governance structures vary by the entity and influence communication by the auditors, e.g., in the case of listed companies, the audit committee can be considered as TCWG, whereas in the case of private companies, assuming that it is thinly structured, the board of directors/owners can be considered as TCWG. It also depends on how the organisation is structured in terms of whether supervisory and executive functions are with a single person/board or if different levels have been set up for various roles. Therefore, the auditors must understand the governance structure and communicate with them accordingly.

In the case of audits of consolidated financial statements, SA 600 includes specific matters to be communicated by group auditors to TCWG. When the component is part of a group, the appropriate person(s) with whom the component auditor communicates are determined on the basis of the engagement circumstances and the specific matter being communicated.

2. Matters to Communicate

  •  Auditor is required to communicate their responsibilities, planned audit scope, significant findings, and independent communication with governance.
  •  While communicating their responsibilities, the auditor must emphasise that forming an opinion on financial statements does not relieve management or governance of their duties.
  • It must contain an overview of the planned audit scope and timing, including significant risks identified.
  •  Significant findings, such as qualitative aspects of accounting practices, difficulties encountered, and significant matters discussed with management, must be communicated to TCWG. Appendix 2 of SA 260 contains examples of matters to be included in qualitative aspects.
  •  For listed entities, the auditor must confirm compliance with ethical independence requirements and disclose relationships and fees that may affect independence.
  •  The auditor should also explain safeguards applied to mitigate or reduce threats to independence to an acceptable level.

The following are some of the examples of communication with respect to significant risks as per SA 260:

  •  Auditor plans to respond to the significant risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
  •  Auditor plans to address areas of higher assessed risks of material misstatement.
  •  The auditor’s approach to internal control is integral to the audit process.
  • The application of materiality.
  • The nature and extent of specialised skill or knowledge required to execute the planned audit procedures or evaluate the audit results, including the use of an auditor’s expert
  •  When SA 701 is applied, the auditor’s preliminary views about matters that may be areas of significant attention in the audit and, therefore, may be considered as key audit matters.

The following are some examples of communication with respect to other planning matters as per SA 260:

  •  For an entity with an internal audit function, how the external and internal auditors collaborate effectively, constructively and complementary.
  •  The TCWG’s view regarding:

» The appropriate person(s) in the entity’s governance structure with whom to communicate.

» The allocation of responsibilities between those charged with governance and management.

» The entity’s objectives, strategies, and related business risks that may result in material misstatements.

» Matters identified by those charged with governance that they believe require special attention during the audit, and any specific areas where they request additional procedures to be performed.

» Significant communications with regulators.

» Other matters TCWG believe may impact the audit of the financial statements.

The following are some examples of communication with respect to significant difficulties encountered during the audit as per SA 260:

  •  Significant delays by management, the unavailability of entity personnel, or an unwillingness by management to provide information necessary for the auditor to perform the audit procedures.
  •  An unreasonably short time within which to complete the audit.
  •  Extensive unexpected effort is required to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
  • The unavailability of expected information.
  •  Restrictions imposed on the auditor by management.
  •  Management’s unwillingness to make or extend its assessment of the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern when requested.
  •  In certain situations, such challenges may result in a scope limitation, potentially leading to a modification of the auditor’s opinion.

Other key elements include discussing changes in accounting policies that may materially affect the financial reporting, adjustments identified during audit procedures that have significant impacts, and any concerns regarding the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Furthermore, the auditor’s report on disagreements with management over accounting treatments or disclosures discusses any anticipated modifications to the audit report. A critical aspect of this communication also involves shedding light on material weaknesses in internal controls, ensuring that governance bodies are fully informed and can take appropriate oversight actions. This comprehensive dialogue is essential for fostering a constructive relationship between auditors and those charged with governance, ultimately contributing to the financial statements’ accuracy and reliability.

The primary goal of these communications is to ensure that those responsible for the entity’s accounting and financial reporting are fully informed of the auditor’s findings and concerns.

3. Communication Process

To establish effective two-way communication, clear communication of the auditor’s responsibilities, planned scope and timing of the audit, and expected general content of communication is essential. The auditor is required to communicate the form, timing, and content of communications to TCWG.

  •  The form of communication consists of oral and written communication. The auditor should use professional judgment in deciding whether oral or written communication should be used.
  •  Timely communication is the key to two-way communication. Communication should be done well in advance so that TCWG has a reasonable time to understand the matters and respond to them. Communications on the date of the board meeting/audit committee meeting may not be considered as timely communication.
  •  To ensure the adequacy of the communication, there can be multiple rounds of discussion with TCWG, depending on the matters to be discussed.

4. Documentation

Detailed guidance is given in Standard on Auditing (SA) 230-Audit Documentation for documenting the communication with TCWG. Broadly, the auditor should record oral communications and retain written communications as part of documentation.

The following are some examples of the manner of documentation:

Recording Oral Communications

  •  Summarise Discussions: After oral communications, summarise the key points discussed.
  • Meeting Minutes: Include these summaries in the minutes of meetings with those charged with governance.

Retaining Written Communications

  • Formal Letters: Keep copies of formal letters or written reports sent to those charged with governance.
  • Email Correspondence: Retain relevant email exchanges that document significant communications.
  • Supporting Evidence: Ensure that the documentation supports the conclusions reached and the decisions made.

ROLE OF THE TCWG / AUDIT COMMITTEE

The TCWG /audit committee plays a vital role in governance, serving as the main body with which auditors communicate significant audit matters. Their functions typically include:

  •  Oversight of Financial Reporting: Supervising the entity’s financial reporting process to ensure accuracy and reliability.
  •  Audit Process Supervision: Overseeing the audit process, including the selection and independence of the external auditor.
  •  Internal Controls: Ensuring adequate internal controls over financial reporting are established and maintained.
  • Compliance and Ethics: Overseeing compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and maintaining the entity’s ethics and compliance programs.

NFRA INSPECTIONS: INCREASED FOCUS ON SA 260

In an era marked by increasing scrutiny over the quality and transparency of financial reporting, the NFRA has sharpened its focus on ensuring compliance with auditing standards, particularly SA 260. The findings from the NFRA cases, explicitly focusing on the violation of SA 260, are summarised as follows:

  1.  Identification of TCWG was not correct. The communication was made only to the audit committee members. The determination of TCWG depends on the diversity of governance structures of different organisations. There was no documentation regarding whether the governing body was also required to be communicated. Even communication with the audit committee was not documented adequately.
  2.  The auditor didn’t adequately communicate with TCWG. The communication didn’t include key aspects like auditors’ responsibilities, planned audit scope, timing, and internal control deficiencies.
  3.  There was a failure to establish and maintain effective communication channels with TCWG throughout the audit process. Due to this, TCWG didn’t get crucial insights into audit findings, including significant issues such as the valuation of investments, impairment of assets, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

CONCLUSION – TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION IS THE KEY

SA 260 is not just about fulfilling a procedural requirement; it is about ensuring the integrity and transparency of financial reporting in an increasingly complex global business environment. Thus, auditors and TCWG / audit committees must develop a strategy aligning them toward achieving a shared objective as under:

  •  Collaborative Planning: Early in the audit process, both auditors and audit committees should meet to discuss and agree on audit priorities, scope, and significant areas of focus.
  • Regular Updates: Throughout the audit cycle, regular updates and meetings should be scheduled to discuss progress, any findings, and adjustments. This will ensure no surprises at the end of the audit, and this must be a two-way effort.
  •  Addressing Disagreements: In case of disagreements between auditors and management, the audit committee should act as an arbitrator to objectively assess the situation and make decisions in the best interest of financial reporting integrity.
  • Continuous Education: Both auditors and audit committee members should be involved in continuous education to stay updated on new accounting standards, regulations, and best practices.

By understanding and embracing these responsibilities, auditors and TCWGs can work collaboratively to ensure the reliability and integrity of financial reporting. This partnership enhances the audit process and supports the overarching goal of protecting investor interests and the public’s trust in financial markets.

Independence

Every year, we celebrate Independence Day on 15th August. As we approach this significant occasion, it’s time to reflect on this concept of independence itself.

THE ELUSIVE NATURE OF INDEPENDENCE

Literally read, independence suggests a state of not being dependent on someone else and being completely self-reliant. However, a moment’s introspection reveals this to be largely a myth. Think about it: when I boarded a flight to Delhi last month, I wasn’t just depending on myself and the pilots; I was dependent on an intricate ballet of air traffic controllers, ground crew, engineers, and even the person who refuelled the plane. Even our most basic needs, like food and shelter, are met through systems and individuals far beyond our direct control. From the farmer who grows our food to the architect who designs our homes, we are intricately woven into a vast tapestry of inter-dependence. As the American poet John Donne famously wrote, “No man is an island entire of itself.” This realization begs the question: if absolute self-reliance is unattainable, what then is true independence?

INDEPENDENCE: A STATE OF MIND

The truth lies in understanding independence not as an absence of external dependencies in terms of actions and transactions, but as a state of mind. As the illustrious poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore so eloquently put it, “Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high… Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.” True independence, therefore, is the ability to independently decide – to think critically, to form our own opinions, and to make choices based on our own understanding, rather than being swayed by external pressures, conventional wisdom, or the dictates of others. It is the courage to stand by our convictions, even when they diverge from the norm.

THE RESPONSIBILITY THAT ACCOMPANIES INDEPENDENCE

However, this precious gift of independent thought and action is not an absolute right; it is a privilege that comes with inherent responsibility towards other stakeholders and the environment. Our choices have ripple effects that extend far beyond ourselves. Consider the industrialist who, in pursuit of profit, dumps untreated waste into a river. This “independent” decision pollutes the water for communities downstream, harms ecosystems, and ultimately diminishes the collective well-being. Closer to self, think of our own lifestyle choices – the amount of plastic we consume, the energy we waste. These seemingly small actions cumulatively impact the environment, a burden shared by all. These actions cannot be justified in the garb of independence or freedom. True independence is not about unbridled self-interest, but about exercising our freedom with an acute awareness of our interconnectedness.

INDIA’S JOURNEY: BEYOND 78 YEARS

Most of the commonly told stories about India begin with 1947. If we have to introspect the true meaning of the word ‘independence’ in the Indian context, we may need to travel back to a much earlier period – a period when India was referred to as the proverbial Golden Bird.

Let us look at some statistical estimates taken from a book published by the OECD1 : at the start of the Common Era (0001 AD), the Indian sub-continent was the largest economy and contributed to around 33% of the World GDP. This share reduced to around 24% of the World GDP at the start of the 17th century. Factor in the entry and exit of the British and we ended up with 4.2% of World GDP in 1950.

What was it that made India the largest economy with a contribution of 33% of the World GDP? There are plenty of lessons to learn from by addressing this question.


1 The World Economy: Historical Statistics, written by Angus Maddison,
 Published in 2004 by OECD – See Page 641. Download from 
https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-world-economy_9789264022621-en.html

UNEARTHING ANCIENT WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE

When we delve into the rich historical tapestry, we unearth a treasure trove of wisdom and knowledge that shaped not just India, but the world. Contrary to popular misconception, the four Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda), are not merely religious texts but encyclopedias of knowledge, encompassing philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and early forms of scientific inquiry. Often referred to as the Fifth Veda, Ayurveda is not just some random herbs and treatments but is a holistic system of medicine, predating modern medicine by centuries, focusing on natural remedies, preventive care, and a balance between mind, body, and spirit. Coupled with the Yoga-sutras, we look at a comprehensive healthcare model that balances disease prevention, therapeutic intervention, and mental well-being. We have not even started talking about the domain specific research available at that point of time. Consider Arthashastra by Chanakya: a treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy from ancient India, offering profound insights into governance, administration, and international relations or for that matter, the Sulba Sutras, which are foundational to Indian mathematics, particularly geometry. Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical treatise that describes accurate calculations for the positions of planets, the timing of eclipses, and the length of a sidereal year, showcases that advanced understanding of celestial mechanics possessed by our ancestors. We can go on and on. This partial list is but a glimpse into the intellectual prowess that characterized ancient India, where knowledge was pursued not in isolated silos, but as interconnected facets of a larger understanding of existence.

DISRUPTION AND THE PATH TO MODERNITY

The long periods of invasion and colonization undeniably created significant disruption, not only in the economic welfare (as evidenced in the declining share in world GDP) but also in the continuity of knowledge. The imposition of foreign educational systems, administrative structures, and cultural norms led to a gradual detachment from our indigenous intellectual heritage. We began to move towards what was perceived as “modern concepts”, often synonymous with Western thought and methodologies. While this engagement with global ideas brought its own benefits and advancements, it also inadvertently sidelined, and in some cases, actively suppressed, the vast body of knowledge that had flourished for centuries on our own soil. It’s like a family inheriting a grand library but then being told only to read books published after a certain date, gradually forgetting the treasures within their own collection.

THE CHALLENGE OF TRUE INDEPENDENCE: RECONCILING PAST AND PRESENT

This is where lies the critical question for our reflection: are we independent enough to consider and revisit these older concepts, or are they all taboo, relegated to the realm of the archaic and irrelevant? Is our intellectual freedom truly unfettered, or are we still bound by the mental chains of colonial legacies, where anything indigenous is viewed with skepticism or dismissed as unscientific? In my mind, the true test of our independence lies in our ability to critically engage with our own heritage. This is not to suggest that we should abandon modern concepts and methodologies. The advancements in science, technology, medicine, and social organization that have emerged globally are invaluable. Instead, real independence is when our mind can truly introspect and choose the best, and perhaps adapt, from both the old and the new. Let’s individually reflect on this one question, “Am I truly independent?” Here’s wishing you a Happy Independence Day.

 

 

CA Sunil Gabhawalla,

Editor

Joint Development Agreements – Revisited

INTRODUCTION

The landscape of real estate development in India has progressively evolved, with Joint Development Agreements (JDAs) becoming a pervasive model for undertaking projects. This arrangement, wherein landowners and developers collaborate to bring a real estate project to fruition, presents a complex interplay of legal and tax considerations under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime. The topic was covered in detail in October 2023 Issue. Subsequent developments have prompted a revisit to the said article, specifically in the context of development rights purported to be granted by the landowner to the developer.

QUICK RECAP OF THE TYPICAL FACT MATRIX

In the October 2023 issue, we had elaborated that the economic substance of a Joint Development Agreement (JDA) typically involves a landowner contributing land and a developer undertaking the construction of a real estate project on that land. This collaborative model is legally executed through a series of inter-connected documents, the first document being the JDA itself. Through the JDA, development rights are granted by the landowner to the developer. Along with the JDA or immediately thereafter, an irrevocable power of attorney (POA) is also executed in favour of the developer. Numerous clauses in the JDA and POA permit the developer to obtain vacant possession of the land parcel, apply for construction permissions, undertake construction on the land, market and sell constructed area and appropriate the proceeds realised from the constructed area. Through the JDA, the landowner also commits to enter into conveyance agreement with a society/association of the prospective buyers and thereby convey the absolute title in the land to such society/association. The three agreements, i.e. JDA, POA and the conveyance agreement are inter-connected with each other and bear a composite consideration.

The composite consideration accruing to the landowner for entering into the three inter-connected agreements referred to above is often non-monetary, taking the form of a share in the constructed units, commonly referred to as “area sharing agreement”. In some cases, the consideration could be monetary but variable in the form of a share in the revenue generated from the sale of constructed units, known as a “revenue sharing agreement”. It is also common to have a lumpsum upfront component of monetary consideration payable at the time of execution of the JDA. This collaborative model allows a “stranger” to the contract i.e. the prospective buyer to indirectly contribute towards consideration for the contracts.

NATURE OF “DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS”

The term ‘development right’ is not explicitly defined under the GST Law. However, the term is generally understood to represent a bundle of rights derived from immovable property, coupled with various associated obligations. The said term needs to be distinguished from the term “transferable development right” (TDR), which is defined under various urban development regulations as compensation through a Development Right Certificate (DRC) in the form of Floor Space Index (FSI) or Development Rights, which entitles the owner to construct a built-up area against handing over land under various reservations as per the development plan. Several legal interpretations suggest that development rights are akin to an interest in immovable property or benefits arising out of land. The General Clauses Act, 1897, defines “immovable property” to include “benefits to arise out of land”. Therefore, development rights, being a benefit arising from land, can be argued to be immovable property. The “bundle of rights” associated with development agreements typically includes:

  •  To obtain vacant possession: A developer is granted permissive possession of the property for the purpose of undertaking development activities.
  •  To apply for construction permissions: Developers are authorized to engage architects, engineers, contractors, and other agencies and incur costs for obtaining necessary approvals for the project. Applications for development permission and commencement certificates require submission of ownership titles and other documents.
  • To undertake construction on the land: The developer’s expertise is engaged for planning, constructing, and developing the property. They undertake to demolish existing structures and reconstruct new buildings.
  • To sell constructed area (to the extent of Developer’s Share): In consideration for developing the property, the developer is entitled to construct, develop, and absolutely own their designated “Developer Share” of the constructed units. They have the right to sell the constructed area to prospective buyers.
  •  To appropriate the sale proceeds from prospective buyers: The developer has the right to appropriate the sale proceeds from the sale of their share of constructed units to independent buyers. This is often against the investment, efforts, and costs incurred by the developer.
  •  To insist on conveyance of the property in favour of the association of buyers: After construction and completion of the project, a conveyance deed is typically executed. This involves the original landowner transferring the undivided share of land to the developer’s nominees or directly to the purchasers of the constructed property or the association of allottees. In fact, the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA Act), specifies that after obtaining the occupancy certificate and handing over physical possession, the promoter is responsible for handing over necessary documents and plans, including common areas, to the association of allottees or the competent authority, and executing a conveyance deed within three months from the date of the occupancy certificate, in the absence of any local law.

NOTIFICATIONS GALORE

A series of notifications were issued in 2019 to revamp the entire scheme of taxation of real estate development. The said notifications prescribe an effective tax rate of 5% for sale of under-construction residential units (1% for sale of under construction affordable residential units) without eligibility of input tax credit. In case of commercial units within a Residential Real Estate Project (‘RREP’), the same rates are prescribed, but for commercial units not forming part of an RREP, a higher effective tax rate of 12% is prescribed, albeit with input tax credit benefit. When the developer sells the units while under construction, the said taxes need to be duly discharged based on the milestones defined in the agreement for sale entered with the prospective buyer (‘AFS’). This article does not propose to cover the detailed nuances of the said tax payable for the sale of under construction units by the developer to the buyer.

A stand-alone reading of the notifications issued in 2019 would further suggest that the inter-se deliverables between the landowner and the developer constitutes a barter, with deliverables from both the transacting parties constituting independent supplies requiring independent examination of tax implications. The focus of this article is on the GST implications of the inter-se deliverables under the JDA, more specifically the purported transfer of development rights by the landowner to the developer. An apparent tax position for the said transfer of development rights by the landowner to the developer as can be simplistically deciphered from the notifications is summarised below:

Taxability

A stand-alone purposive reading of the notifications might suggest that the landowner has supplied service in the nature of the transfer of the development rights to the developer against a monetary consideration and/or constructed units.

Person Liable to pay tax

Further purposive reading of the recitals of Entry 5B of Notification 5/2019 — CT(Rate) may suggest that such service is taxable in the hands of the developer under the reverse charge mechanism, thus absolving the landowner from the burden of collection and discharge of tax at his end.

Time of Payment of Tax

The developer may then seek to invoke the deferment benefit provided by Notification No. 6/2019-CT(Rate) which suggests that the liability to pay tax on the transfer of development rights under RCM shall arise on the date of issuance of the completion certificate for the project, where required by the competent authority, or on its first occupation, whichever is earlier.

Valuation

In cases where the consideration for the supply of development rights is not wholly in money (e.g., in the form of constructed units), the value of the supply is to be determined based on the open market value of such supply under Rule 27 of the CGST Rules, 2017. Often, the value adopted for stamp duty purposes during the registration of the development agreement is considered the open market value for GST purposes.

Partial Exemption

The developer may further seek to invoke exemption entry 41A of Notification No. 12/2017-CT(Rate) providing a conditional exemption proportionate to the extent of residential units sold in the project prior to the receipt of completion certificate. Effectively therefore, the developer is liable to pay tax under RCM on the proportion of development rights attributable to residential apartments that remain un-booked on the date of issuance of the completion certificate or first occupation. The tax payable in such a scenario is further capped at 1% of the value for affordable unbooked residential apartments and 5% for other unbooked residential apartments.

PENETRATING BEYOND THE NOTIFICATIONS

While a conservative position may be to read the series of notifications and interpret the same as imposing a tax liability and partially exempting it and also deferring the date of payment of tax, it is a settled legal proposition that the existence of exemption / reverse charge / deferment notifications cannot by itself infer or presume the existence of a levy. In the context of entertainment tax, the conduct of musical programs was excluded from the levy provisions of the Entertainment Tax Act. A notification issued under the said Act also granted an exemption, however, subject to certain conditions. When the authorities attempted to demand the entertainment tax citing non-compliance with the conditions mentioned in the notification, the Supreme Court in the case of Gypsy Pegasus Limited vs. State of Gujarat 2018 (15) GSTL 305 (SC) held that if the transaction is excluded from the levy itself, the exemption actually becomes redundant and the conditions mentioned in the said exemption notification have no relevance. It may therefore be relevant to examine the taxability of the development rights independent of the notifications referred to above.

DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT VIS-À-VIS CONVEYANCE AGREEMENT

From the above discussion, it is obvious that the consideration is composite for both the development agreement as well as the conveyance agreement. While discussing the controversy of GST applicability, there is a lot of focus on the execution of the development agreement, with limited emphasis on the execution of the conveyance agreement at a future point of time. The question, which begs attention, is what is the consideration for the conveyance agreement and if admittedly, sale of land is outside the scope of GST, which component of the amount received by the landowner is excluded from the value of taxable supply?

In the context of composite contracts, the “dominant intention test” plays an important role for determining the nature of supply. In Hindustan Shipyard Limited vs. State of Andhra Pradesh 2000 SCC Online SC 1023, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, while classifying a contract for vessel construction, scrutinised the intent regarding the transfer of property in goods and the assumption of risk to conclude that it constituted a sale of goods, rather than a works contract. The Court emphasised that the substance of the transaction should prevail over its form.

A development agreement, while involving the grant of development rights to a promoter for construction, is fundamentally and inextricably coupled with a conveyance agreement for the ultimate transfer of land or an undivided share in land to the prospective buyers upon completion of the construction.

If one were to apply the rationale derived from Hindustan Shipyard Limited and consider the overarching intent of the JDA and the subsequent conveyance agreement as a singular, unified arrangement leading to the sale of an immovable property, a contention could arise that the predominant character of such a transaction is the sale of land. Since the “sale of land” is explicitly excluded from the purview of GST as per Paragraph 5 of Schedule III to the CGST Act, 2017, being treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services, a view could be advanced that the entire composite arrangement, or its dominant element, should similarly fall outside the ambit of GST.

The view is also supported by another precedent in the context of stamp duty. Due to the slump in real estate transactions in response to the pandemic, the Maharashtra Government, through a notification provided for a temporary reduction in the stamp duty for conveyance deeds executed and registered before a particular date. An issue arose whether the said reduction in stamp duty will be applicable to development agreements also or not. The Department contended that a development agreement is a separate class of documents and there is a separate entry in the stamp duty schedule. Therefore, the development agreement cannot be considered as conveyance and is not eligible for the concessional stamp duty under the notification granting a temporary reduction in stamp duty rates. The matter was litigated and the Bombay High Court in the case of State of Maharashtra vs. Sandeep Dwellers Private Limited 2022 SCC OnLine Bom 993 has provided guidance on this front. The Court effectively held that a development agreement is a conveyance agreement. The observations of the Court in Para 12 of the decision are very relevant and reproduced below for ready reference:

On going through the development agreements, one can see that they have been entered into between owners of the immovable property in question and the petitioner and that they create various rights in respect of immovable property which is the subject matter of each of these development agreements. ……There are also other rights and liabilities created in favour of and against the petitioner which are akin to transfer of immovable property to the petitioner by the owners and, therefore, in our considered opinion, the development agreements are conveyances within the meaning of definition of conveyance as given in Section 2(g) of the Stamp Act

The income tax treatment of such composite contracts involving development agreements and subsequent conveyance agreements was a subject matter of dispute from a landowner’s perspective. More importantly, the time when the capital gains arises on the transfer of the land under such agreements was discussed in detail in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Balbir Singh Maini AIRONLINE 2017 SC 775. The central dispute in the said case revolved around the exigibility to capital gains tax arising from a tripartite Joint Development Agreement (JDA) between a landowner Society and two developers. The subject matter of the JDA was the development of 21.2 acres of land owned by the Society. Under the terms of the JDA, the developers were to develop the land, and the agreed consideration included a sum of ₹106.425 crores plus 129 flats, which was to be disbursed to the individual members of the Society. Payments were structured in four instalments. The developers made payments corresponding to only the first two instalments, leading to the conveyance of 7.7 acres of land and the capital gains tax on this portion of land was duly paid. However, the project could not proceed further due to pending litigation. Consequently, further instalments were never paid and t JDA was eventually terminated by the owners. The Income Tax Authorities sought to treat the entire transaction under the JDA amounted to a “transfer” within the meaning of Sections 2(47)(ii), (v), and (vi) of the Act based on a reasoning that physical and vacant possession of the entire plot of land had been handed over under the JDA. On appeal, the P&H High Court held that the JDA, read with the subsequent sale deeds for proportionate transfer of land, indicated a pro-rata transfer of land and that no possession of the entire land was given by the transferor to the transferee in part performance of the JDA so as to fall within the ambit of Section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. On further appeal, the Supreme Court noted that the JDA explicitly stated the owner’s desire to assign its development rights, and the grant of an irrevocable and unequivocal right to develop, construct, mortgage, lease, sell, and transfer the property to the developers. The Court quoted Section 53A which provides protection to a transferee who, in part performance of a contract for the transfer of immovable property, has taken or continued in possession and performed or is willing to perform his part of the contract. The Court referred to its own pronouncement in Shrimant Shamrao Suryavanshi & Anr. vs. Pralhad Bhairoba Suryavanshi (D) by LRs. & Ors. [(2002) 3 SCC 676], which laid down six conditions for the applicability of Section 53A. it concluded that the said provisions do not apply in the instant case. Accordingly, the Supreme Court further considered the matter from the perspective of accrual of income under Sections 45 and 48 of the Income Tax Act and citing its previous judgments, including E.D. Sassoon & Co. Ltd. vs. CIT [(1955) 1 SCR 313] and Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Excel Industries [(2014) 13 SCC 459], held that income tax cannot be levied on hypothetical income. This decision can further support the argument that mere execution of JDA does not create a taxable event, unless coupled with conveyance agreement at a later point of time.

Interestingly, when one considers the subsequent chain of transactions whereby a developer sells the under-construction units to third party buyers, GST is demanded on the basis of the Supreme Court observation in the case of Larsen & Toubro vs. State of Karnataka 2014 (303) ELT 3 (SC). The Supreme Court, in the said decision, observed that once an agreement for sale is entered into with the prospective buyer, the developer has effectively conveyed the undivided interest in land thereby relegating the developer into the position of a contractor. One can also argue that a strict literal interpretation of development rights not resulting in a transfer of interest in land to the developer, would conflict with the said conclusion of the Supreme Court since in the absence of the interest in land, the developer could not have transferred such interest to the prospective buyer at all.

Therefore, it can be argued that the consideration accruing to the landowner out of the interconnected agreements in the nature of development agreement and the conveyance agreement, should be considered as being essentially attributable towards the conveyance agreement and therefore should be excluded from the levy provisions.

DLF’S CASE (SERVICE TAX)

The core argument that development rights are in the nature of rights in an immovable property and therefore cannot be considered a service for tax purposes is strongly supported by the Chandigarh Tribunal decision in the case of DLF Commercial Projects Corporation vs. Commissioner of Service Tax 2019 (27) GSTL 712 (Chandigarh Tribunal). The Tribunal held that transferrable development right is immovable property in terms of Section 3(26) of the General Clauses Act, 1897 and therefore no Service Tax is payable on it as per the exclusion in Section 65B(44) of the Finance Act, 1994, which specifically excluded the transfer of title in immovable property from the definition of “service”. The Tribunal emphasized that if something is “either land or ‘benefits arise out of land’,” it falls outside the purview of “Service” under Section 65B(44) of the Finance Act, 1994. It may be noted that the matter is currently pending before the Supreme Court.

PRAHITHA’S CASE

At this juncture, it may be noted that recently, the Telangana High Court in Prahitha Construction Pvt. Ltd. vs. Union of India (2024) 15 Centax 295 (Telangana), while acknowledging the Supreme Court’s decision in Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Balbir Singh Maini AIRONLINE 2017 SC 775, has concluded that the transfer of development rights by landowners to a developer under a JDA is amenable to GST as a ‘supply of service’ and does not fall under the purview of ‘sale of land’ which is excluded from GST under Entry No. 5 of Schedule III of the CGST Act, 2017. The High Court observed that there is no automatic transfer of ownership or title rights to the developer upon the execution of the JDA. It held that the developer gains the right to sell his allotted area only upon project completion and issuance of a completion certificate, necessitating a separate conveyance deed for the transfer of the undivided share of land. Furthermore, the JDA in Prahitha explicitly stipulated that the permissive possession granted to the developer was not to be construed as delivery of possession in part performance under Section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (TPA) or Section 2(47) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (ITA).

However, a thorough examination of the underlying legal principles, particularly those established by the Supreme Court in Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Balbir Singh Maini, suggests a potentially divergent interpretation regarding the immediate GST exigibility on JDAs. In Balbir Singh Maini, the Supreme Court analysed the concept of ‘transfer’ for capital gains tax purposes under Section 2(47)(v) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, read with Section 53A of the TPA. The Court held that a JDA would not constitute a transfer for the purposes of Section 53A. Furthermore, the Supreme Court stated that income tax cannot be levied on ‘hypothetical income’. It elucidated that income accrues only when an assessee acquires a right to receive it, coupled with a corresponding liability of the other party to pay that amount. Given that the development project in Balbir Singh Maini did not materialise due to lack of necessary permissions, the Court concluded that no profits or gains ‘arose’ from the purported transfer of capital asset, thereby precluding the levy of capital gains tax.

This jurisprudential clarity from Balbir Singh Maini regarding the legal efficacy of JDAs and the principle against taxing hypothetical income casts a shadow on the High Court’s conclusion in case of Prahitha that the ‘transfer of development rights’ is an immediate taxable supply under GST. If, as established by the Supreme Court, a JDA does not amount to ‘transfer’ of property rights, it becomes debatable whether such a document can effectively constitute a ‘supply’ of service related to immovable property for GST purposes at the stage of its mere execution. The Prahitha judgment itself concedes that “no right, title and ownership is created in favour of the developer” by the JDA and that the actual transfer of the undivided share of land to the developer occurs only upon project completion through a separate conveyance deed. If the underlying substantive transfer of rights is contingent upon future events and subsequent registered instruments, then imposing GST on the initial grant of development rights appears to tax an incomplete or contingent transaction, which could be akin to taxing a ‘hypothetical value’ or a transaction that has not yet effectively ‘accrued’ for all legal purposes. Therefore, an argument can be advanced that the Prahitha judgment, despite citing Balbir Singh Maini, might not have fully appreciated the Supreme Court’s emphasis on the necessity of a legally effective and complete transaction for tax incidence. Further GST may not be leviable on the mere execution of JDAs where the substantive transfer of rights and the consideration for development are deferred and contingent upon future performance and registered conveyances. Having said so, it may be important to note that the Supreme Court has abstained from granting a stay against the decision of Telangana High Court in Prahitha’s case.

SHRINIVASA REALCON’S CASE

In contrast to the Telangana High Court upholding the validity of Notification 5/2019-CT(Rate) prescribing reverse charge mechanism on the developers, the Bombay High Court in M/s Shrinivasa Realcon Private Ltd 2025-VIL-363-BOM took an interesting departure.

The Bombay High Court was dealing with a specific development agreement that involved the petitioner being appointed as a developer to construct a multi-storied complex on the landowner’s plot for monetary consideration and a share of apartments. The petitioner challenged the issuance of show cause notice demanding tax under reverse charge mechanism by quoting Notification 5/2019-CT(Rate), clause (5B) of which specifically covers “Service by way of transfer of development rights (herein refer TDR) or Floor Space Index (FSI) (including additional FSI) on or after 1st April, 2019 for construction of residential apartments by a promoter in a project, intended for sale to a buyer”.

The Bombay High Court held that the transaction, as witnessed by the development agreement, “does not fall within the scope and ambit of clause (5-B) so as to attract G.S.T.”. The crucial reasoning provided was that the agreement “has nothing to do with supply of any TDR, which is defined under Regulation 11.2 of the Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations for the State. It also observed that the GST Act does not define what is meant by Transfer of Development Right (TDR)”. The Court specifically noted that “in the execution of the agreement dated 07.4.2022 no TDR or FSI has been purchased by the owner or for that matter by the petitioner from any person/entity whomsoever”. Furthermore, Clause 18 of the agreement, which involved the owners signing a deed of declaration under the Maharashtra Apartment Ownership Act, 1970, was interpreted as merely facilitating the execution of apartment deeds to individual buyers, and “does not contemplate transfer”. Consequently, the High Court quashed the show cause notice and the consequential order, finding that the transaction did not fit the specific wording of the notification.

CONCLUSION

In view of the conflicting decisions of various Courts, the levy of GST on the development rights is an extremely litigative concept and the landowners and developers should take a considered view in this matter. Taxpayers engaging in JDA models must meticulously structure their agreements and have suitable clauses to cover possible future developments on the judicial front.

Correlation between Indirect Taxes and Contractual Clauses

This article examines the intricate relationship between indirect tax laws and contractual clauses in commercial agreements. It emphasises the critical need for tax-conscious drafting of contracts to mitigate risks arising from GST and other indirect tax implications. The author highlights practical scenarios where inadequate tax consideration in contracts can lead to disputes, financial exposure, and compliance challenges. Key topics include tax indemnity clauses, price escalation provisions, GST treatment on supplies, and impact on warranties. The article argues that proactive engagement between legal and finance teams during contract drafting is essential to align commercial objectives with tax compliance. By integrating tax considerations into contracts, businesses can ensure greater certainty, minimize litigation, and achieve smoother operational execution in the GST regime.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the modern global economy, the structuring of commercial contracts goes far beyond a simple agreement to buy and sell goods or services. Contracts today are complex instruments that balance a range of legal, financial, and regulatory risks. One of the most critical yet often underestimated components of this balancing act involves taxes – particularly indirect taxes, which can significantly impact the cost and execution of transactions.

Unlike direct taxes that are levied on income or profits, indirect taxes are imposed on the sale of goods and services, typically collected by intermediaries (like vendors or service providers) and remitted to tax authorities. Common forms include VAT in the UK and European Union, GST in countries like India and Australia, and sales tax in various U.S. states. These taxes are integral to government revenues and are often subject to frequent changes in rates, interpretations, and enforcement practices.

Because of their nature, indirect taxes can create ambiguity and financial exposure if not properly addressed within the contract. For instance, if a contract is silent on whether prices are inclusive or exclusive of GST, disputes can arise regarding who bears the burden of the tax. Moreover, changes in tax legislation during the term of a long-term contract can significantly alter the agreed commercial terms unless specific change in law clauses are incorporated. Therefore, contracts must include well-drafted clauses to address tax liabilities, allocate responsibilities, and ensure compliance with legal requirements.

The relationship between indirect taxes and contractual clauses is therefore not merely incidental – it is essential. Well-constructed tax clauses help parties manage uncertainties, avoid disputes, and fulfil regulatory obligations efficiently. This correlation becomes even more nuanced in cross-border transactions, where differing legal systems, tax regimes, and accounting practices can complicate matters further.

2. UNDERSTANDING INDIRECT TAXES

Indirect taxes are levies imposed by governments on the consumption of goods and services rather than on income or profits. Unlike direct taxes, such as income tax or corporate tax – that are paid directly to the government by the individual or entity, indirect taxes are collected by an intermediary (usually a seller or service provider) and passed on to the government. The burden of the tax ultimately falls on the final consumer, making indirect taxes a form of consumption-based taxation.

Some of the most common types of indirect taxes include:

  •  Value Added Tax (VAT): A multi-stage tax levied at each point of production or distribution based on the value added at each stage. Common in the EU, UK, and many other regions.
  •  Goods and Services Tax (GST): Similar to VAT, GST is a comprehensive indirect tax levied on the manufacture, sale, and consumption of goods and services, used in countries like India, Canada, and Australia.
  •  Sales Tax: A single-stage tax levied at the point of sale to the end consumer, prevalent in many U.S. states.
  •  Excise Duties: Levied on specific goods such as alcohol, tobacco, and fuel, usually at the manufacturing stage.
  •  Customs Duties: Taxes on the import and export of goods across borders.

Given that indirect taxes apply to the supply of goods and services, they directly affect the commercial value and cost of a transaction and, therefore, the economics of business. If not properly accounted for in a contract, these taxes can lead to, amongst others, the following anomalies:

  •  Unexpected Financial Liabilities: A party may end up bearing tax liabilities it did not anticipate, reducing profitability.
  • Pricing Disputes: If a contract does not specify whether prices are inclusive or exclusive of tax, it can result in litigation or renegotiation.
  • Regulatory Penalties: Failure to collect or remit taxes correctly can lead to fines, interest, and reputational damage.
  • Cash Flow Issues: VAT and GST systems often involve complex mechanisms for input tax credits and refunds, which can affect working capital.

Indirect tax laws are subject to frequent changes due to policy updates, budget amendments, and evolving interpretations by tax authorities and courts. For example, the transition from a fragmented indirect tax regime to a unified GST in India in 2017 fundamentally altered how businesses structure their contracts. Similarly, Brexit led to significant changes in VAT compliance and customs procedures for UK-based businesses.

In this context, it becomes essential for parties to foresee and prepare for such changes through robust contractual clauses. Contracts must evolve to reflect not only current tax law but also accommodate future changes that might impact tax liability, compliance obligations, or economic outcomes.

3. ROLE OF CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES IN COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS

Contracts are the bedrock of commercial relationships, outlining the rights, duties, and obligations of parties engaging in transactions. Within these agreements, contractual clauses serve as the legal architecture that gives the contract enforceability, clarity, and resilience in the face of ambiguity or change. In the context of tax – particularly indirect tax – clauses ensure that the economic intent of the parties is preserved, and legal compliance is maintained.

Every clause in a commercial contract is designed to serve a specific purpose: to allocate risk, define performance obligations, regulate payment terms, establish remedies, or comply with legal requirements. When it comes to taxes, these clauses address who bears the tax burden, how the tax is calculated and reported, and what happens if the tax regime changes during the contract term. Some important clauses are discussed later in this article.

From an indirect tax perspective certain industries or transaction types necessitate heightened sensitivity to tax implications in their contract drafting. Some key components typically found in such contracts include:

  •  Pricing and Payment Terms: Detailed provisions clarifying whether the contract price includes indirect taxes. For example: “All amounts payable under this Agreement are exclusive of Customs Duty, which shall be payable in addition by the Customer.”
  • Invoicing Obligations: The contract may require invoices to comply with local tax legislation, particularly in VAT or GST regimes where incorrect invoicing can prevent flow of input tax credits.
  • Registration and Compliance Warranties: One party may warrant that it is properly registered for VAT or GST in the relevant jurisdiction, and that it will comply with all related obligations.
  • Classification of supply: In case of GST transactions, as an example, it would be important to ascertain if the supply is of goods or services, or composite / mixed supply. It would equally be important to provide for the time, value and place of supply.
  • Applicability of Exemptions, if any: In large number of projects, especially ones that are under the PPP model, exemptions are granted to help control costs. In these cases it will be imperative to identify such benefits.
  • Indemnity Clauses: Provide for indemnification if one party fails to comply with its tax obligations or compliance, resulting in loss or penalty for the other party.
  • Audit and Record-Keeping Clauses: Include obligations to maintain tax-related documentation and cooperate during tax audits or investigations.

These components help ensure the contract is enforceable, tax-efficient, and resilient to disputes or policy changes.

From a legal perspective, a contract that lacks clarity on indirect taxes can be deemed ambiguous or even unenforceable in parts. Courts and tribunals often have to interpret tax-related clauses when disputes arise, and they typically look to the commercial intent, the jurisdiction’s tax laws, and common practices in the relevant industry.

From a commercial standpoint, tax clauses directly affect the net economic outcome of a deal. A supplier expecting a GST-exclusive price who is paid a GST-inclusive price may suffer a loss equal to the tax amount. Conversely, a customer who assumes prices are tax-inclusive may end up bearing an unexpected liability.

Ambiguous or missing tax clauses can also delay transactions, lead to non-compliance, or create reputational risks – especially in regulated sectors such as healthcare, finance, and public procurement.

It is common place for parties to a contract to negotiate the tax implication such that the burden is passed on to the counter party. This is because of multiple reasons, least amongst them being the economic implications. Largely, the fact that there will be an economic implication of tax is known to both sides and unless a tax efficient structure is possible parties are resigned to the fact that payment of tax is a foregone conclusion. What the parties are, however, averse to is taking the responsibility of payment and the related compliance. The last one being a thorn in the flesh. It is a responsibility every party wants to shrug off, given the consequences of non-compliance. While there is a cost attached to compliance, non-adherence, howsoever small can have grave penal implications.

Legal and commercial drafters are becoming increasingly proactive in addressing tax considerations during contract negotiation. This shift is driven by the fact that cross-border transactions require precise identification of which party bears which tax obligation and in which jurisdiction. In today’s world, online services trigger tax liabilities in multiple jurisdictions, necessitating detailed clauses. Lastly, tax authorities worldwide scrutinize indirect tax compliance more closely, often holding both parties accountable.

As a result, tax clauses have evolved from boilerplate language to carefully negotiated terms that reflect the real-world tax position and risk appetite of the parties involved. These clauses ensure legal clarity and commercial fairness. Their proper drafting requires not only legal knowledge but also tax expertise, industry insight, and strategic foresight.

4. INTERLINKAGES BETWEEN INDIRECT TAXES AND CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES

The relationship between indirect taxes and contractual clauses is neither incidental nor theoretical – it is an essential aspect of transactional planning and risk management. It is thus worth examining how specific contractual provisions correlate directly with the presence of indirect taxes in commercial arrangements. These clauses are instrumental in avoiding disputes, allocating risk, and ensuring tax compliance.

4.1 Tax Allocation Clauses

These are the starting point of clauses on tax and specify whether prices quoted in a contract are inclusive or exclusive of indirect taxes. They also clarify which party is responsible for paying those taxes to the relevant authorities. Ambiguity over tax inclusivity can result in costly misunderstandings. For instance, if a price is stated without reference to VAT and tax authorities determine it to be inclusive, the supplier may have to remit VAT out of the contracted price, thereby reducing their net revenue. This leads to increased risk of dispute over who has to bear the burden.

4.2 Gross-Up Clauses

A gross-up clause is used when tax deductions or withholdings are legally required and the contract seeks to ensure the receiving party still obtains the full intended payment. This is especially important in cross-border or highly regulated environments where tax laws may require the payer to withhold a portion of the payment. Without gross-up protection, the recipient could receive significantly less than agreed. This would lead to disputes over net vs. gross payment expectations and thus breach of contract allegations.

4.3 Change in Law Clauses

These clauses provide for adjustments to the contract in the event that tax laws or regulations change during the contract term, altering the economic balance. Indirect taxes are subject to frequent legislative changes. In long-term or high-value contracts, such changes can materially affect costs. Without this clause, the burden of new tax obligations may fall unfairly on one party leading to erosion of profit margins. This can lead to request for renegotiation. The recent implementation of GST laws in India has led to a proliferation in disputes around change in law clauses. Changes in output taxes can lead to imposition of additional burden when read with tax allocation clauses. Changes in input taxes can lead to disputes around what constitutes cost and whether benefit of previously unavailable Input Tax Credit ought to be passed through.

4.4 Tax Compliance and Documentation Clauses

These clauses impose obligations on the parties to ensure compliance with relevant tax laws, including proper invoicing, tax registration, and provision of documents. Input tax credits and refund claims in VAT / GST systems are often contingent upon proper documentation. Errors or omissions in tax invoices can result in denial of tax credits, exposure to tax audits and penalties.

4.5 Place of Supply and Jurisdictional Clauses

These clauses help determine where the supply of goods or services is deemed to occur, which directly affects which jurisdiction’s tax laws apply. Place of supply rules are critical in VAT and GST systems to identify which country has taxing rights. This is particularly relevant in cross-border transactions involving services or digital products. If not properly addressed parties risk double taxation or non-taxation and compliance difficulties.

4.6 Indemnity and Liability Clauses for Tax Exposure

These clauses shift the risk of tax-related loss or liability from one party to another in cases of non-compliance, error, or negligence. Tax penalties can be substantial, especially if the non-compliance spans multiple transactions or years. Indemnity clauses offer financial protection and can deter negligence. If not properly addressed, a party that suffers loss due to counter party’s error is then left remediless, leading to protracted disputes and uncalled for damage to commercial relationship. It is often advisable for the affected party to take control of the tax litigation in order to ensure minimal loss.

Contractual clauses serve as the legal interface between indirect tax laws and the commercial expectations of contracting parties. Without robust clauses addressing indirect tax issues, even well-intentioned agreements can become legally and financially precarious. The interlinkages described above are not theoretical constructs – they are tested in practice across industries and jurisdictions every day. As such, careful drafting, review, and negotiation of these clauses are essential to safeguarding the commercial integrity of a contract.

5. INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

The impact of indirect taxes is not uniform across all sectors. Industry-specific business models, regulatory requirements, and transaction structures influence how contracts are drafted to address indirect taxes. This section explores how three major sectors –construction and infrastructure, IT and software services, and international trade – embed indirect tax considerations in their contractual frameworks.

5.1 Construction and Infrastructure Projects

Construction and infrastructure contracts often involve large sums, multi-year timelines, multiple subcontractors, and deliveries across different jurisdictions. These factors make them highly sensitive to changes in tax laws, especially VAT, GST and Customs. The typical clauses in infrastructure contracts are:-

  • Price Clause (Inclusive vs. Exclusive): Given the large values involved, contractors often specify that prices are exclusive of indirect taxes. Employers on the other hand prefer tax inclusive clauses which can lead to severe disputes especially in change of law scenarios. Also, in government tenders, if the pricing at the time of bidding is all inclusive lumpsum, the unavailability of break-up of the tax component in the bid price leads to disputes.
  • Change in Law Clause: Essential to account for changes in tax rates or introduction of new levies during long-term contracts. It is often observed that change in rate of an existing levy is not classified as a change in law which can have critical financial impact.
  • Withholding and Gross-Up Provisions: Particularly relevant where international contractors are involved.
  • Input Tax Credit Flow: Contracts often include obligations to ensure proper invoicing so that the principal contractor can claim input tax credits.

As an example, in India, under GST, “works contracts” are treated as service supplies, even if they involve goods. Therefore, contracts must ensure GST registration of all parties, invoicing that is compliant with law, clear apportionment of tax obligations and liabilities in contract schedules and a clause that enables seamless transfer of input tax credits between subcontractors and main contractors.

There are also some unique issues that are caused by the interplay of project scheduling, taxation and warranty clauses. In the case of a gradually reducing procurement exemption, if the project is delayed for no fault of the contractor, the loss of tax benefit by delaying the procurement has to be weighed against the warranty obligation which increases as the warranty period only kicks in upon commissioning of the procured goods.

5.2 Information Technology and Software Services

IT and software contracts often involve cross-border services, digital supply of software and cloud computing, varying definitions of taxable services and place of supply. All of these complexities require precision in contract drafting to avoid indirect tax pitfalls. It is common place to find the following clauses in any IT/Software services agreement:

  •  Jurisdiction and Place of Supply Clause: One of the most contentious clauses. It establishes where the services are deemed to be supplied, affecting VAT or GST applicability.
  • Tax Compliance Warranties: Vendors often warrant that they are registered in relevant tax jurisdictions.
  • Reverse Charge Provisions: Some jurisdictions (e.g., EU) require the customer to self-account for VAT under reverse charge mechanisms.

In India, in case of domestic supply of software as a service (SaaS) the place of supply is location of the recipient and the B2B customers can claim input tax credit. On the other hand in case of export of services the supply is zero – rated and the exporter can either chose of pay IGST and claim a refund or export without payment of IGST under letter of undertaking (LUT) and claim a refund of input tax credit.
If the above features are not inbuilt into the contract it can lead to tenacious results qua the party that bears the burden of tax.

5.3 International Trade and Cross-Border Transactions

Import and export transactions typically involve customs duties, import VAT, and potentially destination-based VAT or GST. The complexity increases when multiple jurisdictions and third-party logistics providers are involved. Some key contractual terms that may have a bearing on indirect taxes are:

  •  Delivery Terms (Incoterms): Incoterms like DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) or FOB (Free on Board) directly affect tax responsibility.
  • Customs and Duties Allocation Clauses: These determine who pays for duties, tariffs, and import VAT.
  • Tax Representation and Documentation Clauses: Require the exporter or importer to provide customs-compliant invoices and declarations.
  • Tax Indemnities: Common in agency or distribution agreements to protect parties from unexpected liabilities arising from misclassification or valuation errors.

Further as an example, under DDP, the seller bears all tax responsibilities at the destination. If not carefully drafted, the seller may unknowingly assume a large tax burden and face registration requirements in the destination country.

Each industry presents unique challenges in relation to indirect taxes, and accordingly, contractual clauses are tailored to meet those specific needs. Construction contracts focus on long-term stability and compliance across stakeholders; IT contracts emphasize jurisdictional rules and digital tax treatment; and international trade contracts revolve around customs, VAT, and Incoterms.

The effectiveness of tax clauses in each sector depends on sector-specific risks, regulatory scrutiny, and the evolving global tax landscape.

6. JURISDICTIONAL VARIATIONS AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

Indirect tax systems vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another, creating both legal and practical implications for how contractual clauses are drafted and interpreted. While the underlying objective of such clauses—risk mitigation and tax compliance—remains the same globally, the way they are applied depends on local laws, judicial precedents, and administrative practices. This section explores key jurisdictional variations, including the European Union (VAT), the United States (sales tax), and India (GST), along with the broader legal framework that governs tax clauses.

6.1 European Union: VAT Framework

Overview

The EU operates a harmonized VAT system across its member states, governed by the EU VAT Directive. While the framework provides broad consistency, individual member states retain discretion over rates, exemptions, and enforcement mechanisms.

6.1.1 Implications for Contracts

  •  Place of Supply Rules: These determine where VAT is due. Contracts involving services or digital goods must include clear place-of-supply clauses.
  • Reverse Charge Mechanism: Common in B2B transactions. Contracts must specify when the customer is responsible for accounting for VAT.
  • VAT Registration Requirements: A business may need to register in multiple EU countries if it supplies services or goods beyond thresholds.

6.1.2 Legal Considerations

  •  Courts in the EU often emphasize substance over form. Even a technically non-compliant clause may be upheld if the intent aligns with EU VAT principles.
  • Contracts that fail to clearly allocate VAT responsibilities can lead to tax authority audits and denial of input tax credit.

6.2 United States: Sales Tax Regime

6.2.1 Overview

The U.S. does not have a national VAT or GST system. Instead, sales tax, which is a tax on a consumer spend, is imposed at the state level (and sometimes local levels), with significant variation in rates, exemptions, and nexus rules. Additionally, there is also a complementary use tax, which is a tax imposed on use of goods that were purchased in a different jurisdiction without payment of sales tax because the vendor concerned did not charge it at the point of sale since he/she did not have enough presence either physical or economic within the concerned state.

6.2.2 Implications for Contracts

  •  Nexus Clauses: A business must collect sales tax in a state where it has “nexus” (a sufficient business presence). Contracts often include clauses allocating responsibility for determining nexus.
  • Exemption Certificates: Contracts should address which party is responsible for obtaining and providing exemption documentation.
  • Tax Indemnity Provisions: These are common to protect parties from unforeseen sales tax liabilities due to misclassification or non-collection.

The U.S. Supreme Court in South Dakota vs. Wayfair Inc., et. al. No. (17-494) decided on 21st June 2018, fundamentally altered the manner in which the states could collect sales tax from online retailers. It did away with the requirement, which needed a physical presence in the state for collecting tax. It allowed states to impose sales tax on out-of-state sellers with “economic nexus.” As a result contracts increasingly include economic nexus assessments and sellers may require indemnities for changes in sales tax laws that impose new compliance burdens.

6.3 India: Goods and Services Tax (GST)

6.3.1 Overview

India introduced a comprehensive GST regime in 2017, replacing a patchwork of state and central indirect taxes. GST is a dual tax (Central GST and State GST), and place-of-supply rules determine the tax structure.

6.3.2 Implications for Contracts

  •  GST-Compliant Invoicing: Contracts must require vendors to issue GST-compliant invoices to enable input tax credit claims.
  •  Change in Law Clauses: These are critical due to frequent GST rate updates and changes in classification.
  •  Input Tax Credit Flow: Contracts in sectors like construction often allocate responsibility for ensuring proper tax credit claims across subcontractors and vendors.

6.3.3 Judicial Trends

Indian courts have emphasized the contractual intention of parties in tax matters. For instance, if a contract explicitly states that the buyer is responsible for GST, courts have upheld this despite contrary administrative interpretations.

6.4 International and Cross-Border Transactions

6.4.1 OECD Guidelines

The OECD’s International VAT/GST Guidelines are widely referenced in cross-border services and e-commerce contracts, especially in countries without detailed laws on digital services taxation.

Contracts that involve digital goods or services across borders should:

  •  Identify the place of consumption;
  •  Specify the party responsible for VAT registration and payment;
  •  Include dispute resolution mechanisms aligned with international standards.

6.4.2 Free Trade Agreements and Tax Treaties

While tax treaties primarily deal with direct taxes, some free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions include clauses affecting indirect taxes such as tariffs and VAT exemptions. Contracts must be aligned with the rules of origin and valuation criteria defined in such agreements.

6.5 Legal Interpretation and Enforceability

In most jurisdictions, courts aim to uphold the intent of the parties unless a clause contravenes mandatory tax law. Courts typically consider whether the tax allocation clause was clearly worded; if and whether the parties had equal bargaining power; and whether the clause is consistent with public policy and statutory provisions.

Generic or boilerplate tax clauses may not withstand legal scrutiny, especially in multi-jurisdictional contracts. Increasingly, clients are favouring bespoke clauses tailored to the specifics of the transaction and the applicable tax laws.

From the above it is apparent that jurisdictional differences in indirect tax systems necessitate a customised approach to contract drafting. In the EU, the focus is on VAT compliance and place of supply; in the U.S., it’s on nexus and sales tax collection; in India, it’s on GST credit chains and rate changes. Cross-border contracts require additional diligence, including the application of OECD guidelines and alignment with international tax principles.

Understanding these differences is essential not only for legal professionals but also for tax advisors, contract managers, and commercial decision-makers. As global trade becomes more complex, the role of indirect tax clauses in ensuring legal compliance and commercial efficiency will only increase.

Drafting contractual clauses that effectively address indirect tax issues is a nuanced and often complex task. While tax obligations are generally governed by statute, the way these obligations are distributed between contracting parties is largely a matter of private negotiation. This section outlines the key challenges faced in practice and proposes best practices for drafting tax-resilient contracts.

7. COMMON CHALLENGES IN CONTRACTING FOR INDIRECT TAXES AND THE SOLUTION

One of the most frequent issues in tax-related contract clauses is the use of vague language or the failure to address tax at all. For example, stating that “all applicable taxes will be paid by the buyer” may not clearly allocate indirect tax liability if both parties are unsure whether VAT applies.

Indirect tax laws are among the most frequently amended. Contracts that do not contain change in law clauses risk becoming outdated quickly, exposing parties to unforeseen liabilities or compliance burdens. Many contracts reuse generic tax clauses without tailoring them to the specifics of the transaction or jurisdiction. This is particularly problematic in cross-border deals where tax treatments may differ significantly. Sometimes, legal and finance teams fail to coordinate adequately. This can lead to clauses that are legally correct but practically unworkable, for example, requiring tax documentation that the vendor’s billing system cannot generate.

Equally, in complex agreements with multiple annexures, exhibits, and schedules, tax provisions may be inconsistent. For example, the main agreement may state that prices are tax-exclusive, while a pricing schedule includes VAT.

Last and never the least, in the absence of a clear mechanism for handling disagreements over tax liabilities, parties may end up in prolonged legal disputes or face regulatory penalties during audits.

Bearing the above issues in mind, it cannot be gainsaid that precision is critical in tax clauses. It is better to specify whether prices are inclusive or exclusive of tax, and name the specific taxes rather than keeping it open-ended. it is also important to ensure the clause is consistent with the tax laws of the jurisdiction governing the transaction. Where multiple jurisdictions are involved, one must specify the applicable tax rules and place of supply.

A robust clause should define what qualifies as a change in law and provide mechanisms for revising prices or renegotiating terms. Different industries face different tax risks. For example, construction contracts should address GST input credit chains. Ensure that tax, legal, procurement, and finance teams review contracts collaboratively. Legal drafters should understand the practical implications of clauses, and finance teams should understand the legal language.

Where international supply is involved, address customs duties, import/export VAT, and tax registration requirements. Use well-drafted Incoterms clauses and consider local tax representation requirements. A clause for retention of documents for tax audit, exemptions and input tax claims etc. purposes ought to be included.

Indemnity clauses are useful, but should be clearly scoped and proportionate to the risk. Overly broad indemnities can discourage vendors from engaging or raise insurance costs. Thus a clause that is clear and comprehensive, covers a broad range of indirect taxes, includes a mechanism for adjusting terms due to law changes and helps preserve the commercial intent of the agreement needs to be incorporated.

8. CONCLUSION

While indirect taxes are external statutory obligations, their impact on commercial transactions is internalized through the contract. The effectiveness of a contract in managing indirect tax risk hinges on the clarity, relevance, and foresight embedded in its clauses. Many of the challenges faced by businesses today arise not from tax laws themselves, but from contracts that fail to address these laws properly.

The global tax environment is in a constant state of flux. Trends such as digitalisation, increased cross-border trade, and growing scrutiny by tax authorities are raising the stakes for effective indirect tax management. Concurrently, international bodies like the OECD are promoting harmonization efforts, and national governments are tightening indirect tax compliance regimes.

Contracts will increasingly serve as vital tools for navigating this complexity. Practitioners must therefore remain vigilant, continuously updating contractual frameworks to reflect legal developments and business realities. Understanding the correlation between indirect taxes and contractual clauses is not merely an academic exercise—it is a practical necessity. Well-drafted tax clauses safeguard business revenues, maintain regulatory compliance, and support sustainable commercial relationships.

As taxation systems grow more sophisticated and interconnected, the importance of integrating tax considerations into contracts will only deepen. This integration requires a multidisciplinary approach, blending legal expertise, tax knowledge, and commercial acumen.

Company Law

10. In the Matter of

CHALASANI HOSPITALS PRIVATE LIMITED Before the Regional Director, South East Region Appeal Order No. F. No:9/03/ADJ/SEC.42(9) of 2013/ROC(AP)/RD(SER)/2025

Date of Order: 4th June, 2025

Appeal under Section 454(5) of the Companies Act 2013 (CA 2013) against order passed for offences committed under Section 42(9) of CA 2013

FACTS

This was an appeal filed under section 454(5) of the Companies Act, 2013 by the above appellants against the adjudication order dated 24.02.2025 under section 454 read with section 42(9) of the Companies Act, 2013 passed by the Registrar of Companies, Andhra Pradesh for default in compliance with the requirements of Section 42(9) of CA 2013.

Registrar of Companies in his order of adjudication has stated that there is a delay in filing the return of allotment within prescribed period from the date of allotment. Hence, the penalty is imposed as per Section 42(9) of the Companies Act, 2013.

ROC, Andhra Pradesh had issued an e-adjudication notice and imposed a penalty vide their adjudication order dated 24.02.2025 levying a penalty of ₹1,80,000/- on Company and ₹1,80,000/- each on its defaulting officers, namely 3 directors (total aggregating to ₹5,40,000).

EXTRACT FROM THE RELATED PROVISIONS OF THE ACT IN BRIEF:

Section 42:
(9) If a company defaults in filing the return of allotment within the period prescribed under sub-section (8), the company, its promoters and directors shall be liable to a penalty for each default of one thousand rupees for each day during which such default continues but not exceeding twenty-five lakh rupees.

FINDINGS AND ORDER

The Authorised Representative of the appellant stated that the company was required to file the form in January, 2023 but could file it only in July, 2023 due to issues in the portal. Appellant has provided copy of General Circular No.4/2023 dated 21.02.2023 issued by Ministry of Corporate of Affairs extending the time for filing PAS-03 e-form till 31.03.2023.

In view of the circular produced during the hearing, the delay caused in filing the forms during the period of January to March 2023, is not to be considered for the purpose of delay. The period of delay is thus to be counted from 1st April, 2023 to 4th July, 2023 i.e., 95 days. The order of the Adjudicating Officer was modified reducing the penalty in accordance of the period of delay at ₹1,000/- for each day of default.

The penalty was modified to an amount of ₹95,000/- for the company and ₹95,000/- for each director who were directors/promotors in default (total aggregating to ₹2,85,000/-, reduced from ₹5,40,000/-)

11. In the Matter of M/s TILAK PROFICIENT NIDHI LIMITED

Before the Registrar of Companies, Patna

Adjudication Order No. ROC/PAT/Sec. l58/140806/218 to 225

Date of Order: 30th May, 2025

Adjudication Order for violation with regards to non-mentioning of Director Identification Number (DIN) on the signed financial statements filed in e-form with ROC amounting to violation of provisions of the Section 158 of the Companies Act, 2013 and for which penalty under Section 172 of the Companies Act, 2013 was imposed.

FACTS

The Registrar of Companies (RoC), acting as the Adjudicating Officer (AO), observed that M/s TPNL filed e-forms containing financial statements for the fiscal years ending from 31st March 2015 to 31st March 2019 without including the Director Identification Numbers (DINs) under the respective signatures of the directors. This omission constitutes a violation of Section 158 of the Companies Act, 2013, which mandates the inclusion of DINs in all returns, information, or particulars related to directors.

Subsequently, the RoC / AO issued a Show Cause Notice (SCN) to M/s TPNL and its directors. One of the ex directors, Mr. C.K. submitted a reply and requested that the hearing be scheduled. Accordingly, a hearing was convened. On the date of the hearing, two directors of M/s TPNL, Mr. P.P. and Mr. S.B. appeared before the Adjudicating Officer. However, they made no submissions regarding the alleged non compliance with Section 158 of the Companies Act, 2013.

PROVISIONS

Section 158: “Every person or company, while furnishing any return, information or particulars as are required to be furnished under this Act, shall mention the Director Identification Number in such return, information or particulars in case such return, information or particulars relate to the director or contain any reference of any director.”

Penalty section for non-compliance / default if any

Section 172: “If a company is in default in complying with any of the provisions of this Chapter and for which no specific penalty or punishment is provided therein, the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of fifty thousand rupees, and in case of continuing failure, with a further penalty of five hundred rupees for each day during which such failure continues, subject to a maximum of three lakh rupees in case of a company and one lakh rupees in case of an officer who is in default.”

ORDER

The AO, after having considered the facts and circumstances of the case concluded that the M/s TPNL and its directors were liable for penalty as prescribed under section 172 of the Companies Act 2013 for default made in complying with the requirements of Section 158 of the Companies Act, 2013. Hence, the AO imposed an aggregated penalty of ₹10,00,000/- (Rupees Ten Lakhs Only) the breakup of which was ₹2,50,000/- on M/s TPNL and total of ₹7,50,000/- on the respective 6 (Six) directors in default for the respective financial years in which they had signed the Financial Statements of M/s TPNL

Point Of Taxability of Dividend, Interest, Royalties & FTS Income of Non-Residents Under Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA)

ISSUE FOR CONSIDERATION

Section 90(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (“IT Act”) provides that the Central Government may enter into an agreement with the government of any country outside India or any specified territory outside India for the granting of relief in respect of:

a) income on which taxes have been paid both in India and that country/territory,

b) income-tax chargeable under the IT Act and under the corresponding law in force in that country/territory, where the agreement is for:

i) the avoidance of double taxation of income under the IT Act and under the corresponding law in force in that country/territory, or

ii) exchange of information for the prevention of evasion or avoidance of income-tax, and for recovery of income-tax under the IT Act.

Section 90(2) of the IT Act provides that, an assessee can choose to apply the provisions of the DTAA or the IT Act, whichever is more beneficial.

Section 9 of the IT Act deems certain income to accrue or arise in India. Such income includes, inter alia, dividend, interest, royalties and fees for technical services (“FTS”) payable by a resident of India to a non-resident (clauses (iv), (v), (vi) and (vii)), subject to certain exceptions specified in those clauses.

In almost all the DTAAs that India has entered into with other countries, there are clauses pertaining to taxation of dividend, interest, royalties and FTS. Typically, these clauses provide that the dividend, interest, royalty or FTS paid by a resident of one State (country) to a resident of the other State would be taxable in the source country and also provide the maximum rate of tax to be paid in the source country. The Article of the DTAA that deals with the treatment of Interest usually reads as “interest paid by a resident of a contracting state to a resident of another contracting state”, with similar language employed in DTAA for dividend and royalties and FTS Articles.

A controversy has arisen before the courts and the tribunal about the true meaning of the term “paid” used in these articles of DTAAs i.e. whether such interest, royalties and FTS would be taxable as income of the non-residents only on actual payment to the non-residents, or whether the term ‘paid’ used in the DTAA covers such income even where the same is yet payable and therefore does not alter the point of taxation of such income. In other words, such income can be taxed once it is payable. Since such payments are governed by the requirement to deduct tax at source (“TDS”), a corollary issue has also come up whether the payer can be treated as an assessee-in-default for not deducting TDS at the time of credit, and whether the expenditure in respect of such interest, royalties and FTS can be disallowed in the hands of the payer under section 40(a)(i) for non-deduction of TDS.

While the Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Ahmedabad benches of the Tribunal have held that such amounts are taxable as income of the non-residents only on actual payment, the Bangalore bench of the Tribunal has held that such income of the non-resident can be taxed on accrual, i.e. even where it is payable and not paid. In the context of the issues of TDS and the allowance of expenditure, it has been held that in most cases that TDS is deductible only on actual payment, while the Bangalore Tribunal has held that TDS is deductible on credit.

JOHNSON & JOHNSON’S CASE

The issue came up before the Mumbai bench of the Tribunal in the case of Johnson & Johnson vs. ADIT 60 SOT 109.

In this case, the assessee was a tax resident of the USA deriving income from royalty, and claiming the benefit of the India-USA DTAA. It filed its return for AY 2004-05 offering income of ₹7,16,69,537 to tax and paid tax thereon at 15%. The assessment was completed u/s. 143(3) accepting the returned income and tax thereon at 15%.

A notice u/s 148 was issued proposing reassessment on the ground that its Indian subsidiaries had credited an amount of ₹52,07,53,780 to its account during the year ended 31st March 2004 as royalty, and the assessee had offered only ₹7,16,69,537 to tax. Therefore, according to the notice, an amount of ₹44,90,84,243 had escaped assessment. It was also proposed to levy tax at the rate of 20%, instead of 15% adopted in the assessment.

In its reply to the notice u/s 148, inter alia, the assessee (a US company) pointed out that it had consistently been following the cash method of accounting for more than 13 years, and that this had been accepted by the Commissioner (Appeals) in an appeal for an earlier year. The Indian subsidiaries followed the mercantile system of accounting as required by the Companies Act, 1956. The amount accrued had actually been paid to it in the years ending March 2006 and March 2007. Besides, the amount mentioned in the notices was incorrect, as only ₹38,48,76,032 had been credited to its account in the books of its subsidiaries during the year, as was evident from the Transfer Pricing report in Form 3CEB.

The AO brought to tax the entire amount of ₹52,07,53,780 on the ground that no documentary evidence had been filed, and that the TDS certificates had mentioned this amount which was the reason for the addition. The DRP rejected the objections of the company without considering the merits of the issues.

Before the Tribunal, on behalf of the assessee, the issues raised included the jurisdiction, the legality of bringing to tax the entire royalty income, provisions of DTAA, mistake in AO’s order in considering the entire amount as accrued ignoring assessee’s contention of amount not received during the year, not giving credit of tax deducted at source and levy of interest, etc. The assessee contended that it was offering income on receipt basis consistently over the last so many years, based on the DTAA between India and the USA.

On behalf of the revenue, reliance was placed on the order of the AO and the principles relied upon by the AO on legality of reopening and reason for taxing the income on accrued basis. It was also submitted that an anomalous situation might arise when an assessee did not offer income and the deductors would not deduct tax at source as the amount was not taxable, and provisions of the Act could become inoperable.

The Tribunal noted that the assessee had filed all the TDS certificates along with the return and claimed credit of TDS only to the extent attributable to income offered to tax. The Tribunal observed that the AO in the scrutiny assessment u/s 143(3) had stated that the issue of Royalty was referred to TPO and TPO u/s 92CA(3) had not made any adjustment to the Arms Length Price. AO also left a note regarding the tax levied as per DTAA.

Interestingly, by the time assessment u/s 143(3) was passed by the AO for AY 2004-05, the CIT(A) had already decided a similar issue in AY 2003-04. In that year, the assessee had shown royalty of ₹24,66,34,994, whereas the TPO had fixed royalty income at ₹26,53,07,141, because in the audit report in Form No.3CEB, the amount reported was ₹26,53,07,141. The CIT(A) accepted that the royalty was taxable as per the cash method of accounting consistently followed by the assessee.

The Tribunal therefore observed the following facts:

a. Assessee was following cash system of accounting

b. The TDS was deducted at the same rate upon crediting to the account of assessee by the deductors.

c. The Royalty income was being offered on receipt and TDS to that extent only was claimed.

d. There was no escapement of income as income, as and when received, was being offered by assessee in that year.

e. Assessee’s consistent practice was according to the provisions of law and accepted up to AY 2003-04, even before reopening of the assessment in the year before it.

In assessment proceedings, clarification had been sought from the assessee regarding the claim of TDS when income was being offered to tax on cash basis, which had been accepted by the AO.

The Tribunal noted the provisions of Article 12 of the India-USA DTAA, which provided as under:

“ARTICLE 12

Royalties and fees for included services – 1. Royalties and fees for included services arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such royalties and fees for included services may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the royalties or fees for included services is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed …

The definition of Royalties, vide Article 12(3) was as under:

“3. The term “royalties” as used in this Article means:

(a) Payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of or the right to use, any copyright of a literary, artistic, or scientific work, including cinematograph films or work on film, tape or other means of reproduction for use in connection with ratio or television broadcasting, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience, including gains derived from the alienation of any such right or property which are contingent on the productivity, use or disposition thereof; and

(b) Payments of any kind received as consideration for the use of or the right to use, any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, other than payments derived by an enterprise described in paragraph 1 of Article 8 (Shipping and Air Transport) from activities described in paragraph 2(c) or 3 of Article 8″.

The Tribunal noted that, as could be seen from the above, the words used in Article 12(1) was “paid to a resident of the other contracting state”. The term royalties also meant “payment of any kind received”. Since the word used in the DTAA was ‘paid’ or ‘received’, the assessee’s contention that amounts could not be taxed on accrual basis was correct. As per the Tribunal, this interpretation was also supported by the decision of the Hon’ble Bombay High Court in the case of DIT (IT) vs. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft ITA no 124 of 2010 dt.22.10.12 wherein the Hon’ble Bombay High Court on a question as follows:

“Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in law in holding that the Royalty and fees for technical services should be taxed on receipt basis without appreciating the fact that the Hon’ble Supreme Court has held in the case of Standard Triumph Motors Private Limited v. CIT 201 ITR 391 that the credit entry to the account of assessee non-resident in the books of the Indian company amounted to receipt by the non-resident?” had held as under:

“As regards first question is concerned, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal referring to Para 1 to 3 under Article IIX-A of the Double Taxation Avoidance Treaty with the Federal Germany Republic as per Notification dated 26th August, 1985 held that the assessment of royalty or any fees for technical services should be made in the year in which the amounts are received and not otherwise. Counsel for the Revenue relied upon the Special Bench decision of the Tribunal in assessee’s own case, which in our opinion, has no relevance to the facts of the present case, as it relates to the period prior to the issuance of Notification dated 26th August, 1985. In this view of the matter the decision of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal in holding that the royalty and fees for technical services should be taxed on receipt basis cannot be faulted”.

The Tribunal therefore observed that there was no dispute with reference to taxation of the royalties on receipt basis in so far as a recipient who was a resident of the other contracting state, like the assessee, was concerned, as per the DTAA. On this basis and other arguments, the Tribunal held the reassessment proceedings to be bad in law and annulled the order of reassessment.

A similar view has been taken by the Tribunal in the following cases:

  1.  DCIT vs. Uhde Gmbh 54 TTJ 355 (Bom) – royalty & FTS under India-Germany DTAA
  2.  DDIT vs. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft 2009 taxmann,com 1019 (Mum) – royalty & FTS under India-Germany DTAA
  3.  Siemens Aktiengesellschaft vs. DDIT 175 taxmann.com 1012 (Mum) – royalty & FTS under India-Germany DTAA
  4. Gurgaon Investments Ltd vs. DDIT 182 ITD 424 (Mum) – interest under India-Mauritius DTAA
  5.  Pramerica ASPF II Cyprus Holding Ltd vs. DCIT 157 ITD 1177 (Mum) – interest under India -Cyprus DTAA
  6.  ABB Switzerland Ltd vs. DCIT 154 taxmann.com 132 (Bang) – Royalty & FTS under India-Switzerland DTAA
  7.  Booz Allen & Hamilton (India) Ltd & Co Kg vs. ADIT 152 TTJ 497 (Mum) – FTS under India-USA DTAA
  8.  CSC Technology Singapore Pte Ltd vs. ADIT 50 SOT 399 (Delhi) – royalty & FTS under India-Singapore DTAA
  9.  Pizza Hut International LLC vs. DDIT 54 SOT 425 (Del) – royalty under India-USA DTAA
  10.  DCIT vs. TMW ASPF i Cyprus Holding Company Ltd – interest under India-Cyprus DTAA
  11.  National Organic Chemical Industries Ltd vs. DCIT 96 TTJ 765 (Mum) – FTS under India-Switzerland DTAA in the context of deduction of TDS u/s 195
  12.  DCIT vs. Elitecore Technologies (P) Ltd 164 taxmann.com 571 (Ahd) – royalty under India-USA DTAA in the context of disallowance u/s 40(a)(i)
  13.  DCIT vs. Inzi Control India Ltd 101 taxmann.com 112 (Chennai) – royalty and FTS under India-Korea DTAA in the context of disallowance u/s 40(a)(i)
  14.  Saira Asia Interiors (P.) Ltd vs. ITO 164 ITD 687 (Ahd) – royalty under India-Italy DTAA in the context of deduction of TDS u/s 195
  15.   Sophos Technologies (P.) Ltd vs. DCIT 100 taxmann.com 374 (Ahd) – royalty under India- Russia and India-Israel DTAAs in the context of disallowance u/s 40(a)(i)

GOOGLE INDIA (P) LTD’S CASE

The same issue had again come up before the Bangalore bench of the Tribunal in the case of Google India (P) Ltd vs. ACIT 190 TTJ 409.

In this case, the assessee was a wholly owned subsidiary of a US Co, Google International, LLC. The assessee was appointed as a non-exclusive authorized distributor of Adword programs to the advertisers in India by Google Ireland, and was granted the marketing and distribution rights of Adword program to the advertisers in India. The assessee credited a sum of ₹119 crore to the account of Google Ireland without deduction of tax at source.

Proceedings were initiated u/s.201, calling upon the appellant why it should not be treated as an assessee in default for not deducting tax at source on the sum payable to Google Ireland. The AO held that the amount payable to Google Ireland was royalty, and that TDS should have been deducted on the amount credited. The AO held that u/s 9(1)(vi) of the Act, royalty was charged on accrual basis and the actual receipt of the same by the recipient was immaterial for the purpose of deduction of taxes. The AO relied upon the following judgments:

Trishla Jain vs. ITO 310 ITR 274 (Punj. & Har.),
AegKtiengesselschaft vs. IAC 48 ITD 359 (Bang.),
Allied Chemical Corpn. vs. IAC 3 ITD 418 (Bom.)(SB), and
Dana Corporation USA vs. ITO 28 ITD 185 (Bom.)

Further, the AO took the support of s. 43(2) of the I.T. Act which defines ‘paid’ as:

“(2) ‘Paid” means actually paid or incurred according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the profits or gains are computed under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;

Accordingly, the AO concluded that the meaning of the term “paid” includes amount incurred i.e. where it becomes payable.

On first appeal, the Commissioner(Appeals) decided the issues against the assessee and confirmed the withholding tax liability in the hands of the assessee, on the basis that the amount payable by the assessee to Google Ireland was in the nature of royalty under the provisions of the Act as well as under the India-Ireland DTAA. He did not adjudicate on the specific ground relating to the royalty being taxable only on payment.

Before the Tribunal, elaborate arguments were advanced on behalf of both the assessee as well as the revenue on the aspect of whether the amounts payable to Google Ireland were in the nature of royalty, and on the period of limitation u/s 201.

On behalf of the assessee, it was argued that assuming the amount payable to Google Ireland was in the nature of ‘royalty’, then in terms of Article 12 of the India-Ireland DTAA, income in the nature of royalty was chargeable to tax in the hands of the non-resident only on receipt basis. Attention was drawn to Article 12 of the India-Ireland DTAA, which read as under:

1. Royalties or fees for technical services arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

2. However, such royalties or fees for technical services may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise, and according to the laws of that State.

3. (a) The term “royalties” as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including cinematograph films or films or tapes for radio or television broadcasting any patent, trademark, design or model plan, secret formula or process or for the use of or the right to use industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, other than an aircraft or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience.

Accordingly, it was submitted that so far as taxability of Royalty was concerned, twin conditions of “arising in India” as also the “payment” are to be satisfied. Reliance was placed on the Mumbai Tribunal decision in the case of National Organic Chemical Industries Ltd (supra). Further, it was also submitted that the term ‘royalty’ in Article 12(3)(a) of the India-Ireland DTAA is defined to mean payment of any kind received as a consideration for the use or right to use copyright, patent, trademark, etc. A plain reading of the above phrase means that an amount can be characterized as royalty under the DTAA only on payment and not merely on accrual. In other words, until the amount is paid, the amount accrued or due cannot partake the character of royalty.

It was argued that even if one were to state that the point of taxation is the “arising” of the income in India, the same can be finally taxed only on the basis of the amount “paid” to the non-resident. Reliance was placed upon the Delhi Tribunal decision in the case of Pizza Hut International LLC (supra). Hence, it was submitted that mere “accrual” without “payment” would not crystallise the charge under the DTAA, irrespective of the position under the Act and accordingly Royalty should not be taxable in India.

The decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Standard Triumph Motors Co Ltd (supra) was sought to be distinguished on the ground that the decision did not take into account the provisions of the DTAA as probably none existed at that time, and that the decision of the Delhi ITAT in the case of Pizza Hut International LLC (supra) factored in the observations of the Supreme Court in the case of Standard Triumph Motors, while holding that the royalty can be considered as taxable in the hands of the recipient on a receipt basis.

Reliance was also placed on the Bombay High Court ruling in the case of Siemens Aktiengesellschaft [IT Appeal No. 124 (Bom.) of 2010, dated 22-10-2012], and the Tribunal rulings in the cases of Booz. Allen & Hamilton (India) Ltd. & Co. (supra), Johnson & Johnson (supra) and CSC Technology Singapore Pte Ltd. (supra).

It was also submitted on behalf of the assessee that the liability to withhold taxes in the hands of the payer was on payment basis and not on accrual basis. For the purpose of determining whether an amount is chargeable to tax in the hands of a non-resident, the provisions of the relevant DTAA would also need to be factored in. It was submitted that the charge under the DTAA on royalty was triggered only when the amount was paid and not when the amount was accrued or even due. Accordingly, royalty receivable by Google Ireland would be chargeable to tax under the India – Ireland DTAA only when actually received and accordingly, the liability to withhold under section 195 would arise only when the sum became chargeable in the hands of Google Ireland i.e. when the amount was paid. Reliance was placed on the Tribunal decision in the case of Saira Asia Interiors (P.) Ltd (supra).

Therefore, it was submitted that withholding liability in the hands of the assessee would arise only on payments made and not on the amounts payable to Google Ireland. Therefore, as section 195 of the Act cast an obligation on the payer to withhold tax only when the same was chargeable to tax in India, withholding of tax, if any, would be required only at the time of actual remittance and not on the credit in the books of accounts. Hence, there was no requirement for withholding of tax in the relevant years as the amounts remained unpaid during the years under consideration.

On behalf of the revenue, it was argued that when the withholding tax liability in the subject year was determined on payment basis under the DTAA, the assessee may claim in the year of receipt that the taxability in the hands of the payee would arise on accrual basis and accordingly, liability to withhold would be the year of accrual. It was argued that the provisions of section 195 has to be read along with charging provisions i.e. sections 4, 5,9 and 90 of the Act. On conjoint reading of the above provisions, it was clear that the amounts paid by the assessee to Google Ireland were chargeable under the Act on accrual basis.

If the language of the definition of royalty under the DTAA was read, the words “payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of’ had to be read together, and it would only mean the classification of the income and not the method of accounting. The assessee would be receiving amounts from IT services and IT enabled services from Google Ireland, and would pay Google Ireland for marketing and distribution services for Adword program. The assessee was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Google. In view of the close connection between Google India and Google Ireland, the payments to be received by the assessee provides IT services and IT enabled services could be adjusted towards payment towards marketing
and distribution services for Adword program. The fact that the assessee had not reflected the amounts paid to Google Ireland in the P&L account would further justify the above aspect. The words “payment of any kind received” had to be read as any mode of payment either by book adjustment/credit or actual payment.

It was further submitted on behalf of the revenue that the DTAA did not determine the method of accounting and the year of taxability in respect of parties to the agreement. What DTAA provided for was the extent of taxability of income and the percentage of the tax on the income liable for tax and the distribution of tax among the countries party to the DTAA. Hence, the language employed in defining the meaning of royalty could not be read to mean the method of accounting. The DTAA did not deal with the year of taxability or the method of accounting of either of the parties.

The only section which imposed obligation on the assessee was s. 195(1). The section obligated the assessee to deduct tax at source in respect of the income chargeable under the Act. The section did not empower the payer to examine the applicability of the DTAA to the payee. The language of section 90(2) was clear and unambiguous that the option to exercise the benefit of either the Act or the DTAA was conferred on the non-resident. Hence, at the stage of payment, without there being any indication by the recipient, the payer could not step into the shoes of recipient to exercise the option provided u/s 90(2) and claim the benefit of the DTAA. The application of DTAA was not automatic and it was only on the specific exercise of option by the recipient subject to fulfillment of certain conditions as contemplated under the DTAA. In the absence of any material or enquiry by the assessee, the assessee could not jump to the conclusion that the amount was not chargeable under the DTAA. What is to be considered at the time of payment by the assessee was only regarding the chargeability under the Act and the assessee could not be permitted to take shelter under the DTAA, as the benefit of DTAA was conferred only on the non-resident recipient.

It was further submitted on behalf of the revenue that the argument that receipt in the hands of Google Ireland was liable to be taxed on cash basis was completely baseless, for the reason that Google Ireland itself had admitted the Mercantile system of accounting being followed in its income tax returns of earlier years. If the assessee’s case was accepted that liability to deduct tax at source would arise in the year of payment as the same was taxable on receipt basis in the hands of the non-resident, in the event of the non-resident exercising the option u/s 90(2) to claim benefit of the provisions of the Act, and specifically in view of the Mercantile system of accounting being followed by the non-resident, if the non-resident claimed that the same was taxable on accrual basis u/s 4, 5 and 9, read with the specific language of section 195(1), the contention was clearly illogical and contrary to the scheme of the Act.

The Tribunal noted from the Services Agreement that payment was required to be made within 90 days after receipt of the invoice. It was abundantly clear that the distribution fees (Royalty) was payable during the year and up to final trued-up on the basis of the duly audited accounts of the assessee. There was no doubt that the payment was due and payable by the assessee to Google Ireland within the year it became due.

According to the Tribunal, the argument that the payment made by the assessee to Google Ireland was not a sum chargeable under the provisions of the Act, was not available for the payer to be raised. The necessary safeguards were provided by the Act in the form of Section 195(2), which clearly provided that in case the assessee was having any doubt about the chargeability to tax of the payment, then the assessee may make an application to the AO for the purpose of determining whether the sum was chargeable to tax or not and if yes, on what proportion. No such application was made u/s.195(2) to the AO. The assessee on its own, without having knowledge, information and privy to the accounting standard and accounting practice of Google Ireland, had treated the payment as a business profit of Google Ireland in its books of account. A uniform policy was required to be adopted for deduction of TDS by the person responsible for paying an amount to a non-resident. There was no caveat or condition laid by the Act on the person responsible for paying to non-resident. In the view of the Tribunal, whether it was business profit or royalty, in both the circumstances, so far as the assessee was concerned, the assessee was duty-bound to deduct the TDS unless there was an adjudication by the AO to the contrary u/s.195(2).

According to the Tribunal, the assessee’s argument that, under the provisions of India -Ireland DTAA, the royalty was chargeable to tax in the hands of the non-resident on receipt basis was to be rejected, as the benefit of DTAA, was only available to the non-resident and not to the resident payer. Moreover, the assessee could not claim that the royalty was chargeable to tax in the hands of the non-resident on receipt basis, as the assessee had no access to the accounting method followed by Google Ireland. Since Google Ireland was following the mercantile method of accounting and not the cash method of accounting, it should have shown the distribution fees (royalty) on accrual basis and not on receipt basis. Therefore, according to the Tribunal, the argument of chargeability of royalty in the hands of Google Ireland on receipt basis was required to be rejected.

The Tribunal also observed that the scope and ambit of DTAA as per section 90 was to grant relief from double taxation, to promote mutual economic relations, trade and investment, for exchange of information for prevention of evasion or avoidance of income-tax chargeable under this Act or in other country, or for recovery of income-tax under this Act or under corresponding laws. According to the Tribunal, the DTAA could only provide the characterisation of the income, the country where it was to be paid and at what rate the said income was to be taxed. However, in the Tribunal’s view, it was not within the scope of the DTAA to provide when (i.e. year of accrual or receipt) the income was required to be charged.

The Tribunal observed that the literal rule of interpretation was not required to be followed and instead thereof linga or lakshana principle had to be followed, i.e., the intent had to be seen and not the literal rule as pointed out by Lord Denning in his book, ‘The Discipline of Law”. If it went by the literal meaning of the DTAA, then unscrupulous persons may misuse the provision and avoid payment of taxes. To illustrate this, if A company is rendering services to B company, and B company is supplying some technology to A company, then there is a mutual obligation of paying and receiving the amount. It is possible for both A and B either to keep separate accounts for both transactions or they can indulge into adjustment of their accounts by debiting and crediting their accounts without actual payment. In such a situation, there will not be any occasion for B company to receive the actual payment from A company.

The Tribunal further observed that the income arising on account of royalty payable by resident or non-resident in respect of any right, property or information used or services utilized for the purposes of business or profession shall become due and payable as per the provisions of the IT Act, as well as under DTAA when such information is used or service is utilised by the recipient. In the case before it, the distribution fees was credited as accrued by the assessee after utilizing the benefit under the distribution agreement to the account of Google Ireland. Therefore, the same was chargeable to tax when it was credited to the account of Google Ireland and the appellant was duty-bound to deduct TDS at the time of crediting it to the account of Google Ireland. The assessee would not suffer any loss on this account if the payment was made to Google Ireland after deducting the tax. In any case if Google Ireland proved that the amount was not required to be taxed in India, then Google Ireland could claim refund in the assessment proceedings.

The Tribunal also noted that as per the mandate of Article 12(2) of the DTAA, the royalty was to be taxed in the contracting state (India) in accordance with the laws of India. The laws of India provided taxability of royalty on the basis of the accrual (mercantile method) and not on receipt (cash basis). Therefore, once clause 2 of Article 12 applied, the royalty paid by the assessee to Google Ireland was taxable as per Indian law.

The Tribunal was of the view that reliance placed by the assessee on the Delhi Tribunal decision in the case of Pizza Hut International LLC (supra) was misplaced, as, for arriving at the conclusion that the royalty is taxable on cash basis, the Delhi Bench had neither gone into the method of accounting, nor considered Article 12(2) of DTAA which provides that the royalty is taxable in accordance with the laws of India (contracting state/source country).

The Tribunal further noted the fact that the distribution fee payable to Google Ireland from December 2006 to June 2009 remained unpaid till November 2011, when an application for the remittance was made to the Reserve Bank of India, and was actually remitted only in May 2014 after receipt of the approval. According to the Tribunal, the intention of the assessee as well as of Google Ireland was clear and conspicuous that they wanted to avoid the payment of taxes in India. That is why, despite the duty of the assessee to deduct the tax at the time of payment to Google Ireland, no tax was deducted nor any permission was sought for paying the amount. If the permission for paying the amount was taken immediately after entering into the agreement, then this argument of not making the payment as late as May 2014 would not have been available to the assessee. The Tribunal was of the view that this was a clear design to skip the liability by both the assessee as well as Google Ireland through mutual understanding.

According to the Tribunal, in the case on hand, the conduct of the two parties, which were associated enterprises (AEs), clearly showed that both were trying to misuse the provision of DTAA by structuring the transaction with the intention to avoid payment of taxes, which was not permissible in law. The proviso was being abused by them as a device to defer the tax for any length of time by mutual understanding of the parties, particularly when both the parties were under an obligation to pay and receive the payment for the services rendered and for distribution fees (royalty).

The Tribunal also held that the Ahmedabad Tribunal decision in the case of Saira Asia Interiors (supra) was not applicable on the facts of the case before it, on the following grounds:

  1.  There was no mechanism available with the revenue to know whether the actual amount was paid or credited in the hand of Google Ireland or not in the Assessment years under consideration or not, or even before the lapse of time limit to deduct and deposit the tax;
  2.  The assessee had not sought permission for remittance till November 2011, though the agreement was entered into on 12 December 2005;
  3.  This was a case of collusion between the payer and payee;
  4.  When Google Ireland itself was following the mercantile method of accounting, then there was no occasion to adopt the cash method of accounting and conclude that the Royalty would trigger only on actual payment of the amount; and
  5.  The royalty paid to Google Ireland was taxable as per the IT Act, which provided for maintaining the accounts as per mercantile method as per section 145.

Lastly, the Tribunal relied upon the decision of the Bangalore bench of the Tribunal in the case of Vodafone South Ltd vs. Dy DIT (IT) 53 taxmann.com 441, where the Tribunal had held that the rights as available to the payee to defend itself in an income tax assessment proceeding are not available to the assessee as payer in equal force, and that provisions of DTAA would not automatically attract in the defense of the payer.

The Tribunal, while holding that the payments to Google Ireland constituted royalty, also held that TDS u/s 195 ought to have been deducted on accrual of the royalty.

While this order of the Tribunal has been subsequently set aside and remanded by the Karnataka High Court by its order reported as 435 ITR 284 (Kar), this was on the ground that the Tribunal had relied upon the material which was never given to the assessee in deciding that the payment constituted royalty. In subsequent decisions of the Tribunal, the amounts paid to Google Ireland have been held to be not taxable in India.

However, in a decision of the Mumbai bench of the Tribunal in the case of Ampacet Cyprus Ltd vs. Dy CIT 184 ITD 743, the Mumbai bench of the Tribunal has expressed its doubt on the interpretation of the term “paid” used in DTAAs, and as to why the definition of “paid” in section 43(2) of the IT Act should not apply. The matter was accordingly referred to a Special Bench. However, before the Special Bench heard the matter, the assessee opted to settle the dispute under the Vivad se Vishwas Scheme 2024, and the appeals were accordingly dismissed as withdrawn.

In another case, in L S Automotive India (P) Ltd vs. ACIT 162 taxmann.com 600, the Chennai Bench of the Tribunal considered the issue of disallowance u/s 40(a)(i) of interest paid to a Korean company, the Tribunal observed that since, the DTAA was silent on taxability of interest income i.e., whether on accrual basis or receipt basis, it was viewed that as per provisions of s.195, the payee was responsible for deducting tax at the time of credit or payment, whichever is earlier. However, Since the case law relied upon by the assessee was applicability of DTAA between India and Cyprus and also on payment of royalty and fee for technical services, according to the Tribunal, this issue once again needed to be examined by the AO, in light of the decision of Bombay High Court and also DTAA between India and Korea.

OBSERVATIONS

While technically the decision of the Bangalore bench of the Tribunal in Google India no longer holds good as it has been set aside by the High Court for consideration of the material that was not made available to the assessee company, the decision subject to the said infirmity would require serious consideration, as the cases that do not suffer from such infirmity may be guided by the findings on law on the subject under consideration. Also required to be examined is the correctness of the other Tribunal decisions delivered in favour of the assessees, in view of the fact that such correctness has been doubted by the Mumbai bench in Ampacet Cyprus’s case(supra) where the Tribunal observed:

“In all the coordinate bench decisions, there is no discussion whatsoever to the connotations of the expression ‘paid’ and these decisions simply proceed on the basis that because the expression ‘paid’ is used article 11(1) of Indo Cyprus tax treaty, the taxability of interest can only be on cash basis. The expression “paid” is admittedly not defined in the treaty but article 3(2) of Indo Cyprus tax treaty provides that “As regards the application of the Agreement at any time by a Contracting State any term not defined therein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning that it has at that time under the law of that State for the purposes of the taxes to which the Agreement applies and any meaning under the applicable tax laws of that State prevailing over a meaning given to the term under other laws of that State” What essentially follows is that unless the context otherwise requires, the definition of the undefined treaty term, under the domestic law of the source country i.e. India- and preferably under the domestic tax laws, is to be adopted. It is in this context, Section 43(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 may perhaps be relevant because it provides that “‘paid’ means actually paid or incurred according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the profits or gains are computed under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”. While it is indeed true that this meaning cannot be imported in the tax treaty mechanically, without any application of mind and as a sort of automated process, undoubtedly a call is to be taken by the bench as to whether or not this domestic law meaning of the expression ‘paid’ will be relevant. There could possibly be a school of thought that a decision rendered in this context, without specifically dealing with the implications of section 43(2) read with article 3(2), could possibly be per incuriam. A conscious call is required to be taken on these aspects. While on this issue, we may further add that one will have to see whether Hon’ble Supreme Court’s judgment in the case of Standard Triumph Motor Co. Ltd v CIT 201 ITR 391 which, inter alia, observes that “it must be held in this case that the credit entry to the account of the assessee in the books of the Indian company does amount to its receipt by the assessee and is accordingly taxable and that it is immaterial when did it actually receive it in UK”, will have any bearing on the connotations of expressions “paid” appearing in the Indo Cyprus tax treaty. As a corollary to these discussions, connotations of the expression “paid” appearing in article 11 of Indo Cyprus tax treaty are required to be examined in some detail, and that exercise can at best be conducted by a bench of three or more members so that the decision is unfettered by the decisions of the division benches in this regard.”

Further, in Ampacet Cyprus’s case(supra), while referring to the decision of the Bombay High Court in Siemens Akitengesellschaft (supra), which had held that the royalty and FTS should be treated on receipt basis, the Tribunal noted that this decision pertained to the old India-Federal Republic of Germany DTAA, which came to an end on 1 April 1997, from which date the hybrid method of accounting also came to an end. The Tribunal further observed:

“Considering that essentially business concerns prepare their accounts on the basis of mercantile method of accounting in general, even accounting of any income, such as interest and royalties, on cash basis was no longer permissible. To suggest, therefore, that interest or royalty income could be taxed in the hands of the foreign company on cash basis on the first principles is no longer permissible, and, as for the connotations of the expressions “paid” in the light of article 2(2), as it was numbered in the old Indo German tax treaty, read with section 43(2), this issue never came up for consideration at any stage at all. As article 2(2) was not even discussed, the relevance of section 43(2) or of Hon’ble Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Standard Triumph Motor Co. Ltd (supra) did not come up for Their Lordships’ kind consideration at all. It is also important to note that so far as article 3(2) of the Indo Cyprus treaty is concerned, it uses the expression “the meaning that it (i.e. the undefined treaty term) has at that time under the law of that State (i.e. under the Indian law)”. It is also worth examining whether, in this context, the scope of ‘Indian law’ will include not only the law legislated by the Parliament but also the law laid down by Hon’ble Courts above. A view is thus indeed worth exploring as to whether the meaning assigned to the expression “received by an assessee”, which essentially corresponds to and has to treated as equivalent to “paid to the payee”, by Hon’ble Supreme Court is to be assigned to the treaty of the undefined treaty expression “paid”. Obviously, this exercise was not done by the coordinate bench, nor this aspect of the matter was pointed out by the learned counsel appearing before Their Lordships, and thus Their Lordships had no occasion to examine this aspect of the matter either. To this extent, the impact of judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court’s judgment in the case of Standard Triumph Motor Co. Ltd (supra) remained unexamined. That aspect of the matter is thus, de hors the judgment of Hon’ble jurisdictional High Court, does seem to be in an unchartered territory on which call may indeed be taken by the Tribunal.”

The analysis and the concerns and conclusions of the Tribunal in the cases of Cyprus Ampacet and Google India require greater consideration than the one given so far. Firstly, the purpose of a DTAA is to avoid double taxation, and to achieve that it provides for the taxing rights of the respective countries. In doing so, in addition the DTAA provides for the rates of tax and for grant of credit of taxes where an income is doubly taxed.

Secondly, s.43(2) has defined the term ‘paid’ to include the amount ‘payable’. A question arises whether the meaning provided in s.43(2) should be applied in interpretation of the DTAA while applying the provisions of the IT Act. The applicability of the definition of the term “paid” in s.43(2) of the IT Act to mean “actually paid or incurred according to the method of accounting” is a challenge that requires greater consideration.

Thirdly, the Supreme Court in settling the controversy relating to the true meaning of the term ‘payable’ had confirmed that the term is wide enough to cover the cases of ‘paid ’ in determining whether the expenditure paid was liable to be disallowed under section 40(a)(ia) for non-deduction or payment of tax at source. Palan Gas Service, 247 Taxman 379 (SC) and Shree Choudhary Transport Company, 272 Taxman 472(SC).

The meaning of the words “paid to” in a DTAA has been clarified in the OECD Commentary on the Model tax Convention. In paragraph 7 of Commentary on Article 10, it states that “The term “paid” has a very wide meaning, since the concept of payment means the fulfilment of the obligation to put funds at the disposal of the shareholder in the manner required by contract or by custom.” Similarly, in paragraph 6 of Commentary on Article 11, the Commentary gives the same meaning to the term “paid”. In Prof. Klaus Vogel’s Commentary on Double Taxation Conventions, it is stated in the Preface to Articles 10 to 12:

“A wide interpretation should be given to the term “paid to”. All forms of satisfying a shareholder’s or creditor’s claim to receiving dividends, respectively interest or royalties, must be covered by it. With respect to dividends, it has been acknowledged by many States that the term covers profit distributions by companies resident of one State that are received by a shareholder resident in the other Contracting State. With regard to interest and royalties, the settlement of an obligation to pay interest or royalties is covered. For instance, the term “paid to” includes a performance in kind or a set-off of amounts due. The settlement may or may not be based on a contract. What is essential is that the creditor has agreed with the compensation concerned.”

“As a result, the term “paid to” does have a meaning dependent on the definition of the items of income concerned: dividend, interest, respectively, royalty. If an item of income is covered by the DTC definition and allocates tax jurisdiction to the State of source, the term “paid to” should be interpreted in such a way that the State of source can realise its entitlement to tax. Such an interpretation fits to the object and purpose of this allocation rule. It also fits to the idea of a wide interpretation in the OECD and UN MC.”

“For the purposes of this DTC, it is clear that the term “paid” is not interpreted autonomously, but based on the domestic tax laws of the Contracting State applying the DTC”.

Further, Explanation 4 to section 90 provides that where a term is not defined in the DTAA but is defined in the IT Act, it shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the Act, and explanation, if any, given to it by the Central Government.

It may however be noted that the Bombay High Court did have an occasion to re-examine the issue in the case of CIT vs. Pramerica ASPF II Cyprus Holding Limited ITA 1824 of 2016, vide its order dated 12th March 2019. In this case, the Bombay High Court relied upon its earlier ruling in DIT vs. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, in Income Tax Appeal No.124 of 2010 dated 22.10.2012. In that case, the Bombay High Court had held that the decision of the ITAT in holding that the royalty and FTS should be taxed on receipt basis cannot be faulted. The question raised for its consideration in that case was:

“Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in law in holding that the Royalty and fees for technical services should be taxed on receipt basis without appreciating the fact that the Hon’ble Supreme Court has held in the case of Standard Drum (sic) Motors Private Limited vs. CIT 201 ITR 391 that the credit entry to the account of the assessee non-resident in the books of the Indian company amounted to receipt by the non-resident?”

The Bombay High Court had therefore considered the impact of the Supreme Court decision in the case of Standard Triumph Motors while taking the view that it did in Siemens case. In Pramerica’s case, the Bombay High Court, while dismissing the revenue’s appeal, observed that:

“Thus, while interpreting similar clause of Indo-German DTAA in relation to taxing royalty or fees for technical services, this Court had confirmed the decision of tribunal holding that such service can be taxed only on receipt. This decision was later on followed in Income Tax Appeal No.1033/11 dated 20/11/2012 and thereafter in Income Tax Appeal No.2356/11 and connected Appeals vide the order dated 07/03/2013.”

It therefore appears that while the issue is highly debatable, for the time being, the matter is covered by the decisions of the Bombay High Court in Siemens and Pramerica cases, and the other cases relied upon by the Bombay High Court in Pramerica’s case, given that there is no other decision of a High Court on the subject. Therefore, as per the DTAA, such income are taxable in the hands of the non-resident on receipt basis seems to be the prevalent view of the judiciary on the matter.

Continuous Accounting: CFO’s Secret Weapon

Continuous accounting has more to do with the process and less with GL accounting systems that Companies use. If one relooks at the month-end close process and rejigs the same, one’s systems will follow that process easily. The issue that the author observed in his long professional career while working with various large multinational companies is more towards adopting a traditional approach of working on various items mentioned in the article; work on those only at month-end, which takes time and delays the entire month-end close process, internal reporting, decision making etc. Hence, using a continuous accounting approach, if one is able to change the process, the month-end close timeline can be reduced so that one can bring rigour to overall financial processes.

So, irrespective of system, tax regime, local regulation, or statutory compliance; if one tries to follow the concept mentioned in this article and change the process, one can reap plenty of benefits.

BACKGROUND

Today, Accounting is way beyond the act of bookkeeping- debits and credits. It’s the language of business strategy and of all items which can be measured in monetary terms. Human sensory systems receive signals from both inside the body and outside the environment, and the human brain interprets them. Similarly, Accountants translate the complexities of finance into information that the various teams within an organisation can understand. The history of Accounting is depicted below.

Most organisations want their Finance Organization to become a “Quick Decisions Making” finance organisation, where the organisation wants to utilise real-time, accurate financial data to identify errors early, capitalise on opportunities, and respond to changing markets. Business and pressure go hand in hand. CFOs of leading organisations are prioritising transformation by adopting technologies and delivery models that reduce unit costs and enhance business forecasting. This approach frees up critical capacity for mergers and acquisitions, capital re-investment and rapid data-driven decision-making.

WHAT IS CONTINUOUS ACCOUNTING

Once a wise man quoted – Assembly line was a great way to build a car, but it is a dreadful way to build a financial book close at period end. Traditional accounting teams wait until just before the end of a month to carry out various finance close tasks. In a traditional period-end scenario, generally a company’s finance department close transaction processing for the prior month, reconciles accounts, creates adjusting journal entries, runs currency revaluations, calculates margin eliminations, etc and creates period-end standalone as well as consolidated statements. Practically, all that work begins just after the last day of each month and continues until the work is done. When close activities; which involves recording & reconciling all financial transactions for preparing financial statement for previous month, are disseminated through the entire month, instead of pushing for completion at the end of the month, accountants are far less fatigued and loaded due to that peak of few days at every month end and have more time to carry out value added work; for e.g. Variance Analysis, Cash flow planning, Forecasting etc. As key activities happen at short intervals through automation using RPA, ML and AI [Examples are given in the following section in detail], Accountants and decision makers always have access to real-time insight.

Nowadays, above efficient approach, called continuous accounting, aims to modernise the process by integrating accounting tasks into the natural flow of daily business. Continuous accounting is a contemporary approach that utilises digital interventions like RPA, ML and AI to track and reconcile every aspect of a business’s financial activity in real-time. With continuous accounting, a finance department spreads closing tasks over time and attempts to complete as much work as possible before the actual period-ending date. This allows you to make informed decisions about resource allocation, funding strategies, and growth initiatives as your month end close become smooth & fast.

CONTINUOUS ACCOUNTING APPROACH – THE END OF THE MONTH-END CLOSE?

Continuous accounting approach is based on 3 pillars. They are:

I. Automate repetitive accounting tasks which are transactional in nature

II. Distribute the workload in small chunks over a period say over a month.

III. In order to distribute workload in small chunks over a period, carry out tasks at smaller intervals regularly & rigorously and look for continuous improvement opportunities
So the approach is to look at the long standing accounting practices which were established long back due to usage of paper based systems, may no longer be the best practices and hence needs to see how best they can be automated to increase visibility, control and efficiencies. Companies that move beyond traditional financial closing cycles gain an edge by responding to market shifts instantly.

AI AND AUTOMATION ARE RESHAPING CONTINUOUS ACCOUNTING

Traditionally, Accountants are focus towards meticulous number-crunching, complex calculations, and compliance-driven tasks. AI is showing a new era where machines take on the monotonous, rule-based functions, allowing accountants to focus more strategic activities which creates greater value. Below use cases gives detailed insight into how RPA, ML & AI will be leveraged in Continuous accounting journey.

1. Intercompany: Approach is to reconcile Intercompany [IC accounts] regularly at short intervals. This will help avoid discrepancies, issues at month end and early resolutions of intercompany receivables and payables disconnects, if any. AI powered risk analysis of Intercompany transactions can be carried out with predictive controls; which helps find errors, recommend fixes, and provides guidance based on historical behaviour before transactions are booked. Hence Streamlined intercompany processes eliminate manually carried out complex IC reconciliations.

2. Transaction matching: Automate Manual task using RPA – Tasks could be sorting, data insertion, form completion, and interpretation of text and data. Now above example of Intercompany is a good candidate for transaction matching for unreconciled items using AI. Using AI, one can automate matching of intercompany transactions. AI agents can be trained to identify even contents in intercompany invoices and match such transactions, which can eliminate error prone manual reconciliation. This process makes reconciliation process faster and more accurate. Other candidates could be bank reconciliation and overall GL Reconciliations.

3. Data entry automation: Using RPA & ML invoices, receipts, payments, expenses reports can be coded and posted in the GL accounting system. Also at the month end using RPA, ML & AI, Accountants can schedule a list of Automated journals to run & posted on a specific day. This process also enhances Audit efficiency and monitor compliance with Company policies.

4. Bank reconciliation: Perform bank reconciliation at short intervals so that sub ledgers for payables and receivables can be updated regularly giving updated outstanding reports for both suppliers & customers. An updated ageing report for receivables will help speed up the collection as updated data for outstanding receivables is available near real time. RPA, ML and AI builds Risk matrix of reconciliations based on balance and required adjustment trend, type of account, explanation details, and user feedback leads to efficient & improved reconciliation process.AI powers the process of matching financial transactions with corresponding invoices and also between GL & Bank Statement. Through pattern identification and data analytics, AI tools can promptly identify inconsistencies and anomalies, point out them for further review by human accountants. This not only accelerate the overall reconciliation process but also enhances accuracy by minimising the risk of errors and omissions.

5. Cash application: Process receipts from customers and carry out cash application as early as possible so that updated outstanding receivable reports are made available. This also updates the Bank reconciliation and reduces customer sub-ledger reconciliation issues. Similarly, when once payments were made to vendors, immediate cash application would help with updated Outstanding payables reports which helps update the bank reconciliation with clean payables ageing with reduced vendor sub-ledger reconciliation issues. RPA, ML & AI work together to Automate & Optimise entire process by reducing manual efforts, improving accuracy and accelerating cash flows.

6. Allocation of expense: Allocate expenses at short intervals and not as a “batch” at the month end. Such rule based allocations can easily be automated using RPA. At times organisations use allocation of activity-based expenses using capacity, units, activity level, etc and RPA and ML can be used in such situations effectively to Automate the entire process.

7. Expenses reimbursement: A straight through process which allows reimbursement of expenses claims as per company policies using RAP, ML, AI leads to less time spent on accruals at period end. Automating such low value reimbursement of expenses quickly also help improve employee morale. AI can help flag out-of-policy claims before submission.

8. AP invoice processing: Coding of accounts payable invoices to the correct general ledger expense account, matching open purchase orders to supplier invoices using RPA, ML as an ongoing activity. By automating repetitive and manual tasks of AP invoice processing increases efficiency, reduces errors, and frees up resources for more analytical work. Also AI can be leveraged to identify duplicate invoices, over payments and unauthorised vendors.

Principles applied in above use cases are;

  •  RPA will handle structured, rule based data entry,
  •  AI & ML process unstructured data and improve accuracy over time and
  • OCR & NLP extract & interpret text from various sources.

HOW CAN I TRANSITION TO CONTINUOUS ACCOUNTING?

Transitioning to continuous accounting is a strategic move and requires detailed planning. The steps includes: –

I. Process mapping and identification of bottleneck in that: Conduct a granular analysis of your current accounting cycle and process steps involved in your closing process. Identify bottlenecks that create delays and errors.

II. Envisioning the future state: Using above analysis, envision the ideal state of your accounting function built on continuous accounting approach described above. While arriving at future state, special attention has to be given to tasks which can be automated, integration of various system& platforms to ensure seamless movement of data input & output to get real time updates, redistribution of workload among team to implement continuous accounting.

III. Breakdown of tasks list: Break down month end task list; be it monthly, quarterly, year-end closing activities; into small manageable tasks/ steps.

IV. Merging tasks into daily work list: Arrange above broken down task list into daily schedule of tasks to be perform by the team. Idea it to ensure that such task lists become part of routine day-to-day activities and also tasks are carried out regularly at smaller intervals.

V. Bring Automation: Identify opportunities for automation using RPA, ML & AI for repetitive tasks like invoice processing, cash application, reconciliations etc.

VI. Continuous check on improvement: Monitor & track closely the tasks list using technology platforms and check the effectiveness of Continuous accounting. For e.g. one can measure number of days to close.

VII. Regular review: Carry out regular reviews to compare results with planned Vision at Step ii. Learning from such reviews will help refining your continuous accounting strategy for the future.

WHY SHOULD I ADOPT CONTINUOUS ACCOUNTING?

I. Continuous accounting improves the visibility by having comparing close performance & drive continuous improvement because you will have latest information available in real time.

II. It improves control by system driven close performance monitoring which will allow you to identify discrepancies and delay and plug in resources immediately to rectify that which will increase accuracy.

III. It brings lots of efficiency on table as manual repetitive tasks are automated & standardisation of templates and system driven tracking becomes way of life.

IV. Combining Data Analytics with Continuous accounting by using past financial data and industry benchmarks, one can create predictive models. This allows you to forecast various P&L components and cash flows with improved accuracy.

Thus, Continuous accounting is beyond operational improvements and it paves the way of thinking about financial management in the Organisation at large. Companies that adopt it are shifting to real time decision-making with proactive financial strategy to mitigate risk with increased chances of secure long-term success.

Auditor Independence: SMP Perspective

This article examines auditor independence from the perspective of Small and Medium Practitioners (SMPs) in India. It underscores independence as vital for financial reporting integrity, with heightened scrutiny under the Companies Act, 2013, and NFRA’s oversight. SMPs face challenges such as resource constraints, ambiguous prohibitions under Section 144, and balancing audit and non-audit services. While global models like SOX and FRC impose strict bans, the paper advocates a nuanced, risk-based approach for India. It proposes practical safeguards and a phased roadmap to strengthen independence without undermining SMP viability, ensuring trust in audits across all market segments.

INTRODUCTION

Auditor independence stands as the bedrock of the accountancy profession, underpinning the credibility and reliability of financial reporting. It is the assurance that the auditor’s opinion on the financial statements is unbiased and free from any influence. The auditor’s independent opinion is fundamental to the trust of various stakeholders, and it serves as a guide in making critical decisions. Without this trust, the audit function loses its value, and the integrity of the whole financial system as well as the profession.

In India, the requirement for statutory audits has a long history, but the focus on auditor independence has intensified significantly, particularly following the enactment of the Companies Act, 2013, and the subsequent establishment of the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) and its various pronouncement emphasizing frequent breach of independence by the larger players.

The Indian financial reporting eco system presents a unique challenge with many companies being closely held and managed closely. Furthermore, the structure of the accounting profession, characterised by a large number of Small and Medium Practitioner (SMP) firms alongside comparatively fewer large CA firms, creates a diversified landscape with different capacities and pressures. Currently, Indian regulatory landscape is witnessing the dual structure involving the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) and NFRA. NFRA holds direct oversight over auditors of Public Interest Entities (PIEs) and other large unlisted companies. The majority of SMPs are still regulated by the ICAI. NFRA’s pronouncement and findings and consequent actions against the larger players have inevitably set the precedent across the entire profession which includes SMPs as well.

DEFINING AND FRAMING AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE

At its core, auditor independence is a state of mind that enables the issuance of an opinion without any influences that compromise professional judgment, allowing an individual to act with integrity, objectivity, and maintain professional skepticism. ICAI’s code of ethics and also International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) discuss two crucial dimensions: Independence of Mind, where judgment remains rooted in integrity; and Independence in Appearance, where third parties perceive the auditor as free from influence.

THE INDIAN REGULATORY TRIPOD: COMPANIES ACT, CODE OF ETHICS AND NFRA’S PERSPECTIVE

1. Companies Act, 2013

Section 141 describes eligibility, qualifications criteria, covering various relationships – financial (e.g., indebtedness, holding securities), business, and employment – between the auditor (or their relatives or associated entities) and the auditee. The ‘relative’ has been specified to include close family ties.

Section 143 details the powers and duties of auditors, including access to books and information, and duty to issue an opinion.

Section 144 explicitly prohibits auditors from providing a specified list of non-audit services – directly or indirectly – to the company, its holding company, or its subsidiary company. The prohibited services generally include accounting and bookkeeping, internal audit, design and implementation of financial information systems, actuarial services, investment advisory/banking services, outsourced financial services, management services, and any other services as may be prescribed. The “directly or indirectly” clause significantly widens the scope.

Section 140 provides procedures for the removal and resignation of auditors, aimed at preventing arbitrary termination and preserving independence.

2. Code of Ethics by ICAI

It describes the five Fundamental Principles: Integrity, Objectivity, Professional Competence and Due Care, Confidentiality, and Professional Behavior.

It includes Independence Standards (Parts 4A & 4B) cover financial interests, loans, relationships, employment, fee dependency (with a 15% PIE threshold), non-assurance services, and long associations requiring partner rotation.

3. NFRA’s Perspective

NFRA, regulator for PIE auditors, emphasizes stricter enforcement. Its inspections often flag independence breaches, including services by network firms. NFRA’s interpretations, especially under SA 600 and Section 144, tend to be more rigid than previous industry practice.

THE GLOBAL TRIPOD: SOX ACT, IESBA AND FRC

Understanding the international landscape provides valuable context for India’s approach.

Regulation Key Features
SOX (USA)

Rules-based; PCAOB created for oversight; prohibits services like bookkeeping, valuation, system design; partner rotation every 5 years; cooling-off period for personnel joining client management.

IESBA Principles-based; uses a conceptual framework; prohibits certain non-audit services and tightens fee rules for PIEs. Reinforces global shift toward stricter safeguards.
FRC (UK)

Stricter prohibitions for PIE auditors; allows only audit-related or legally required services; bans services like recruitment advice; applies “reasonable and informed third-party” test.

Key takeaways include mandatory rotation (SOX), complete bans on non-audit services for PIEs (FRC), and heightened third-party appearance tests (IESBA).

The consequences of independence violations are severe and well-documented. Ernst & Young paid fines of $9.3 million to SEC1 in 2016 for partners who developed inappropriate personal relationships with client executives. PwC was fined by SEC2 $7.9 million in 2019 for providing prohibited IT services to audit clients. In India, NFRA’s enforcement actions reveal similar patterns – from the ₹34,000 crore DHFL case to multiple instances where auditors failed to identify material misstatements due to compromised independence.


1  https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016-187

2  https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019-184

Section 144 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides the list of prohibited non-audit services, like SOX, but perhaps less extensive than the near-total ban for PIE auditors in the UK. Section 144 lists specific services and the ICAI Code provides further context on permissibility. However, the interpretation and enforcement, especially concerning the “directly or indirectly” clause of Section 144 and the activities of network firms, appear to be evolving in India, pushed by NFRA’s oversight and its focus seems to be moving India towards FRC like standards, but it also raises questions about how these stricter norms should apply to the vast SME sector audited by SMPs.

IDENTIFYING THREATS TO INDEPENDENCE: FOCUS ON SMPS

The ICAI Code of Ethics categorizes circumstances that may compromise an auditor’s ability to comply with the fundamental principles of objectivity and integrity into five types of threats which is more likely than not in case of SMPs. The threat and its existence has been captured in the following table.

These threats make the adherence of independence more complex for SMPs compared to the larger firms auditing the larger entities.

The audit segment, particularly for small and medium enterprises, is highly competitive, with pressure from numerous other SMPs and potentially larger firms seeking to expand their reach and this limits the pricing flexibility and can lead to practices like offering audit services at lower fees. Audit services at lower fees may increase reliance on non-audit services later to ensure overall engagement profitability.

Another challenge for SMPs is the lack of resources compared to larger firms. They typically do not have dedicated ethics & compliance departments, training programs, or technological systems for monitoring independence. Implementing practices like second partner for review, conducting formal internal consultations on complex matters, or maintaining detailed documentation of threat assessments and mitigation strategies – can be disproportionately burdensome and costly for smaller practitioners. This can lead to compliance gaps even when practitioners are committed to ethical conduct, simply due to the practical burden involved.

PRACTICAL HURDLES BY SMPs IN COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 144

The broad scope of the “directly or indirectly” clause is challenging to monitor. While SMPs are fully committed to upholding independence, the wide scope of this term creates a burden, not due to intent but due to capacity constraint. For instance, an SMP may unknowingly breach independence norms, if partner’s relative through a separate consulting firm renders accounting service to the client SMP is auditing. Similarly, network firm structures, even informal ones, can result in perceived indirect service provision that SMPs neither intended nor have systems in place to detect. Unlike larger firms with automated tracking systems, dedicated compliance teams, and centralized conflict-check databases, most SMPs rely on manual declarations and informal controls, making it difficult to comprehensively monitor such extended linkages.

Furthermore, the prohibition on “management services” lacks precise definition within the Act itself, creating ambiguity. SMPs frequently act as trusted business advisors to small and medium enterprises, providing counsel that might inadvertently fall into the area of “management services” making compliance difficult. For instance, assisting a client in drafting financial projections for a loan application, offering informal advice on internal financial controls, or helping prioritize expense categories during cash flow crunches. While this is routine in an SMP-client relationship, but it could be interpreted as assuming a managerial role. This lack of definitional clarity places SMPs in a grey zone where well-intentioned guidance may be construed as a breach.

THE NON-AUDIT SERVICES DEBATE: PROHIBITION VS. SAFEGUARDS

Arguments for a Prohibition-Based Approach

1. Mitigate Conflicts

Directly eliminates potential self-review threats (e.g., auditing an Internal Financial Control system the firm implemented, auditing the books that the firm has written itself) and reduces advocacy threats.

2. Enhances Perceived Independence

This sends a clear message to the market about the auditor’s separation from management functions and thereby increases trust and confidence over the audit opinion. This addresses the question of Independence in appearance.

3. Reduces financial dependency

Having clear demarcation of non-audit and audit functions, it lessens the economic dependency on a single client, and it pushes the firm to adopt the approach which is more diversified in nature and hence business concentration risk can be eliminated.

4. Adhering to the global practice

The ban on providing non-audit services by the audit firm means following the best global practices. It means following the trend set by regulations like SOX in response to past scandals.

Arguments for a Safeguards-Based Approach

1. Knowledge Spillover

Providing certain non-audit services can deepen the auditor’s understanding of the client’s business, industry, internal controls, and risks. This knowledge can potentially enhance the quality and efficiency of the audit itself and can lead to more informed audit.

2. SMP Viability

In Tier 2 and tier 3 cities, non-audit services form a significant revenue stream for many SMPs. A blanket ban impacts their business model disproportionately.

3. Are All Non-Audit Services Equally Threatening?

Can routine compliance services (like tax return preparation) be distinguished from services involving significant management judgment (like designing financial systems or aggressive tax planning)? A nuanced approach might be warranted.

4. Too many cooks spoil the broth

Small and Medium Enterprises receiving multiple services from one trusted firm can be more efficient and cost-effective (“one-stop shopping”). Forcing them to engage separate providers for services like tax compliance or basic accounting advice might increase their administrative burden and may impact their business decisions.

5. Effectiveness of Safeguards

Can robust safeguards – such as using separate teams for audit and non-audit services, independent review partners, clear documentation, enhanced audit committee scrutiny and pre-approval, and full transparency on fees and services – effectively mitigate the threats to an acceptable level without outright prohibition? History finds no conclusive evidence linking non-audit services provision to actual audit failure.

6. What’s the scope of Section 144?

The “directly or indirectly” definition in Section 144 can create complexities, especially regarding associated entities and evolving nature of eco system of network firms. For instance, in the NFRA order in the IL&FS case, NFRA questioned the provision of prohibited services by other entities within the same network. Similarly, PCAOB inspection reports have flagged instances where affiliated entities performed services that raised independence concerns under the “indirectly” clause.

7. Indian Ecosystem is different

Blindly following global standards like SOX, without considering India’s unique ecosystem – dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises that employ the majority of our workforce – risks undermining the very independence we’re trying to protect. India needs a tailored approach to auditor independence, not a one-size-fits-all solution.

CHARTING THE PATH FORWARD

Addressing the independence challenges faced by SMPs requires a nuanced approach that goes beyond simply adding more prohibitions. The goal is to enhance independence and audit quality without unduly burdening practitioners or hindering their ability to serve the small and medium enterprise sector effectively. The following tripod can help in achieving the desired outcomes.

1. Firm Level Solutions

SMPs can strengthen their independence culture through:

Setting clear tone at the top by demonstrating unwavering commitment to independence if accepting assignments clearly compromising their ability to issue an independent audit opinion and this tone must percolate throughout the organization and be consistently reinforced through actions, not just words.

Developing new service lines will help the firm in reducing the client dependency. This will ensure the client diversification. Firm may target different industry sectors or geographical segments. Firm can also form an informal alliance with other professional firms to cross refer the clients.

Service Line Management: Careful management of service offerings to avoid independence conflicts while maintaining economic viability:

– Formal approval processes for all non-audit services

– Clear segregation between audit and non-audit service teams

– Regular monitoring of fee ratios between audit and non-audit services

The firm can maintain a google sheet or basic
CRM noting services rendered to each client. The accounting software can be customised which keeps the track of the audit vs non audit service balance like grouping services rendered by the firm into audit and non-audit category. This will give detailed bifurcation of nature of services rendered by the firm. The firm can mandate internal checklist before accepting new assignments. The firm can use low-cost tools like Trello, Google Forms, or CA practice portals to track service mix and team independence. SMPs can deploy simple tech to automate independence safeguards. For example:

To reimagine the delivery channel, the SMPs can consider setting up of separate LLPs or Private Limited Companies for non-audit services like taxation, MIS, Consultancy or payroll. These entities should operate at arm’s length and ensure no shared staffing on audit engagements. Also Ensure separate GST registration, branding, invoicing, and accounting systems for this non-audit service entity.

The firm can maintain staffing independence by restricting the audit team to work on any engagement related to same audit client in the non-audit arm. Again, tone at the top is crucial here and in SMPs it is comparatively easy to percolate this tone. Firm can require all partners and key staff across the group to annually sign and review robust independence affirmations, vetted by the oversight body.

ACTIONABLE IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP FOR SMPs

Evolving into a multi-entity, centrally governed structure is not merely a compliance exercise for SMPs but a strategic blueprint for long-term sustainability.

2. Exploring Alternative Regulatory Approaches

While Section 144 prohibits certain non-audit services, a complete ban on all other services for audit clients might be counterproductive, particularly for SMPs whose small and medium enterprise clients often value and seek integrated services for efficiency and convenience. Rather than prohibiting services, alternative approach could be managing the potential conflicts.

Enhanced Transparency and Disclosure: Mandating clearer and more detailed disclosures about the nature and fees of non-audit services provided to relatively smaller clients (threshold for the smaller clients can be defined by the regulatory authorities) could allow stakeholders to make their own assessments of potential independence threats. This could include detailed disclosures about such services in engagement letters, audit reports, or financial statements (such as Payment to Auditors note).

While independence is already evaluated under existing mechanisms such as Peer Review and the firm’s compliance with SQC 1/ISQM 1, an additional layer of targeted certification could be considered specifically in relation to permitted non-audit services rendered to audit clients. SMPs could be required to furnish a declaration affirming that such services do not impair independence – in form or appearance – and detailing the safeguards applied. These declarations could then be selectively reviewed during peer review or subject to risk-based quality reviews, particularly for firms operating in high-fee-dependence environments or offering multiple services to the same client. The intent is not to duplicate existing controls, but to introduce a practical, proactive checkpoint tailored to the nuanced independence risks faced by SMPs.

Risk-Based Restrictions: Instead of outright bans, regulators could consider stricter rules or safeguards for specific non-audit services deemed to pose higher risks (e.g., complex valuations, significant IT system advisory) when provided to audit clients, even if they are not currently listed in Section 144. Certain factors like client size and complexity, firm size and resources, engagement risk based on stakeholders’ expectations can be considered while implementing risk-based approaches to ensure effective implementation of Independence requirements.

3. Potential Safeguards Tailored for SMPs

Given the unique operating environment of SMPs, specific safeguards could be developed such as:

Address Fee Pressure: Establish robust system to deter low-billing and ensure audit fees align with the scope, complexity, and quality expected of a professional audit. Enhance transparency by integrating audit fee disclosures into the peer review certification process for CA firms, reinforcing accountability and fair competition.

Targeted CPE: The ICAI’s Continuing Professional Education programs can include practical case studies and discussions focused on the specific ethical dilemmas and independence challenges commonly encountered by SMPs in the SME sector.

Tiered Approach for SMPs: Evaluate whether certain independence rules could be applied differently based on client size or public interest status, recognizing that the risks associated with auditing small, private entities differs significantly from those of large PIEs.

CONCLUSION

The real risk lies not in compromised ethics, but in the assumption that auditor independence has been compromised if the practitioner firm has provided any non-audit service to an audit client. A balanced regulatory strategy for SMPs is essential, rather than focusing solely on expanding prohibitions,
which could disproportionately affect SMPs and their SME clients. Balanced approach acknowledges the unique eco system of the SMPs and SMEs relationships while upholding the core principles of independence.

The key is to move beyond a one-size-fits-all approach toward a more focused, risk-based framework that acknowledge the unique nature of the audit profession in India.

The measures outlined in this article provide a roadmap for achieving this balance and its success is also dependent on collaboration and commitment rather than competition and prohibition. The goal is to strengthen public trust in the audit function across all segments of the market which requires a system where independence is not just a compliance exercise, but an ingrained principle tailored for everyone.

Allied Laws

19. Kingswood Hotel Private Limited and Anr. vs. State of U.P. and Ors. Writ – C No. 28403 of 2024 (Allahabad High Court) December 9, 2024

Registration – Stamp duty – Corrected deed – Does not alter rights and liability of the original deed – Merely corrects the name of the lessee – Clerical error – No fresh conveyance – Only nominal stamp duty payable. [S. 4, Art. 34A of Schedule 1 – B, Indian Stamps Act, 1899; Art. 226, Constitution of India].

FACTS

A scheme was introduced by New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (Noida) for leasing out of commercial plots to builders and developers for a fixed term. As per the said scheme, it was mandatory for the developers to incorporate a Special Purpose Company (SPC), and only upon such incorporation would the allotment and execution of the lease deed be effected in favour of the SPC. In compliance with this requirement, Petitioner No. 1 (a Consortium) incorporated Petitioner No. 2 (the SPC) to avail the scheme. However, at the time of execution and registration of the lease deed, the commercial plots were inadvertently leased in favour of Petitioner No. 1, i.e. the Consortium, instead of Petitioner No. 2 – the SPC. Upon realising the mistake, Petitioner No. 1 approached the Registrar of Stamp (Respondent) along with a corrected lease deed reflecting the true and intended lessee. It was specifically submitted that the corrected lease deed merely rectified the earlier clerical error and did not constitute a fresh conveyance, and therefore, the same was liable for nominal stamp duty of R5/- as per Article 34A of Schedule 1-B of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (Act). However, the Respondent refused to register the corrected lease deed and instead treated the same as a fresh conveyance, thereby demanding full stamp duty as applicable to a new lease deed.

Aggrieved, a writ petition was filed under Article 226 of the Constitution before the Hon’ble Allahabad High court.

HELD

The Hon’ble Allahabad High Court observed that the correction deed did not alter the terms, area, or consideration payable of the original lease. Thus, it did not create any new right or liability. Further, the correction deed was not a fresh conveyance, but a rectification of a clerical error committed by NOIDA. Furthermore, it was observed that the original allotment was always intended in favour of the Special Purpose Company (SPC), and the mistake in the name was also acknowledged by NOIDA. The Hon’ble Court also emphasized that as per Section 4 of the Act, only the principal instrument attracts full stamp duty, and any ancillary or corrective instrument is liable for a nominal duty only. Therefore, the Petition was allowed, and the Respondent was directed to register the corrected deed after payment of R5/-.

20. Cadila Healthcare Limited vs. Roche Products (India) Private Limited and Ors.Commercial Suit No. 272 of 2016 (Bombay High Court) June 9, 2025

Commercial suit – Cause of action – Mere apprehension of a lawsuit by opposite party – Illusion and clever drafting – No cause of action on mere apprehension – Suit dismissed. [S. 41(b), Specific Relief Act; O. VII R. 11, Code of Civil Procedure, 1908].

FACTS

A commercial suit was instituted by Cadila Healthcare (Plaintiff) against Roche Products (India) Private Limited (Respondent/Applicant) seeking, inter alia, permanent injunction to restrain the Respondent from initiating any legal action against the Plaintiff, and in any manner interfering with the Plaintiff’s marketing of the drug named ‘Vivitra’. Succinctly, the Respondent had developed a drug named ‘Trastuzumab’ in 1990s which was patented and approved for curing certain kinds of cancer. However, the Respondent did not have the patent per se registered in India. Thereafter, sometime in 2014-15, certain manufacturers had obtained approval from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) and launched their biosimilar version of the ‘Trastuzumab’ drug. Aggrieved by such approvals, the Respondent had filed a suit against the manufacturers and the DCGI before the Hon’ble Delhi High Court. It was the case of the Plaintiff that it also intended to sell a biosimilar version of the drug ‘Trastuzumab’ under the name ‘Vivitra’. However, anticipating legal actions by the Respondent, the Plaintiff filed a suit before the Hon’ble Bombay High Court in 2015.

Aggrieved, the Respondent filed a motion to dismiss the suit under Order VII, Rule 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 before the Hon’ble Bombay High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble Bombay High Court observed that the Plaintiff had merely speculated that the Respondent might initiate legal proceedings against it for selling/marketing the drug ‘Vivitra’. However, the Hon’ble Court held that a mere apprehension of litigation does not constitute a valid cause of action. Further, the Respondent had neither issued any legal notice nor taken any coercive steps against the Plaintiff, even though the Plaintiff had been marketing ‘Vivitra’ since the year 2015. Furthermore, the Hon’ble Court referred to section 41(b) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 which prohibits the courts from granting injunctions to prevent someone from pursuing legal remedies. It was held that granting an injunction in such circumstances would amount to restraining a party from seeking legal remedies available under law, which was impermissible. The Court further observed that the plaint was cleverly drafted to camouflage the absence of a real dispute and to create an illusion of an existing cause of action, when in fact the Plaintiff merely anticipated litigation. Thus, the Hon’ble Court dismissed the suit of the Plaintiff and the motion to dismiss the suit filed by the Respondent was allowed.

21. Ramesh Mishrimal Jain vs. Avinash Vishwanath Patne & Anr. Civil Appeal No. 2549 of 2025 / 2025 INSC 213 (Supreme Court) February 14, 2025

Stamp duty – Agreement to sell – Agreement discusses possession details – To be treated as deemed conveyance – Stamp duty is levied on the instrument and not on the transaction. [S. 34, Art. 25, Explanation 1, Bombay Stamps Act 1958].

FACTS

The Appellant filed a suit for specific performance based on an agreement to sell dated 3rd September, 2003 relating to a property in Khed, Ratnagiri. The Appellant was in possession of the property as a tenant, and the agreement stated that ownership possession would be given only upon execution of the sale deed. The agreement was executed on a stamp paper worth ₹50. During the pendency of the suit, the Respondents filed an Application under Section 34 of the Bombay Stamp Act,1958 (Act) seeking to impound the agreement and recover deficit stamp duty of ₹44,000/- and penalty of ₹1,31,850/- was payable under Article 25, Explanation I of the Bombay Stamp Act, 1958. The learned Trial Court allowed the application and impounded the document. The Hon’ble High Bombay Court dismissed the Writ Petition filed against the trial court’s order. Aggrieved, an appeal was filed before the Hon’ble Supreme Court. It was argued that Explanation I did not apply since possession remained that of a tenant and no transfer of ownership possession occurred or was agreed until a sale deed was executed.

HELD

The Supreme Court held that stamp duty is levied on the instrument, not merely on the transaction. Under Explanation I to Article 25 of the Act, an agreement to sell shall be deemed a conveyance if possession is transferred or agreed to be transferred before, at, or after execution of such agreement without executing a formal conveyance. The Court found that even though the Appellant claimed to be in possession as a tenant, the agreement contemplated future transfer of ownership possession, which is sufficient to invoke Explanation I. Hence, the agreement was rightly treated as a deemed conveyance, and full stamp duty and penalty were rightly imposed.

Accordingly, the Orders of the Trial Court and High Court were upheld, and the Appeal was dismissed.

22. Cordial Foundation Private Limited and Ors. vs. Dr. Purushothama Bharathi MSA No. 10 of 2024 / 2025:KER:12630 (Kerala High Court) February 13, 2025

Real estate – Non-delivery of possession – Complaint – Compensation to be paid – Appeal – Application for waiver of pre-deposit during pendency of appeal – Mandatory provision for pre-deposit – Cannot be substituted by bank guarantee – Compensation is to be compulsorily paid. [S. 43(5), Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016].

FACTS

The Respondent (Allottee) filed a complaint before the Adjudicating Officer under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (Act), seeking compensation for non-delivery of possession. The Adjudicating Officer allowed the complaint and directed the Appellants (Promoters) to pay ₹1,69,80,000/- with 14.85% interest along with ₹25,000/- in costs. Aggrieved, the Appellant – Promoters filed an appeal before the Kerala Real Estate Appellate Tribunal and moved an Interim Application (I.A. No. 2 of 2024) seeking exemption from the mandatory pre-deposit required under the proviso to Section 43(5) of the Act. The Tribunal rejected their application and ordered to deposit the entire amount as fixed deposit in a nationalised bank. The Promoters challenged this order before the Hon’ble Kerala High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble Kerala High Court relied on its earlier decision in the case of Artech Realtors Pvt. Ltd. vs. Savithri K. [2025 KHC Online 88], and held that the pre-deposit mandated by the proviso to Section 43(5) of Act is mandatory and cannot be waived or substituted by a bank guarantee or other form of security. The Court observed that the amount awarded by the Adjudicating Officer was explicitly termed as ‘compensation’, and therefore clearly falls within the purview of Section 71 and the proviso to Section 43(5) of the Act. Further, referring to the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Newtech Promoters and Developers Pvt. Ltd. vs. State of U. P. [2021 (13) SCALE 466], the Hon’ble High Court emphasised that onerous obligations imposed on promoters by the Act cannot be diluted and that the statute mandates actual deposit and not a mere security. The Tribunal’s direction to make the deposit in a specific mode (i.e., fixed deposit in a nationalised bank) was deemed a matter of convenience in the interest of the Appellant Promoter and not a ground for exemption. Thus, the appeal was dismissed.

23. Krishna Kumar Gupta vs. Priti Gupta First Appeal No. 1116 of 2024 (Allahabad High Court) May 27, 2025

Stridhan – Independent application for return of stridhan – Application cannot be entertained. [S. 27, Hindu Marriage Act, 1955].

FACTS

The Respondent – wife had filed an application under Section 27 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (Act), seeking the return of stridhan given to her at the time of marriage. Upon considering the documentary evidence, including bills of jewellery and other items, the learned Trial Court directed the Appellant – husband to return the stridhan to the Respondent – wife. Aggrieved, an appeal was filed before the Hon’ble Allahabad High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court observed that the Respondent – wife had filed an independent application under Section 27 of the Act. It was noted that there was no ongoing matrimonial dispute between the parties at the time of filing the said application. Thus, as per the provisions of Section 27 of the Act, an application for the return of stridhan can be entertained only when matrimonial proceedings are pending under Sections 9 to 13, 13A, or 13B of the Act, or before the court that is passing a decree in such proceedings. In the absence of any pending matrimonial dispute under the Act, Section 27 does not vest the Court with the jurisdiction to entertain an independent application for the return of stridhan. Section 27 of the Act is intended to avoid multiplicity of litigation and to enable the wife to seek return of her stridhan within the existing matrimonial proceedings already brought before the Court for adjudication. The appeal of the husband was accordingly allowed.

76th Annual General Meeting and 77th Founding Day

The 76th Annual General Meeting of the BCAS was held on Saturday, 5th July, 2025 at Garware Club House, Wankhede Stadium, D-Rd, Churchgate, Mumbai –400020.

The President, Mr. Anand Bathiya took the chair and called the meeting to order. All the business as per the agenda contained in the notice was conducted, including the adoption of accounts and appointment of auditors.

Mr. Anand Bathiya, announced the results of the election of the President, the Vice-President, two Honorary Secretaries, the Treasurer and eight members of the Managing Committee for the year 2025–26.

The following members were elected unopposed for the year 2025–26:

Dr CA Mayur Nayak, Editor of the BCAJ, announced the ‘Jal Erach Dastur Awards’ for the Best Article and Best Feature appearing in the BCA Journal during the year 2024–25. The ‘Best Article Award’ was awarded to Adv. Pankaj R. Toprani, for his article ‘Chamber Research by the Judges Post Conclusion of Hearing –Whether Justified?. The ‘Best Feature Award’ went to CA Chandrashekhar Vaze for ‘Namaskaar, Ethics and You” & “Light Elements‘. The Editor then announced the ‘S V Ghatalia Foundation Award’ for the ‘Best Article on Audit’. The award went to CA Anand Paurana for the article ‘Audit Trail Compliance in Accounting Software’, and CA Kishor M. Parikh & Ms. Divya A. Khaire for the article ‘Climate Change & Its Impact on Financial Statement’.

Before the conclusion of the AGM, members, including Past Presidents of the BCAS, were invited to share their views about the Society.

The July 2025 Special Issue of the BCA Journal on `Artificial Intelligence Its Impact on CA Profession’ was released by the Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson SEBI.

At the end of the formal AGM proceedings, the 77th Founding Day Lecture was delivered to a packed auditorium. Members and attendees benefitted from the astute deliberation on `Corporate Governance, in letter and spirit – role and responsibility of professionals’ by Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson, SEBI and `Navigating Tomorrow: How CAs can lead Financial Innovation and Sustainability’, by Shri Nithin Kamath, Founder & CEO at Zerodha.

The meeting formally concluded with CA (Adv.) Kinjal Bhuta thanking the speakers for sharing their visionary thoughts on a relevant topic with the attendees.

[The video of the lecture can be accessed on the BCAS YouTube Channel, and a Report on the Founding Day lecture is provided in the ‘Society News’ section of this journal.]

OUTGOING PRESIDENT’S SPEECH

 

CA ANAND BATHIYA

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqffMirt-54

A very good evening once again. A year has just flown by.

Exactly a year ago, I stood before you and delivered my acceptance speech. And today, as I stand here again, it’s hard to believe how fast this year has gone by.

Before I say my thank yous, let me take a few moments to walk you through what we’ve done together this past year. Think of this as our Society’s report card — not mine alone, but a collective reflection of what we’ve achieved as a team.

Friends, As the outgoing President, I was amazed by how quickly the year has flown since delivering the acceptance speech on July 6, 2024. Before expressing gratitude, I felt strongly the importance of presenting our ‘report card’—a collective review of achievements—on behalf of the office bearers and managing committee.

Recalling the momentum carried forward from a remarkable 75th year, I shared how the 76th year offered an opportunity to think long-term rather than chase immediate results. On the very first day, a membership survey was distributed to over 10,500 members, receiving nearly 950 thoughtful responses. That survey became the guiding force, with comments discussed thoroughly across office-bearers, managing committee and journal committee meetings. Alongside this, we entered the second year of its five-year strategic plan, centering efforts around three shared themes: growth, embracing technology, and preserving core values and ethics—unifying members across ages, practice areas, and geographies.

From these pillars emerged a series of dynamic initiatives. With an intent to expand our Society’s reach, we partnered with a professional PR agency starting in November. Over six months, they achieved around 150 media placements—across print, digital, television and new-formats like podcasts—each chosen to reflect our ethos.

On social media, our Society transitioned from simply announcing events to actively engaging with its community. This resulted in crossing 70,000 followers, including 15,000 new subscribers over the year. Event registrations and participation improved significantly with many programs like the Residential Refresher Course, GST RRC, AIF, Redevelopment 360, CAMBA, CATHON, and even a film screening all closed registrations early amid overwhelming demand. One film event planned for 50 tickets received 250 registrations and required a cinema hall to accommodate attendees.

Growth was also geographic. The “Sherpa” initiative empowered volunteers across towns and cities, including hosting in-person events and townhalls at Hyderabad, Kolkata and Coimbatore, extending our Society’s footprint without building physical branches. Complementing this, our Society launched a digital flip-book journal via its new the BCAS Academy platform—service a wonderful new experience whilst eliminating courier wait times—and deployed a WhatsApp bot serving 2,300 subscribers with real-time event alerts and registration options.

On the professional development front, our Society’s YouTube channel now has 825 videos on YouTube, amassing over one million total views. Monetization began modestly but meaningfully, affirming the YouTube channel’s worth with a $21 cheque. Notably, three newly released videos entered YouTube’s all-time top 10 viewership list—a first in eight years.

Lecture meetings were a second area of impact. Twelve sessions were held, each drawing over 500 participants—an increase from the five-year average of 150—and collectively these lectures earned more than 30,000 YouTube views. Additional achievements included issuing 1,200 blockchain-verified certificates (shareable via LinkedIn), launching a monthly data-driven newsletter (‘Broadcast’) with tracking analytics, and debuting a podcast series.

In advocacy and networking, I spoke about the MOUs with IIM Mumbai for taxation research, NISM for capacity building, and Bombay Industries Association for industry engagement. The Society actively engaged with regulators—including SEBI, RBI, NFRA, CBDT, CBIC, and GST authorities—and presented its AIF white paper to SEBI leadership. Discussions with NITI Aayog have also commenced for joint tax policy research.

The Society’s youth and diversity ambitions took shape through ‘BCAS Nxt’, featuring student-led boot camps, mentoring and CAMBA events that drew record attendance. The newly established Shri P. N. Shah CA Students’ Endowment Fund offers financial support to CA students in need. Importantly, we surpassed 1,000 female CA members for the first time—affirming a strong commitment to ‘Nari Shakti’.

Under the CSR banner ‘Chartered’s for Change’, our Society supported MM High School near Umargaon by installing digital classrooms serving 2,300 students and planning a ₹2 crore playground upgradation. Early results are encouraging; six students from the school qualified for state-level competitions this year.

Membership trends also turned positive. Following drops of 818 members (2020–21), 352, and 24 in subsequent years, our Society’s membership rebounded with +400 members last year and +1,100 this year—reaching record-high numbers even after accounting for 450 non-renewals and deaths. This resurgence, I felt strongly, indicates both momentum and purpose driving the organization forward.

In closing, I express deep gratitude—to predecessors including Abhaybhai, Mihirbhai, and Chiragbhai—for laying the groundwork in website upgrades, hybrid events, ISO certifications, and the ReImagine initiatives. The managing committee, staff, families and professional colleagues were also honoured for their unwavering support.

 

INCOMING PRESIDENT’S SPEECH

CA ZUBIN F. BILLIMORIA

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrtvFUD6huE

INTRODUCTION

A very good evening to one and all; to outgoing president Anand, to my office bearer colleagues on the dais, the past presidents, guests from our sister organization CTC and others. I welcome the newly elected president of CTC Mr. Jayant Gokhale and the vice president Ms. Neha. Less than 24 hours back, I was there at their centenary, which was celebrated yesterday. So once again, congratulations to you Jayant Bhai and Neha. I also extend a warm welcome to the guests, other members and friends.

I stand before you today with mixed feelings. Feelings of gratitude, feelings of introspection. And I would also say with a lot of support from destiny and providence. So before I go further, Anand has already covered quite a lot of the things in a fair bit of detail. So I will try not to repeat some of these things. Some repetitions may be inevitable because as he said, we are in the middle of the five-year plan through these six pillars which he displayed. So I will also cover some of that.

BCAS IN PERSPECTIVE

Before proceeding further, I would like to set in perspective, two important events which mirror the history of BCAS – firstly, its history mirrors the history of India, in the sense that it is only two years younger, having been established in 1949, as against our country obtaining independence in 1947, and the other even closer connection is with the parent body of our profession, the ICAI. We are only six days younger. So we are in effect carrying forward a legacy which basically drives our country, as also our profession. Our country as we all know now is what our Prime Minister says is in its “Amritkal”. It’s in its journey towards the century, which is also where the BCAS is moving slowly and steadily towards its hundredth year.

At this stage, I cannot forget one thing which I always refer to and quote in various places. The people of the older generation would remember the eminent jurist Mr. Nani Palkiwala. When I was a young boy in my ninth standard, tenth standard and the early years of college, the late 70s and the early 80s, I used to attend his budget speech. One thing which he used to say and which has stuck in my mind is India is a young democracy. Democracies and countries take time to mature. And he had said that India’s glorious period will come between its 75th and 100th year. So which is what is happening. These were prophecies by a great man. So the same also applies to us as Anand also said, the best is yet to come.

BCAS started in a very small way in what I refer to as the Wednesday Club. This is because a group of chartered accountants started meeting on Wednesdays. They used to have their meetings and slowly it grew and is now bigger than even a banyan tree. It has weathered a lot of storms. It has seen changing times but the main source of continuity is the past presidents. This is because we here have a unique tradition that once a president gives up his office, it is not that he hangs up his shoes as far as BCAS is concerned. He is still very much involved through the chairmanship of some committees and also actively guiding and mentoring the now relatively young profile of the organization. So that is the strength. So thank you once again to all the past presidents and they all deserve a looud, round of applause.

Now I would like to reflect the journey of BCAS and the position which we are currently in through the eyes of a well-known author Stephen Covey through his book, “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People”. It is a book which has had immense impact on me and I always refer to that. While this book talks about the seven habits of highly effective people, this is equally applicable even to organizations like us. Now what are these seven habits of highly effective people? Let us also see where we as BCAS stand and where we can go going forward.

Be proactive: We all know we have to be proactive and which is obvious as far as our organization is concerned. We have to keep on evolving, taking care of the various stakeholders. And as Anand mentioned, the membership survey is one such thing. There are various other projects through which we will see how proactive we are. Some of them were also dealt with earlier by Anand.

Setting clear goals and objectives: We have our vision and mission which you would have read in the annual report. On an ongoing basis, there are various goals which are there. Anand also talked about some of the goals. Accordingly, the goals and objectives always need to be set. The various projects which I will be dealing with, most of them a continuation of the five-year plan. Some of them have certain new initiatives which I have in mind.

Prioritizing our goals: We should not pay attention to what I always call major attention to minor details. We should alwaysfocus and look at the bigger picture. And this basically keeps on changing based on the expectations of our stakeholders.

Always think win-win: We saw a lot of collaborations which we are entering into and we will continue to do so. We have to adopt new formats. During COVID we also adapted into the new environment seamlessly. The digitization, technology and the other initiatives which Anand talked about is all ultimately leading to a win-win situation.

Seek first to understand and then be understood: This is the heart of it. Seek first to understand means we have our committees. They have a pulse of what are the needs of the professionals, what are the needs of the various stakeholders. So we try and deliberate and discuss on those. And then be understood. The understanding is through the various programs which we curate in different formats, through the publications which we come out with and through the representations which we make to the various authorities. They are all in turn tuned with the needs, whether it is to NAFRA on the SA-600, the budget present representation which we make every year. These are all based on needs which we try to understand and then be understood by the people who matter.

Synergize:This comes through basically again innovation and adapting to newer formats.

Sharpen the Saw: And finally, the most important is what I call sharpen the saw. As we all know, Charles Darwin always says that the strongest are not the people who are the most intelligent but the ones who keep on constantly changing. We have to constantly sharpen the saw. It is only then that we can get better and better and move towards not only the hundredth year but way- way beyond.

Finally, I am confident that BCAS is well positioned to continue to function in an effective way keeping in mind all these habits.

MY JOURNEY AT BCAS

Now coming to my journey at BCAS. My journey at BCAS started sometime in the year 1999 when I was working with Deloitte and S.B. Billimoria at that time. When my partner Mr. Nalin Shah, who I am very happy to state that he is here today, asked me and a couple of other people who were promoted as senior managers along with me; one of my other colleagues Kalpesh Mehta is also here. He just asked us that you become a member of BCAS and there was a US gap RRC which was at the Taj Residency Nasik. So I attended that RRC. I think Himanshu Bhai Krishnadwala was there in that RRC. So that is how my journey in BCAS started. For several years thereafter, the firm used to pay the membership fees. For the next few years I didn’t really contribute anything substantial or anything specific. Only maybe sometime in 2010 Mr. Shah asked me to meet Sanjeev Pandit who was the editor of the journal at that time whether an article or series of articles on the auditing standards could be written. So I remember I went and met Sanjeev at his office at that time it was somewhere near Malakshmi. So that is the second connection which I had with BCAS through the journal. I did contribute occasionally some other articles. But my real active involvement came through when I quit Deloitte in 2015 which was also a surprise to many people. And that is when my real journey with the BCAS began.

First I was part of a team which had to compile a publication on NBFCs for which Mr. Nalin Shah recommended my name to Abhay who was the convenor of the Accounting and Auditing Committee at that time. Sir, I would like to thank you very much for all that you have done for me. You have truly been my guide and mentor over the years and I am what I am today professionally is all because of you. Thank you very much sir. After that it was a steady journey. I became part of the journal committee when Raman was there, accounting and auditing committee, the corporate laws committee and finally became part of the managing committee and then moved up. So that is how my journey is. It is I would say a very scattered journey. I must admit here that I have gone through the grind like some of my other office bearer colleagues have. But that grind I have gone through it maybe in Deloitte and in S.B. Billimoria and that experience I hope will stand me in good stead in my journey and role as a president.

MY TEAM

Now coming to my team. First of all, as Anand just said, it is a relatively young team which could have even been younger if I wouldn’t have been there. Because the average age of the office bearers this year is 44 years as against 43 years in the previous year. And that is because the new office bearer Mrinal is slightly older than the new office bearer who was inducted last year Kinjal Bhuta. So that has increased by one year. But at the same time Kinjal being here is a very important step towards BCS being more diverse. And I will talk about that a little later.

The average age of the managing committee members, remains at a fairly youthful 42 years. A total of 28 new core group members have been added this year. As you know core group are people who are members of committees. During the year we have inducted two new co-opted members into the managing committee – Amit Purohit and Gaurav Save.

Another thing which I would like to mention specifically is we earlier had 10 committees which included the Internal Audit Committee. Now because of various reasons that committee has been subsumed into the Accounting and Auditing Committee under the chairmanship of Mr. Abhay Mehta and with him there is a new co-chairperson Samit Saraf who will be taking care of the internal audit part in the Committee. At this stage I would like to acknowledge and thank the role played by Mr. Uday Sathaye and Mr. Rajesh Muni who has been the chairmen of the internal audit committee along with Ms. Nandita Parikh who was the co-chairperson. Another thing which I would also like to mention is that Samit is the second non-past president who has been appointed as the co-chairman of a technical committee. This tradition started last year when Rutvik Sanghvi became the co-chairman of the international taxation committee. So this is also again one instance of a change moving with the times. Maybe 4 years back if that topic would have been raised it would have probably not been favourably looked upon. But now this is a reality and maybe tomorrow we don’t know. A day may not be far off, even if the chairmanship of some of the committees could go on to a person other than a past president. So this is all again in the spirit of things that we are constantly evolving. I am not putting words in anybody’s mouth nor am I saying that these things must happen! But anything could be possible. So all in all I have a mixed team. Young and vibrant with some degree of experience and of course all of you are always there to support me with your guidance. Because the way I look at my role as a leader is that I am primarily a facilitator. Because a leader can only be as good as his team. The other thing which I profess to practice as a leader and as the president is to be a good listener. Finally, the third quality which I wish to profess as a leader is the concept of servant leadership which I came across in a book by CA Pawan Agarwal – a life member who is present today and he is also the First Vice District Governor of Lions Club International. As the name suggests, this is a concept which occasionally may require you to roll up your sleeves and get into the grind. But office bearers please don’t take it for granted nor the managing committee members and others don’t expect me to do it every time! Because most of the time I will get the work done from all of you; only sometimes when there is a crisis situation I will probably happy to roll up my sleeves without any ego. So this in short will be my leadership style.

KEY PROJECTS

The next coming to the five year plan which was displayed earlier along with the following key projects, many of which have already been touched upon by Anand so I won’t go into detail. I will focus on just the main areas within each of these:

  •  Logistical and Administrative Excellence:

An area which I particularly want to lay more emphasis on is logistical and administrative experience. As Anand mentioned we are now an ISO compliant organization, which is something which was not forced upon us. It is something which we voluntarily took up three years back and it has now stabilized. Lot of SOPs have been formulated. So this helps in basically making the organization process agnostic rather than person agnostic. The endeavor would be to regularly review all the SOPs to safeguard our ISO accreditation. That is an ongoing process and now as Anand said we have a new Office Manager Mr. Sachin Kulkarni also since the last one year. He has been supporting us on that. A lot of employee and HR initiatives also have been started and will be continuing like raining of the staff. The streamlining of the functioning of the various committees will also be happening like regular meetings, regular reporting and so on.

  •  Operation Bharat (Part of the “REACH” Pillar)

Here, the focus would be on member engagements across India i.e. Bharat.

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Widen and formalize the Sherpa outreach.

• Focussed and formalized calendar for townhall meetings with emphasis on regular engagement, orientation and inductions.

• Have focused physical / hybrid meetings both short and long duration through Sherpas with appropriate level of support from HQ striking a balance between technical / knowledge dissemination and networking. Focus to get non members in and around the respective locations.

• Increased physical presence in various forms, through chapters / other appropriate forms of physical presence, local collaborations, selling of publications, specific and focused physical events etc.

  •  Membership Hooks (Part of the “REACH” and “YUVA SHAKTI” Pillars)

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Each committee to have atleast one members only event which will act as a natural catalyst towards enhancing our membership.

• The benefits of corporate membership to be extended to LLPs.

• Launching a separate class of e journal members as part of the BCAS Academy platform.

• Focussed efforts towards students study circle meetings by individual committees.

• To convert participants under the mentor – mentee programme and CA felicitation programs as members through a focused outreach and follow up.

• Possible collaborations with coaching classes for attracting students to become future members.

  •  Operation Nari Shakti (MOUNT VENUS 2.5K) (Part of the “REACH” Pillar

To me personally this is the most important initiative on which I intend to lay the maximum focus during my tenure. Our women membership has only recently crossed 1000. As of 30th June, we had 1019 members. Whilst it is improving, it is still way below being less than 10%. We need to move with the times to embrace greater diversity and inclusivity. My goal is to increase it to at least 2500 members, if not next year, at least in two years. Ideally, I would like it to happen in the next year, but at least I am giving still one more year to make it 2500!

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Separate sub-committee / sub group to be constituted under the SMPR Ccommittee

• Focus on targeting more women members through social media groups and channels

• Programmes- technical and motivational targeted at women members / participants.

• Career counselling programmes post motherhood including flexi work / WFH options and placement assistance.

  •  Technology and Digital Initiatives (Part of “PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT”, “NETWORKING” AND “CHARTEREDS’ FOR CHANGE” Pillars)

This is by far the most sweeping and widespread project since it touches the maximum number of pillars. Any organization without technology and digitalization will be like a fish without water.

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Setting up in house audio visual and recording capabilities (BCAS Studio)

• Have regular pipeline of podcasts (“are you aware series ) by each of the Committtees

• Digitalising member communication to a greater level as part of BCAS BroadCast

• Building AI and other technological capabilities across various domain areas through joint programmes between the Technology Initiatives Committee and the respective technical committees (audit, tax, corporate laws etc.)

• Specific initiatives on technological learning targeted at senior citizens and small and marginalised practioners, both in industry and practice.

  •  BCS Academy (Part of “PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT” Pillar)

This is a path breaking initiative about which much has been said earlier. It will serve as a self based learning infrastructure which we will be launching later today.
Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Increasing the repository of digital assets.

• Launching / offering specifically curated and professionally relevant differentiated programs / certification course by each committee, both recurring and one time / specific with the ultimate aim of issuing digital badge and certifications for sharing by participants on their public social profiles and hence serves as a win-win, both for the society and the participant.

My vision is that these BCAS certifications in the medium to long term should be able to enable participants to enhance their professional standing by being recognised by various stakeholders and be sought after badges/ certifications

• Reviving E clinics /expert chats (e.g. tax gurukul, Accounting and Auditing Clinics etc.) on a virtual basis.

  •  Research and Industry Collaborations (Part of “PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT”, “ADVOCACY” AND “NETWORKING” Pillars)

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• To explore more opportunities for collaboration with professional, trade and industry associations and academic bodies, both in India and abroad (each committee should explore more such opportunities in addition to the existing ones).

Think tank and research initiatives – both individually and in collaboration with appropriate bodies on contemporary topics and policy level initiatives where some work has already started.

• Engagement with Regulatory and Government bodies on the above matters where considerable progress has happened and we should be able to shortly announce certain things in respect thereon.

• Timely advocacy / representations on contemporary policy and regulatory matters.

  •  Public Relations and Marketing (Part of “NETWORKING” PILLAR)

The idea behind this initiative is to seek professional help to leverage on our reach and achievements.

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Greater engagement with the Social Media agency already appointed by us for focussed and timely social media presence / engagement on events, advocacy and technical initiatives

• Seeking regular engagement with the media / press on areas of contemporary relevance through a media management agency.

  •  Leveraging the Library (Part of “PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT” Pillar)

Whilst we have been having a library I feel over the years it has been neglected which is partly due to increased reliance on e books. However, I feel there is scope to leverage its presence and revive it once again for people who still prefer the traditional reading.

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Detailed and updated catalogue is ready

• Lending books for reading to members subject to certain conditions

• Subscribing to various relevant and contemporary publications

• Reviving the reading habit by organizing “Reading Clubs” on a periodic basis.

  •  Professional Social Responsibility (Part of “CHARTEREDS’ FOR CHANGE” Pillar)

This hinges on the premise that we are not always focussing on learning but are looking a holistic social development not only for our members but for other professionals and society in general.

Some of the initiatives in this regard which we are evaluating are:

• Deeper collaboration and engagement with BCAS Foundation- arranging a fund raising drive, clear policy on the level of corpus etc..

• Organising picnics, sporting events, family day etc. to enforce a work life balance and quality engagement.

• Conceptualising programmes and events resulting in social impact, financial literacy workshops for students, senior citizens, and marginalized sections and other similar initiatives with the aim of bringing about sustainable smiles.

 

CONCLUSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To conclude, I would like to acknowledge the presence of my family members:

My wife Farzana, my daughter Farah and my father-in-law, Mr. Minoo Bilimoria, who incidentally is also a life member of the BCAS. He is 93 years old, still going strong, touchwood! I thank them for their support and encouragement in my journey so far. I also take this opportunity to remember my late parents, who would have been very happy to see me here today and I seek their blessings!

Would also like to acknowledge my other guests from all the organizations where I am a trustee or a director and some of my personal friends as well as ex colleagues from Deloitte.

So thank you all for being here.

So with this, I accept the position of the President of the Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society with all humility and bow before all of you with respect. Thank you very much!

Sec 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii): Addition on account of difference between stamp duty value and purchase consideration for agricultural land made under a provision which was introduced subsequently – AO could not apply amended provision retrospectively – Further, payment of actual consideration duly established – Addition unsustainable.

27 [2025] 122 ITR(T) 312 (Lucknow- Trib.)

Smt. Vimla Tripathi vs. ITO

ITA NO.: 310 (LKW.) OF 2023

A.Y.: 2013-14 DATE: 31.12.2024

Sec 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii): Addition on account of difference between stamp duty value and purchase consideration for agricultural land made under a provision which was introduced subsequently – AO could not apply amended provision retrospectively – Further, payment of actual consideration duly established – Addition unsustainable.

FACTS:

The assessee filed her return of income for the AY 2013-14. Subsequently, based on third-party information, the Assessing Officer noticed that the assessee, jointly with another person, had purchased an agricultural land on 01.08.2012 for a declared consideration of ₹12,00,000.

The AO observed that the market value of the land for stamp duty purposes was ₹71,30,000. Upon response from the assessee to notices u/s 142(1), she provided documentary evidence showing details and modes of payment, copies of bank statements and the sale deed.

Finding a discrepancy of ₹59,30,000 between the stamp duty value and actual consideration paid, the AO treated 50% of such difference (i.e., ₹29.65 lakhs) as income of the assessee under section 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii), since the property was jointly purchased.

The assessee contended that the transaction took place on 01.08.2012 and provision of section 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii) was introduced by Finance Act, 2013 and came into effect only from 01.04.2014 (A.Y. 2014-15). Therefore, the said provision could not be applied to a transaction undertaken in A.Y. 2013-14.

Despite these submissions, the NFAC dismissed the appeal, upholding the addition made by the AO.

HELD:

ITAT observed that the transaction was carried out in F.Y. 2012-13. The provision under section 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii), which sought to tax the difference between stamp duty value and actual consideration for property purchases, was introduced w.e.f. 01.04.2014 and was applicable only from A.Y. 2014-15 onwards. Therefore, it could not be applied retrospectively to a transaction of A.Y. 2013-14.

The Tribunal noted that the CIT(A)’s observation that the transaction was “without consideration” was factually incorrect. The assessee had placed on record the bank statements and the sale deed evidencing payment of ₹6 lakhs (her share of the total ₹12 lakhs consideration). Hence, the transaction involved actual consideration and was not a gift or zero-value transfer.

ITAT further held that, the assessee also raised a valid legal argument that agricultural land is not treated as a “capital asset” under section 2(14) and thus not subject to the deeming provisions of section 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii), which apply only to capital assets.

Accordingly, the Tribunal found merit in the assessee’s arguments, quashed the order of the CIT(A),  and directed the Assessing Officer to delete the addition of ₹29.65 lakhs made under section 56(2)(vii)(b)(ii).

Sec 145 – Percentage Completion Method (PCM) – Rejection of consistently followed method of accounting without any defects or inconsistencies – Addition of entire actual sale value led to double addition as income had already been recognised on accrual basis under PCM in earlier years – Not permissible – Once accepted, accounting method cannot be altered without just cause.

26 [2025] 122 ITR(T) 154 (Ahmedabad – Trib.)

ITO vs. Sainath Land Developers

ITA NO.: 441 (AHD.) OF 2020

A.Y.: 2015-16 DATE: 31.12.2024

Sec 145 – Percentage Completion Method (PCM) – Rejection of consistently followed method of accounting without any defects or inconsistencies – Addition of entire actual sale value led to double addition as income had already been recognised on accrual basis under PCM in earlier years – Not permissible – Once accepted, accounting method cannot be altered without just cause.

FACTS

The assessee, a partnership firm was engaged in real estate development. The return was selected for limited scrutiny under CASS. During the course of assessment, the Assessing Officer noted that the assessee had shown opening work-in-progress (WIP) of ₹6.47 crores and had sold flats and shops worth ₹4.20 crores during the year. However, the sales reported in the profit and loss account amounted to only ₹55.70 lakhs.

The assessee explained that it had been consistently following the Percentage Completion Method (PCM) of revenue recognition since A.Y. 2012-13, which had been accepted by the Department in earlier assessments.

The AO concluded that the difference between the stock sold (₹4.20 crores) and the sales disclosed (₹55.70 lakhs) represented undisclosed sales and made an addition of the entire ₹4.20 crores to the assessee’s income.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before the CIT(A), who deleted the entire addition. The Revenue preferred further appeal before the Tribunal.

HELD

ITAT observed that the assessee had consistently followed PCM, which is a recognised method of accounting as per the Accounting Standards issued by the ICAI. The Revenue had accepted this method in earlier years without raising any objection. And AO failed to point out any defects or discrepancies in the books of accounts maintained by the assessee.

ITAT observed that the addition made by the AO resulted in double taxation of the same profits – first when revenue was recognised under PCM in earlier years and again when full actual sales were considered in the current year.

ITAT held that once a method of accounting has been accepted by the Department and regularly followed by the assessee, it cannot be rejected in subsequent years unless a material change in facts is demonstrated. In the present case, no such change or deviation was shown by the AO.

Thus, the ITAT held that the method of accounting consistently and correctly followed by the assessee under the Percentage Completion Method could not be rejected in the absence of any defect or inconsistency, and the addition of ₹4.20 crores was rightly deleted by the CIT(A).

S. 54F – Capital gain arising out of surrender of tenancy rights is eligible for exemption under section 54F if the developer-builder has allotted a residential flat without any consideration against such surrender by executing Permanent Alternate Accommodation Agreement. S. 56 – Once an income from a source falls within a specific head, the fact that it may indirectly be covered by another head will not make the income taxable under the latter head.

25 (2025) 174 taxmann.com 1015 (Mum Trib)

Vasant Nagorao Barabde vs. DCIT

ITA No.: 5372 (Mum) of 2024

A.Y.: 2018-19 Dated: 22.05.2025

S. 54F – Capital gain arising out of surrender of tenancy rights is eligible for exemption under section 54F if the developer-builder has allotted a residential flat without any consideration against such surrender by executing Permanent Alternate Accommodation Agreement.

S. 56 – Once an income from a source falls within a specific head, the fact that it may indirectly be covered by another head will not make the income taxable under the latter head.

FACTS

The assessee and his daughter entered into agreement for Permanent Alternate Accommodation (PAA) dated 21.9.2017 with the developer whereby the tenancy rights in respect of residential premises in building “SS” in Mumbai were surrendered. The developer agreed to provide and allot on ownership basis, without any consideration, one flat in the new building proposed to be constructed on the said property. The stamp value of the said property was ₹2,88,85,600. The assessee filed his return of income on 15.08.2018 reporting total income at ₹61,34,820.

Case of the assessee was selected for limited scrutiny for the reason that purchase value of property was less than stamp value. Since no explanation came from the assessee, the AO completed the assessment under section 143(3) making an addition of ₹2,88,85,600, being the stamp duty value for which no consideration was paid by applying section 56(2)(x)(b)(B).

Against this, assessee went in appeal before CIT(A). Before the CIT(A), the assessee filed detailed explanations and additional evidence under rule 46A. However, the CIT(A) dismissed the appeal of the assessee.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal observed that-

(a) It was an undisputed fact that both the assessee and his daughter were tenants in the registered agreement for PAA dated 21.09.2017 under which flat in the new building had been allotted by the developer against surrender of tenancy rights. Existence of tenancy was not in dispute.
(b) It was important to note that there was a surrender of tenancy rights against which a new flat had been allotted for which a registered deed was executed. Once there is a surrender of tenancy rights, the factual position which emerges was that tenancy right (which is a capital asset) was transferred and was liable to be taxed under section 45 read with section 48.

(c) The moot point that arose was as to in whose hands this capital gain was to be taxed depending upon who owned the tenancy rights and who transferred the same to the builder against which the new flat was allotted. In present set of facts, it could be either the assessee or his daughter. In either case, deduction under section 54F was available against the capital gain so computed since there was an investment in residential flat allotted by the builder by way of PAA of equivalent stamp duty value of ₹2,88,85,600. Thus, in either hands, the capital gain so computed was eligible for deduction under section 54F in toto.

(d) Once an income from a source falls within a specific head, the fact that it may indirectly be covered by another head will not make the income taxable under the latter head. Thus, applicability of section 56(2)(x)(b)(B) was ruled out.

(e) Claim of the assessee for deduction under section 54F against the capital gain on the impugned transaction was an allowable claim by taking into account the observation of Supreme Court in the case of Goetze (India) Ltd. whereby Court held that “nothing impinges on the power of the appellate authorities to entertain such a claim of the assessee.”

Accordingly, the appeal of the assessee was allowed.

S. 70 – Short-term capital loss (on which STT was paid) can be set off against short-term capital gains (on which STT was not paid) as per section 70(2).

24  (2025) 174 taxmann.com 932 (Mum Trib)

Teacher Retirement System of Texas vs. ACIT

ITA No.: 1371 (Mum) of 2025

A.Y.: 2022-23 Dated: 23.05.2025

S. 70 – Short-term capital loss (on which STT was paid) can be set off against short-term capital gains (on which STT was not paid) as per section 70(2).

FACTS

The assessee was a resident of the United States of America, and was registered as a Foreign Portfolio Investor with the Securities and Exchange Board of India. For AY 2022-23, the assessee filed its return of income on 26.07.2022, declaring a total income of ₹1,392,97,42,630. The return filed by the assessee was selected for scrutiny.

During the assessment proceedings, it was observed that the assessee computed the net short-term capital gains amounting to ₹312,17,86,831, after set off the short-term capital loss [on which securities transaction tax (STT) was paid], which is taxable at 15% under section 111A, against the short-term capital gains (on which STT was not paid), which is taxable at 30% under section 115AD. Thereafter, the assessee set-off the balance loss against the short-term capital gains earned on the transaction of sale of share subjected to STT. The AO held that section 111A and 115AD provide different rate of taxes and the assessee’s manner of setting-off its short-term capital loss, taxable at 15%, first against the short-term capital gains taxable at 30%, and the balance set off against the short-term capital gains taxable at 15% was disallowed. Accordingly, vide draft assessment order dated 14.3.2024, he computed the short term capital gain by first setting off 15% loss against 15% gains, and thereafter, set off with other gains.
Dispute Resolution Panel (DRP) rejected the objections filed by the assessee and upheld the computation of capital gains made by the AO vide draft assessment order.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT

HELD

The sole issue before the Tribunal was whether the short-term capital loss (on which STT was paid) can be set off against short-term capital gains (on which STT was not paid)

Following the decisions of co-ordinate bench in a number of cases, the Tribunal observed that as per the provisions of section 70(2), the short-term capital loss can be set off against gain from any other capital asset. Section 70(2) does not make any further classification between the transactions where STT was paid and the transactions where STT was not paid and the term “similar computation” in section 70(2) only refers to the computation as provided under sections 48 to 55.

Accordingly, the Tribunal directed the AO to accept the methodology adopted by the assessee for the computation of capital gains.

In the result, the appeal of the assessee was allowed on this ground.

S. 56 – The term “immovable property” in section 56(2)(x) includes agricultural land. S. 56 – Where the assessee disputes the stamp duty value, the Assessing Officer is required to refer the matter to District Valuation Officer (DVO).

23 (2025) 174 taxmann.com 1111 (Ahd Trib)

Clayking Minerals LLP vs. ITO

ITA No.: 82 (Ahd) of 2025

A.Y.: 2018-19 Dated: 27.05.2025

S. 56 – The term “immovable property” in section 56(2)(x) includes agricultural land.

S. 56 – Where the assessee disputes the stamp duty value, the Assessing Officer is required to refer the matter to District Valuation Officer (DVO).

FACTS

The assessee filed its income tax return on 30.08.2018, declaring a loss of ₹1,24,010 for AY 2018-19. Subsequently, the case was selected for limited scrutiny to examine whether the purchase value of a property was less than the value determined by the stamp valuation authority under section 56(2)(x). During the course of assessment proceedings, the AO noted that the assessee purchased a property for ₹42,72,000 having stamp duty value of ₹1,15,62,880. The assessee contended that since the property was agricultural land at the time of purchase, it did not qualify as a “capital asset” as per section 2(14), and therefore, section 56(2)(x) was not applicable. The AO held that section 56(2)(x) was attracted and taxed the difference of ₹72,90,880 between the purchase consideration and the stamp duty value under the head “income from other sources”.

CIT(A) affirmed the addition of the AO.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal observed that-

(a) On a plain reading, it is seen that section 56(2)(x) mentions the term “any immovable property”. The term “immovable property” has not been defined in section 56(2)(x) or in any other section in the Income Tax Act. This renders the word to be interpreted in general parlance. In general understanding of the term, the word “immovable property” means an asset which cannot be moved without destroying or altering it. Going by the general definition, “immovable property” would include any rural agricultural land, in absence of any specific exclusion in section 56(2)(x).

(b) Notably, section 56(2)(x) does not use the word “capital asset”. The sale of rural agricultural land is exempt in the hands of the seller since the word “capital asset” has been specifically defined to exclude agricultural land in rural areas under section 2(14). Thus, sale of rural agricultural land shall not give rise to any capital gains in the hands of the seller as it is not considered as a capital asset itself. However, from the point of view of the “purchaser” of immovable property, section 56(2)(x) mentions “any immovable property” which going by the plain words of the statute, does not specifically exclude “agricultural land”.

(c) However, since the assessee had disputed the stamp duty value, the AO was required to make a reference to the DVO for the purpose of valuing the same as per third proviso to section 56(2)(x).

Accordingly, the matter was referred to the file of the AO with a direction to refer the valuation to DVO as requested by the assessee.

Editor’s Note: Please refer detailed analysis of this judgement in the Controversy Column of this issue on page 60

The expression “on the occasion of marriage” used in proviso to section 56(2)(vii) cannot be given restricted meaning. When the gift is associated with the event of marriage, the immediate reason or cause for the gift is the marriage of the recipient, it would be covered by the said expression and the relationship between the gift and the marriage is the relevant factor and not the time of making the gift.

22 Dhruv Sanjay Gupta vs. JCIT

ITA No. 5749/Mum./2024

A.Y.: 2013-14 Date of Order : 20.6.2025

Section : 56(2)(vii)

The expression “on the occasion of marriage” used in proviso to section 56(2)(vii) cannot be given restricted meaning. When the gift is associated with the event of marriage, the immediate reason or cause for the gift is the marriage of the recipient, it would be covered by the said expression and the relationship between the gift and the marriage is the relevant factor and not the time of making the gift.

FACTS

During the previous year relevant to the assessment year under consideration, the assessee claimed to have received gifts of ₹2,11,35,523 which he claimed to have been received on the occasion of his marriage. The assessee got married on 8.12.2012. The amounts of gifts received on occasion of marriage comprised of a sum of ₹2 crore received from Shri Anil Kumar Goel and balance ₹11,35,523 from Siddharth Jatia.

Anil Kumar Goel is the first cousin from paternal grandfather. The cheque from Anil Kumar Goel was dated 8.12.2012 and the Memorandum of Gift dated 8.12.2012 was also executed for the said gift. The cheque got cleared and credited to the bank account of the assessee on 18.12.2012 i.e. 10 days after the date of marriage. As regards second gift of ₹11,35,523 it was submitted that Siddharth Jatia is a family friend from Singapore and has gifted USD 21,000 vide cheque dated 4.12.2012 which has been gifted vide Gift Deed dated 4.12.2012. This cheque was cleared on 2.1.2013.

The Assessing Officer (AO) held that the amounts claimed by the assessee to be gifts on the occasion of marriage were received by the assessee after the occasion of the marriage, based on dates of clearing of cheques and amount getting credited to the bank account of the assessee. He thus, held that these transactions of gift received by the assessee are sham transactions wherein assessee has been used as a benami to build up his capital.

While treating the transaction of gift as sham transaction, AO observed in his order that there was a meagre balance in the bank account of the donor, Shri Anil Kumar Goel as on 13.12.2012 at ₹7,523. Also, on 16.12.2012, the balance was only ₹8,39,201. It was only on 17.12.2012 that the donor received ₹1.40 Crores from one, Shri Pinku Bagmar and ₹50 lakhs from grandfather of the assessee, i.e., Shri Devki Nandan Gupta. It was out of these funds that the cheque of gift given to the assessee was encashed and funds got transferred to the bank account of the assessee. According to the AO, the funds got transferred much after the date of marriage which occurred on 08.12.2012.

The AO took a view that no person can give a gift of money on a particular day which he does not possess or does not actually have. On the date of cheque i.e. 08.12.2012, Shri Anil Kumar Goel did not have sufficient balance in his bank account to give the gift of ₹2 Crores which was actually transferred to the assessee on 18.12.2012 after the receipt of moneys from Shri Pinku Bagmar and Shri Devki Nandan Gupta. Thus, he concluded that the amounts received by the assessee as gifts are not covered under the proviso to section 56(2)(vii), since the same were not received on the occasion of marriage but much later after the marriage. The AO also made an observation that gift received by the assessee was transferred back to Shri Devki Nandan Gupta on 19.12.2012. According to the AO, if assessee has received the gift for his marriage, then what was the need for him to transfer the same on the next day to Shri Devki Nandan Gupta. Based on these observations, AO concluded that transaction of gift is a sham transaction and assessee has been used as benami in the transactions between Shri Anil Kumar Goel and Shri Devki Nandan Gupta for building up of capital without incidence of tax.

In respect of the second gift from Shri Siddharth Jatia, the AO enquired from the bank by issuing notice u/s.133(6) about the said transaction. Based on this enquiry, AO noted that the said credit of amount of ₹11,35,523 mentioned by the bank is against export advance proceeds USD 4,779.85 by Manish Export. Based on this fact, AO concluded that it is not a gift received on the occasion of marriage but a sum received by the assessee without any consideration and therefore chargeable to tax.

Aggrieved, the assessee preferred an appeal to CIT(A) who confirmed the action of the AO.

Aggrieved, the assessee preferred an appeal to the Tribunal where further documentary evidences were submitted to substantiate creditworthiness of Shri Anil Kumar Goel and also of Devki Nandan Gupta. As regards certificate given by the Bank it was submitted that the Bank had inadvertently given a wrong certificate. Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate in Form 10H was produced to demonstrate that the amount received was gift.

HELD

The Tribunal held that the AO has taken a microscopic view of the term used in proviso to section 56(2)(vii) relating to “on the occasion of marriage”. The expression “on the occasion of marriage” used in proviso to section 56(2)(vii) cannot be given restricted meaning. When the gift is associated with the event of marriage, the immediate reason or cause for the gift is the marriage of the recipient, it would be covered by the said expression and the relationship between the gift and the marriage is the relevant factor and not the time of making the gift. Clause (b) of the proviso to section 56(2)(vii) mentions that the provisions of clause (vii) shall not apply to any sum of money or any property received “on the occasion of marriage of an individual”.

The Tribunal held that the observations made by the authorities below to be more of surmises and conjectures in nature rather than those made by bringing any cogent material on record to disprove the documents and the explanations furnished by the assessee. The Tribunal having taken into account all the documentary evidences and explanations, found that the gifts received by the assessee on the occasion of his marriage, though the amount were credited at a later date, which is 10 days after the date of marriage in the case of gift received from Shri Anil Kumar Goel and 15 days in the case of gift received from Shri Siddharth Jatia, i.e., on 02.01.2013 since the cheque was issued from the Singapore branch of the bank of the donor, are covered by the proviso to section 56(2)(vii) as the same are received by the assessee on the occasion of his marriage. Microscopic view taken by the AO of the expression “on the occasion of marriage” to receive a gift on the day of marriage as well as to get the account credited on the same date was held to be devoid of real-life situations.

The Tribunal deleted the addition made by the AO.

Where assessee is otherwise eligible to claim deduction and has submitted computation, mere typographical error in claiming deduction under section 54 instead of section 54F does not disentitle the assessee from getting relief under section 54F. Limitation of allowing deduction only if claimed in the return of income applies only to the AO and not to the Appellate Authority which can allow correct claim if facts on record support the claim being made.

21 Seema Srivastava vs. ITO

[2025] 175 taxmann.com 374 (Patna – Trib.)]

A.Y.: 2017-18 Date of Order : 6.6.2025

Sections : 54, 54F

Where assessee is otherwise eligible to claim deduction and has submitted computation, mere typographical error in claiming deduction under section 54 instead of section 54F does not disentitle the assessee from getting relief under section 54F. Limitation of allowing deduction only if claimed in the return of income applies only to the AO and not to the Appellate Authority which can allow correct claim if facts on record support the claim being made.

FACTS

During the previous year relevant to the assessment year under consideration, the assessee in her return of income declared capital gains arising on sale of immovable property and claimed deduction under section 54. During the course of assessment proceedings, the Assessing Officer (AO) disallowed the claim of deduction made under section 54 on the ground that the asset sold was not a residential house. Although section 54F could have applied, the AO held that assessee had not claimed deduction under section 54F nor submitted the requisite details.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the CIT(A) and contended that she was eligible to claim deduction under section 54F but had inadvertently claimed it under section 54 and this was a clerical error which should have been ignored and the rightful claim under section 54F should have been allowed. The CIT(A) rejected the ground of appeal and held that the eligibility of claim under section 54F was not substantiated.

Aggrieved, revenue preferred an appeal to the Tribunal.

HELD

The Tribunal considered the rival submission and having gone through the order of the Supreme Court in the case of Goetze India Ltd. vs. CIT [(2006) 284 ITR 323] agreed with the contention of the assessee that the limitation for allowing the deduction by filing a revised return is applicable only to the AO and not to the Appellate Authority. Accordingly, the CIT(A) ought to have allowed the deduction u/s 54F of the Act. It held that since this is a purely legal issue and the mistake occurred at the level of the AO and on behalf of the assessee, it was submitted that the matter may be sent back to the AO as he has disallowed the claim without specifying the fact that section 54F of the Act was not applicable.

The Tribunal held that since the assessee had purchased a residential house and was eligible for deduction u/s 54F of the Act, the order of the CIT(A) was to be set aside and the matter was remitted to the AO to allow the claim u/s 54F of the Act on the basis of evidence filed by the assessee. In case any further evidence is required, the same may also be furnished by the assessee before the AO. The action of the Tribunal was in light of the settled judicial principle that the claim under a wrong section does not bar the assessee from making the claim under the correct section, if the assessee is otherwise eligible. Even though the deduction has to be claimed in the return of income for being allowed by the AO, however, this limitation is only for the Assessing Authority and the Appellate Authority can grant the exemption/deduction claimed if the facts on record convey so. ,

 

Non-filing of Form 68 is only a technical or venial breach which should not snatch away the substantive right to claim immunity from levy of penalty, which assessee got vested with on fulfilment of substantive conditions mandated in Clause (a) & (b) of sub-section (1) of section u/s. 270AA of the Act.

20 New Dawath Traders vs. ITO

TS-119-ITAT-2025 (Mum.)

A.Y.: 2017-18 Date of Order : 14.2.2025

Sections: 270A, 270AA

Non-filing of Form 68 is only a technical or venial breach which should not snatch away the substantive right to claim immunity from levy of penalty, which assessee got vested with on fulfilment of substantive conditions mandated in Clause (a) & (b) of sub-section (1) of section u/s. 270AA of the Act.

FACTS

The assessee firm engaged in the business of wholesale rice trade in the name and style of M/s. Dawath Traders filed its return of income for AY 2017-18, on 30.10.2017, disclosing total income at ₹6,52,740. Later, the premises of the assessee was surveyed u/s.133A of the Act on 17.03.2017 and based on the survey findings, the return was selected for scrutiny and the AO assessed total income at ₹55,46,812 and since, the assessee has offered ₹30 lakhs under PMGKY Scheme, net-assessed income came down to ₹25,46,812.

Pursuant to the assessment order dated 30.12.2019, assessee remitted the tax computed at ₹8,70,297 within 30 days of the demand, and didn’t file any appeal against the assessment order dated 30.12.2019. Thus, assessee claimed that it was eligible/entitled for immunity from imposition of penalty u/s.270AA of the Act. However, the AO didn’t agree, because assessee didn’t file Form 68 before him, within the period stipulated under sub-section (2) of section 270AA of the Act. Accordingly, he issued notice u/s.270A of the Act, despite having taken note of the assessee’s assertion that it had paid tax & interest as per the assessment order u/s.143(3) of the Act dated 30.12.2019 [within the period specified in the notice of demand] and not having preferred an appeal against the assessment order.

The AO levied penalty u/s.270A of the Act, alleging assessee’s failure to explain on merits against disallowance/addition made in the assessment order and imposed penalty u/s.270A of the Act for under-reporting of income by levying penalty of ₹2,72,549 @ 50% of the amount of tax payable on under-reported income.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the CIT(A) who confirmed the action of the AO by observing that immunity [from levy of penalty u/s.270A of the Act] could have been granted only if the assessee had filed Form 68 within one month from the end of the month in which the assessment order has been received. In the absence of filing of such form, he rejected the claim of immunity and also observed that the assessee didn’t bring any evidence to show that the assessee’s case would fall under Rule 6DD of the Income Tax Rules, 1962 to exclude the transaction from violation of sec.40A(3) of the Act, which led to the disallowance of Rs.47,64,072.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the Tribunal.

HELD

The Tribunal noted that the assessee-firm has fulfilled conditions prescribed u/s.270AA of the Act for claiming immunity from imposition of penalty u/s.270A of the Act by duly remitting the tax & interest as per the order of the assessment as well as not filing any appeal against the assessment order dated 30.12.2019. Thus, it is noted that the assessee has fulfilled the conditions under Clause (a) & Clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 270AA of the Act. However, the assessee didn’t file before the AO the application for immunity in Form 68 as prescribed by sub-section (2) of section 270AA of the Act. In case, if the assessee had filed Form 68 within the prescribed period stated in subsection (2), [i.e. within one month from the end of the month in which the assessment order was received by assessee] then the AO should have granted immunity from imposition of penalty u/s.270A of the Act. Having fulfilled both the conditions for grant of immunity as stipulated under clause (a) & (b) of sub-section (1) of section 270AA of the Act, which are substantive in nature except not filing Form 68 before AO, the assessee, in substance assessee was entitled for claiming immunity from imposition of penalty u/s.270A of the Act.

The Tribunal observed that courts are meant to do substantial justice between the parties, and that technical rules or procedure should not be given precedence over doing substantial justice. Undoubtedly, justice according to the law, doesn’t merely mean technical justice, but means that law is to be administered to advance justice [refer the decision dated 30.10.2017 of the Supreme Court in the case of Pankaj Bhai Rameshbhai Zalavadiya vs. Jethabhai Kalabhai Zalavadiya in Civil Appeal No.155549 of 2017].

In the given factual background, according to the Tribunal, non-filing of Form 68 was only a technical or venial breach which should not snatch away the substantive right to claim immunity from levy of penalty, which assessee got vested with on fulfilment of substantive conditions mandated in Clause (a) & (b) of sub-section (1) of section u/s.270AA of the Act. The Tribunal noted that it has been further brought to its notice that assessee has filed Form 68 [a copy of which is found placed at Page Nos.1-3 of the Paper Book which has been uploaded in the IT portal].

Considering the overall facts, the Tribunal held that no penalty ought to have been levied u/s.270A of the Act for under-reporting of income. It directed deletion of the penalty levied.

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Perplexity is your personal AI-powered Swiss Army Knife for information discovery and curiosity. It’s not just about answering questions; it’s about empowering you to do more—whether you’re looking to summarise content, explore new topics, dive deep into them or even get a little creative.

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Pro Search is your conversational search guide. It engages with you and fine-tunes the answers based on your own individual preferences. You can personalize your settings and profile and as you use it more, it understands you and your preferences and gives better, focussed responses.

You have options to access it on your browser, use it as a desktop app, or even download it as an app on your iPhone or Android phone.

The free version allows you to do unlimited basic searches, 3 Pro searches per day and upload 3 files per day for summaries and / or analysis. The Pro version unlocks the full capabilities of Perplexity and enjoy new perks as they are added.

Try it today, you may never need to look at any other AI tool for a while.

https://www.perplexity.ai/

Action Notch: Touch The Notch

Transform your camera hole cutout or notch into a powerful shortcut button! With Action Notch, enjoy features inspired by Assistive Touch and Dynamic Island, allowing you to perform tasks using gestures like single tap, double tap, long press, or swipe. Simplify your daily interactions, protect physical buttons, and enhance multitasking with this must-have app!
You can record audio / videos on recorder or Front/ Back camera instantly without opening the relevant app. Take screenshots, toggle flashlight, lock your screen or open any of your favourite apps. You can also control your brightness, ringer mode, music and much more with just a tap.

All you need to do is configure your favourites to respond to various pre-set gestures and you are done!

Using Action Notch protects your phone’s physical buttons from wear and tear. It is fully customizable to fit your needs and simplifies multitasking for a seamless experience.

Android : https://bit.ly/4ksioyt

Your News

This app keeps you updated with the news that matters to you! With Your News, you are in full control of your content, including RSS feeds, YouTube channels, and Reddit posts. Read updates directly in the app or continue from your home screen with customizable RSS widgets. Enjoy the best content without distractions—only the news you care about, all in one place.

It does not require a sign-up, no cloud access and no hassles. You can quickly add your favourite RSS feeds, YouTube Channels, Reddit feeds with dedicated buttons, making it simple to tailor your personalised news aggregator experience. You can even use the search button to find feeds by website name or explore new content in the Discover Section.

If you want to stay focused only on the content that interests you, you may apply custom keyword filters to show or hide articles based on specific topics or keywords.

Get started with Your News today and enjoy the most personalissed, private, and convenient news reading experience!

Android : https://bit.ly/45K0lPP

Spot Scam Mobile / Email / Website / Apps

These days, we come across multiple scams where lay users are driven to suspicious websites or apps and tricked into revealing their personal details, leading to financial loss.

The Government of India has now come up with a suspicious list of Mobile nos., Email ids, Website URLs and Apps to warn users before they transact with them.
So, if you are asked to go to a particular site or app or communicate with a Mobile no. or email id, you may visit https://cybercrime.gov.in/, go to the Report & Check Suspect Tab, and look up the relevant telephone no., address or website. If the target is suspicious and/or flagged, the website will let you know the problem. The same tab can be used to report a suspicious Site or phone number or email id or website.

And, unfortunately, if you have been scammed, do not panic – just dial 1930 from anywhere in India and report the incident with full details and the Cybercrime experts will help you trace the suspect and your money as soon as possible.

 

A similar service is also available at the Global Level. Just visit https://www.scamadviser.com/ and check out the suspicious target at the international level. This site has a huge repository of scams at the international level and provides valuable guidance when visiting unknown websites, rating them and even giving reasons for the rating, so that you can be cautious when dealing with them.

Better be safe than sorry – prevention is better than cure!

Learning Events at BCAS

1. 19th Residential Study Course on GST @ Kolkata

The Indirect Tax Committee organised its 19th Residential Study Course at The Westin, Rajarhat, Kolkata, between 12th – 15thJune 2025, exclusively on Goods & Service Tax. More than 310 delegates attended the program from over 60 towns and cities in India.

The Study Course started with Shree Ganesh Vandana and the lighting of lamp. Later, it was inaugurated by Shri Shrawan Kumar, Chief Commissioner of Central GST & Central Excise, Kolkata Zone, who spoke on the 8 years of GST and the way forward. Shri Ranjit Kumar Agarwal, immediate Past President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, was the guest of honour. Chairman CA Govind Goyal welcomed all the participants, and Past Chairman CA Deepak Shah spoke about various activities of BCAS.

The first technical session on day 1 was a presentation paper by CA. Mandar Telang on the topic – “Addressing the deficiencies in Returns, Forms & Portal through effective documentation & strategic preventive steps”. The session takeaways primarily covered the facts that inadvertent mistakes are not akin to fraud, and for proper facts, justice is received even though it might be delayed. Committee member CA. Vikram Mehta chaired the session.

On day 2, the participants deliberated on the case studies in the group discussion format on the Panel Discussion paper on the topic “Real Estate Transactions”. The participants were divided into seven groups, each group led by 2 group leaders. As an innovative approach, the role of group leaders in each group was divided into “pro-revenue and pro-taxpayer” so that the participants get an understanding of the likely stand that can be taken by the department also. This format of GD was appreciated by the delegates.

After the GD session, the delegates gathered for the 2nd technical session by Adv. (CA) Ankit Kanodia. It was a presentation session on the topic of “Penalties under GST”. Committee Member CA. Jayesh Gogri chaired the session.

The 3rd technical session was the replies to the Panel Discussion paper on the topic “Real Estate Transactions”. The panel comprised of CA. A R Krishnan, as Moderator, CA. Sunil Gabhawalla & CA. A. Jatin Christopher as panelists. CA. Sunil Gabhawalla’s replies were from the taxpayer’s perspective, while CA. A. Jatin Christopher’s replies were from the Department’s perspective. Past President CA. Govind Goyal chaired the session.

On day 3, the participants deliberated on various case studies involved in the Group Discussion paper on the topic “Assorted Issues in GST”. This was followed by the 4th technical session – “T-20 capsules”. This is the continuous 4th year wherein selected delegates are invited to submit a detailed research paper on the assigned topic and further make a 20 minutes brief presentation on the technical topic at the RSC, thus providing them a forum to express their views on technical topics in just 20 minutes, i.e. in T20 Format. Committee Member CA. Prashant Deshpande chaired the session.

The sightseeing arrangements were made for the delegates, and they were delighted to visit the Victoria Memorial, Belur Math and Dakshineshwar Kali Temple. The delegates enjoyed the outing.

On the concluding day, i.e., day 4, the 5th technical session was the replies on the Group Discussion Paper by CA. S S Gupta. The session was chaired by the Vice President, CA. Zubin Billimoria.

The RSC concluded with acknowledgements and thanks to all those who had worked towards making the event a success, especially the Paper Writers, Group Leaders, Mentors, Panelists, Article contributors to the paper book and others who had worked tirelessly to deliver a seamless experience. Last but not least, thanks were expressed to the participants, without whom the sessions would not have been so interactive. Overall, it was an enriching experience and was appreciated by all the participants. This 4-day Residential Study Course at Kolkata (the city of joy) concluded with sincere appreciation for the tremendous efforts put in by the conveners CA Dushyant Bhatt, CA Gaurav Save and CA Parth Shah.

2. BCAS Town Hall Meeting @ Kolkata

The Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS) successfully conducted a Town Hall Meeting in Kolkata on 14th June 2025, on the sideline of the 19th Residential Study Course on GST. Organised with the support of CA Sanjay Poddar, CA Arup Das Gupta, and CA Abhishek Agarwal, the event brought together members for an open dialogue on professional development, Society initiatives, and future opportunities in the region.

The meeting featured key inputs from BCAS leadership:

  •  CA Zubin Billimoria, Hon. Vice President, provided an overview of the Society’s structure, committee ecosystem, and the contributions of its 250+ core group members.
  •  CA Mandar Telang, Hon. Treasurer, outlined recent initiatives, stressed the importance of local study circles, and expressed BCAS’s enthusiasm for future events in Kolkata, supported by active member involvement with the help of other sister organisations and local representatives.
  •  CA Gaurav Save offered insights into the efforts behind the GST RRC and shared how online Indirect Tax Study Circles have broadened access to national subject matter experts.

The event also featured active participation from attending members, who shared their expectations and ideas. Office bearers engaged constructively, addressed the queries raised and assured members of continued support in tailoring future programs to local needs.

Esteemed professionals, including CA Sushil Kumar Goyal, Past Central Council Member, ICAI, graced the occasion, making it a memorable and impactful exchange of ideas.

This Town Hall reaffirmed BCAS’s focus on regional inclusivity and its resolve to co-create meaningful platforms for professional excellence.

3. Webinar on Opportunities for CAs in Oman held on Tuesday, 10th June 2025@ Virtual

The webinar organised by the Seminar, Membership & Public Relations Committee enhanced the audience’s understanding of the opportunities present in Oman concerning practice, employment, and business. Around 200 participants registered for the event – drawn from across the country and mainly holding senior positions.

India and Oman are on the verge of signing a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), which is expected to create new prospects in accounting, taxation, and transfer pricing for Chartered Accountants.

The Guest of Honour, Ms. Juhaina Al Balushi from the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Investment Promotion, addressed the participants regarding the investment climate in Oman and the tax incentives available for newly established businesses.

Dr. Yousuf Hamed Al Balushi, a respected thought leader and former employee of the Central Bank of Oman, provided valuable insights into the mining, renewable energy, and financial services sectors.

CA Jay Duseja discussed the employment opportunities in Oman, along with the practical considerations for relocating to the country. Additionally, CA Abhishek Vaishya outlined the necessary steps to establish an auditing or consultancy firm in Oman.

The webinar concluded with a Q&A session with participants sharing their questions and seeking clarifications.

Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jlt6aUSQxig

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4. International Economics Study Group – In the context of the Trade war, what are the Strengths, Weaknesses & Threats to China, and what are the opportunities for India vis-a-vis China held on Monday, 9th June 2025 @ Virtual

The meeting was led by CA Harshad Shah & CA Vijay Maniar and presented the following:

Strength of China: World’s 2nd Largest Economy, Manufacturing Powerhouse, Large Domestic Market, Largest Foreign Reserves, Infrastructure Development, Technological & Innovation, Major Trading Partner to Many Large Economies, Over-Reliance on Many Sectors, Products, & Critical Minerals in many countries, Large, Competent Labor Pool with Unmatched Productivity, World’s Largest Military etc.

China’s Weaknesses: Authoritarian & Police State, Systemic Issues in Governance, Corruption, Chinese Demographic Disaster, Rising Unemployment in Youths, Real Estate Market Collapse, Very High Debt Levels, Export Dependency, Overcapacity, Untested Military (5+ Decades) etc.

Opportunities for India: Manufacturing & Supply Chain Diversification, Export Growth to the U.S. Market, Attracting Foreign Investment, Aviation and Aerospace Opportunities, etc.

Threats to China: Shutdown of Industries reliant on the US Market, Unemployment from Industrial Shutdowns, Disruption of Supply Chains, Infrastructure Overexpansion, Risk of Recession, Risk of Technological Decoupling & Containment, Currency, Financial & Stock Market Volatility, Stress on China’s Fragile Banking System, Potential for Protests and Civil Unrest etc.

5. Four-Day Study Course on Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) held on 30th to 31st May 2025 & 6th to 7th June 2025 @ Virtual (except the last day in Hybrid Mode at BCAS)

Four Day Study Course on Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) – on Day 4, it was planned as FEMA Focus – Advanced Perspectives on Foreign Exchange Laws

The first three days of the course were online and Day 4 was in hybrid mode. Many participants (including some from outside Mumbai) were present at the BCAS office and appreciated the personal interaction with speakers and networking opportunities with peers. The course was attended by nearly 300 participants.

This course covered the basic concepts of FEMA. The objective was to simplify extremely complex provisions for the participants. The course was comprehensive, and all key aspects of FEMA were covered. The speakers shared their vast experience with the participants and covered concepts as well as their practical applications. The examples and insight into real-life scenarios deeply enriched the participants.

After 3 days of covering basics, the last day focused on advanced level discussions and participants who were interested only in that day’s proceedings enrolled separately for the seminar “FEMA Focus – Advanced Perspectives on Foreign Exchange Laws”.

Day 4 began with an address by Dr. Aditya Gaiha, Chief General Manager, Foreign Exchange Department, Reserve Bank of India – who shared the regulator’s perspective and shed light on certain developments that are likely to take place over the next few months. It is worthwhile to note that he spoke at a professional forum after a long time and his session was greatly appreciated by the participants.

Other sessions on Day 4 covered advanced concepts and practical insights on succession in cross-border scenarios and cross-border restructuring.

The final session was a panel discussion with esteemed members of the profession. Interesting case studies were discussed during the panel discussion, and panelists shared divergent views on various issues.

Overall, the course was very enriching for the participants in terms of conceptual understanding as well as practical insights on FEMA.

6. Direct & Indirect Tax – Concept & Intricacies of Joint Development Agreements held on Friday, 6th June 2025@ Hyderabad.

The Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS) organised an engaged its first Sherpa Event in Hyderabad on 6th June 2025 at the G. P. Birla Auditorium. The Sherpa Initiative is BCAS’s national reach-out project aimed at deepening relationships with members and the wider community by appointing dedicated BCAS representatives (‘Sherpas’) in various towns and cities across India. These Sherpas act as a vital bridge between BCAS and local Chartered Accountant communities, helping plan and execute high-quality professional development programs while upholding the society’s strong ethical standards.

The session focused on the ‘Concept and Intricacies in Direct & Indirect Tax related to Joint Development Agreements’, featuring insightful presentations by CA Jagdish Punjabi (Direct Tax) and CA Mandar Telang (Indirect Tax). A highlight of the session was an interactive Q&A round lasting over an hour, addressing practical issues and real-world challenges faced by professionals.

The event was efficiently organised by Hyderabad’s SherpaCA Siddharth Mantri, whose efforts ensured smooth conduct and meaningful interaction. It saw an overwhelming response with 125+ Chartered Accountants in attendance, including 60+ non-members, reflecting BCAS’s growing reach and relevance. Additionally, an open dialogue led by Past President CA Narayan Pasari and CA Kinjal Bhuta provided participants with a deeper understanding of BCAS’s vision, the Sherpa Initiative, and the society’s ongoing activities and opportunities for members and aspiring professionals alike.

The evening concluded with a lively networking meet and dinner, fostering connections and camaraderie among the participants.

7. Supply Chain – A Gold-mine for Internal Auditors held on Friday, 6th June 2025@ Vile Parle.

The Internal Audit Committee hosted a full-day seminar, “Supply Chain – A Gold Mine for Internal Auditors,” on 6th June 2025, at the Ginger Hotel in Vile Parle. This event brought together over 60 participants eager to learn from distinguished supply chain experts from both industry and consulting practice.

Esteemed speakers included Mr Amit Kumar Baveja, Mr Vineet Jajodia, Mr Venkatadri Ranganathan, Mr Pankaj Raut, Mr Kaushal Mehta, Mr Chetan Thakkar, and Mr Govind Purohit. They generously shared their wealth of experience and insights with an engaged audience.
The seminar delved into the complexities of the supply chain, emphasising how internal auditors can play a pivotal role in helping organisations manage risks and disruptions. Key topics explored during the sessions included:

  •  The dynamics of supply chains amid the rise of AI, automation, sustainability initiatives, and the current geopolitical landscape.
  •  Technologies employed by companies to mitigate supply chain disruptions.
  •  Fraud detection and prevention in supply chain audits.
  •  The digital transformation of supply chains, sustainability, and ESG reporting, particularly within the B2C sector.
  •  Practical case studies on supplier risk management.

This seminar provided valuable knowledge and strategies for internal auditors, helping them enhance their contributions to the ever-evolving field of supply chain management.

9. Lecture Meeting on Recent Judicial Pronouncements under GST held on Wednesday, 21st May 2025 @ Virtual.

BCAS hosted a virtual lecture meeting on recent jurisprudence in GST, which was delivered by Senior Advocate Mr Vikram Nankani. The session covered over ten significant court rulings, with Mr. Nankani providing clear and insightful explanations that helped demystify complex legal concepts.

Attendees greatly appreciated the depth of his knowledge and the structured manner in which he presented the evolving legal landscape under GST. His perspectives offered valuable guidance for professionals in the field.

The session concluded with a formal vote of thanks, expressing gratitude for Mr. Nankani’s time and contribution. More than 300 Participants acknowledged the enriching nature of the lecture with a round of virtual applause.

Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QF4ZFe70lGc

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9. Direct Tax Home Refresher Course – 6 held from 17th May 2025 to 31st May 2025 @ Virtual.

Taxation Committee of the Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society, in collaboration with the Association of Chartered Accountants, Chennai, Chartered Accountants Association, Ahmedabad, CA Association of Jalandhar, The Chartered Accountants Study Circle, Chennai, Hyderabad Chartered Accountants Society, Karnataka State Chartered Accountants’ Association and Lucknow Chartered Accountants’ Society, Maharashtra Tax Practitioners Association, Pune, Chartered Accountants Association, Surat and All India Federation of Tax Practitioners (West Zone), organized its flagship online course known as Direct Tax Home Refresher Course – 6.

The course again this year got a good response from the participants and more than 480 total registrations were received for the course. There were 14 sessions, where 14 speakers from different
cities across India covered 14 important topics on direct tax.

Session 1 CA Narendra Jain delved into an overview of Section 536 of the New Income Tax Bill and its impact on the scope and charge of income. He covered the issues which can emerge during this transition from the current Income Tax Act to the New Income Tax bill.

Session 2 was taken by CA T G Suresh, where he gave a detailed presentation on Capital Gains including recent amendments and issues emerging out of that.

Session 3 was on the subject of Transfer Pricing, where CA Vijay Iyer discussed the recent developments and jurisprudence in Transfer Pricing. He also shared his insights on the APA Program and the benefits of the Safe Harbour Rule.

Session 4 was GAAR, TRC and PE, wherein CA Amrish Shah delved deep into the concepts and even explained the recent jurisprudence on all three topics.

Session 5 was on GIFT City and its framework, where CA Jaiman Patel gave a bird’s eye view of the entire framework and explained the regulations of the same under various Laws.

Session 6 was addressed by CA Pradip Kapasi on the topic of the Interplay of Benami and Income tax and other Economic Laws w.s.r.t.s 68 to 69D, SAAR and GAAR provisions. He beautifully explained the critical points that one needs to be aware of while dealing with the relevant provisions of those Acts.

Session 7 was on the subject of Related Party Definitions under various Laws vis-à-vis the Income Tax Act. CA Dr. Anup Shah dealt with the topic holistically and explained the interplay and the differences between those definitions.

Session 8 was addressed by Mr Purshottam, ITO CPC TDS Ghaziabad, wherein he explained the entire TDS/TCS Framework and the recent changes made under the same.

Session 9 was on the topic of Foreign Assets and Overseas Income and its reporting under the Income Tax Act, which was taken up by CA Rutvik Sanghvi in detail. His presentation covered each and every aspect, including the implications under the Black Money Act and various case studies on the same.

Session 10 was on the new age topic of AI and in Legal, Tax and Ethical Issues, which was beautifully explained by Huzefa Tavawalla and Ipsita Agarwalla.

Session 11 was taken up by CA E Chaitanya on the topic of ITR Forms for AY 2025-26 wherein he explained the forms and the changes made this year. He also explained the precautions to be taken while filing tax returns.

Session 12 was on Tax Audit changes for FY 24-25, addressed by CA K Gururaj Acharya wherein he explained the process of tax audit and the Forms and the points one has to be mindful of while conducting a Tax Audit.

Session 13 was addressed by Sr. Advocate Tushar Hemani on the subject of Appeal before CIT(A) & ITAT – Practical Tips – covering the Importance of cross-objections / Additional grounds/etiquette/drafting grounds, etc., which was very detailed and practical. He also addressed some of the common issues which practitioners need to be aware of.

In the last session, 14, CA Ishraq Contractor dealt with features and the recent changes of the Faceless Assessments. He also discussed the challenges faced by the department and assesses possible resolutions for the same.

The course was overall well-received by the participants.

10. Suburban Study Circle Meeting on 360 Degree of TDS held on Friday, 16th May 2025 @ S H B A & CO LLP.

The Suburban Study Circle hosted an insightful session on “360 Degree of TDS” led by CA Ravi Soni.

CA Ravi Soni delivered a practical and comprehensive presentation covering the entire spectrum of TDS—from foundational provisions to the latest amendments introduced by the Finance Act 2024. His expertise and clarity helped demystify common issues related to TRACES, default rectification, and complex sections such as 194Q, 206AB, and the newly introduced 194T (TDS on payments to partners).

Key Takeaways

Concept and Purpose: TDS as a mechanism to ensure regular tax collection and expand the tax base.

Amendments Covered: Several threshold increases and per-transaction applicability across Sections 194, 194A, 194C, 194H, 194M, etc.

Compliance Challenges: Common defaults, interest implications, and correction processes were explained with real-time illustrations.

TRACES Utility: A walkthrough of functionalities like downloading Form 16/16A, correction statements, and justification reports.

Latest Changes: New section introductions and amendments effective from October 2024 and April 2025 were discussed in detail.

The session concluded with an engaging Q&A, where participants discussed practical challenges in monthly filings, reporting, and reconciliations. The speaker also shared compliance checklists and tools to simplify TDS obligations for deductors and firms alike.

11. ITF Study Circle Meeting on Provisions of the New Income Tax Bill 2025 related to International Tax – Part 2 held on Thursday, 15thMay 2025 @ Virtual.

The International Tax and Finance Study Circle organised a meeting (online mode) on 15 May 2025 to discuss the provisions of the Income Tax Bill 2025 related to International Tax. The agenda covered corresponding provisions of Section 44B to 44DA and 92 to 92F of the Income-tax Act, 1961

  •  CA Siddharth Parekh covered Sections 92 to 92F (the transfer pricing provisions). At the outset, he shared insights on the Income Tax Bill 2025 and various rules for interpretation.
  •  He then discussed the subtle differences between the language in the current provisions and the provisions in the Income Tax Bill 2025.
  •  There was a lively discussion on the potential implications of these subtle differences, and divergent views were expressed.
  •  The group agreed that there will be uncertainty for the initial years when the Income Tax Bill 2025 is implemented.
  •  Adv Gunjan Kakkad took the group through the provisions of Section 44B to 44DA and the corresponding provisions of the Income Tax Bill 2025.
  •  He pointed out that there weren’t many differences between the language of the existing provisions
    and the corresponding provisions of the Income Tax Bill 2025.
  •  He further pointed out that the provisions in the Income Tax Bill 2025 were more structured with easy to understand tables as compared with the current provisions and took the group through the new provisions.

II. BCAS QUOTED IN NEWS & MEDIA

BCAS was quoted in 18 news and media platforms between May 2025 and June 2025. This coverage reflect our thought leadership and commitment to the profession. For details

Link: https://bcasonline.org/bcas-in-news/

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Redefining IPO Frameworks: A Detailed Exploration of SEBI’S March 2025 ICDR Amendment

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ICDR FRAMEWORK

Over the past two decades, India’s equity capital markets have undergone a dramatic transformation, characterised by a progressive shift to a sophisticated, disclosure-based regulatory framework. At the core of this journey lies the SEBI (Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2018 (‘Regulations’) first introduced in 2009 and later revamped in 2018 to consolidate and modernisze multiple prior issuances.

The ICDR framework has since served as the statutory compass for every issuer seeking to access public capital, dictating the eligibility, disclosure, and procedural architecture for initial public offerings (IPOs), follow-on public offerings (FPOs), rights issues, and preferential allotments. With the deepening of capital markets and diversification of issuer profiles spanning traditional industrial giants, digital-first startups, and MSMEs, SEBI has regularly amended these regulations to balance investor protection with ease of capital formation.

The latest amendment, notified in March 2025, builds on this philosophy, it opts for precision over a sweeping overhaul: nuanced modifications intended to simplify compliance, improve disclosure symmetry, enhance inclusivity for smaller issuers, and rationalize expectations around employee incentives and post-issue governance. Its significance lies not in revolutionising the IPO framework, but in refining it to reflect the practical realities of an evolved and maturing market. The key changes have been explained as under:

• Subtle Codification of Evolving Corporate Practices: SARs and Promoter Contributions

One of the most quietly consequential developments has been the formal incorporation of Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) into the recognised universe of employee incentive instruments for unlisted companies approaching IPOs. While SARs have long been favoured by unlisted, innovation-driven enterprises for their performance-linked structure and non-dilutive character, their treatment under the Regulations, was hitherto undefined particularly in relation to promoter contribution and pre-issue lock-in.

The amendment resolves this uncertainty by expressly recognizing equity shares allotted pursuant to SARs under a scheme compliant with the SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefits and Sweat Equity) Regulations, 2021. A new proviso to Regulation 14(1) provides that such shares, if allotted prior to the filing of the draft offer document, shall be eligible to be included in the minimum promoter contribution. Simultaneously, the proviso to Regulation 16(1)(a) exempts these shares from the customary one-year lock-in applicable to other pre-issue capital, provided the allotment is made under a compliant SAR scheme.

These clarifications enhance regulatory predictability and align SEBI’s norms with global IPO practices involving employee incentives and promoter structuring.

  •  Expanding the Boundaries of Financial Transparency: Optional Disclosure of Sub-Material Transactions

The amended regulatory framework allows voluntary disclosure of financial information including audited or Chartered Accountant-certified pro forma financials pertaining to acquisitions, divestitures, or business combinations that do not meet the prescribed materiality thresholds under Regulation 2(1)(r) and associated guidance.

Additionally, disclosures related to working capital utilization must now give reference to the audited standalone financials, if restated consolidated figures significantly impact them. This move bridges disclosure asymmetry, ensuring investors access a coherent financial picture even when standalone restatements are not legally mandated.

This calibrated flexibility reflects an evolved understanding of contemporary business strategy, particularly within sectors such as technology, digital services, and life sciences, where smaller acquisitions though quantitatively immaterial may yield significant qualitative transformation in capabilities, market reach, or intellectual capital.

By enabling such disclosures at the issuer’s discretion, the amendment supports greater narrative continuity in the offer document, especially for entities pursuing inorganic expansion. It mitigates information asymmetries without imposing blanket disclosure burdens, thereby preserving proportionality in regulatory compliance.

The revised framework also inherently enhances the role of statutory auditors and professional certifiers, embedding their opinion into a broader context of strategic disclosures. It signifies a regulatory shift from minimum compliance toward facilitated transparency, empowering issuers to shape more nuanced and investor-informative public offer documents.

  •  Reintroducing Agility into Shareholder-Centric Capital Raising

Rights issues, historically a dominant mechanism for equity capital raising in India, had witnessed declining adoption in recent years due to procedural rigidity and cost-intensive regulatory intermediation. A significant shift in this landscape is witnessed by rationalising the compliance requirements and re-establishing rights issues as a viable, efficient, and shareholder-centric fundraising route.

Key regulatory relaxations are embedded in Regulation 3 and Regulation 60 of the Regulations. Under the amended Regulation 60(1)(c), issuers making a rights issue not exceeding ₹50 crore are no longer required to appoint a lead manager, thus reducing intermediary costs. Additionally, Regulation 3 proviso now exempts specified categories of rights issues from the requirement of submitting the draft letter of offer to SEBI for prior review, subject to compliance with prescribed eligibility conditions.
Meanwhile, Regulation 8A introduces caps on Offer-for-Sale (OFS) quantities based on pre-issue shareholding. Shareholders holding ≥20% can now only offer up to 50% of that holding in an IPO, while those below 20% are limited to 10%. These percentages are to be calculated as of the draft offer document filing date and include any pre-IPO secondary transfers, ensuring alignment with updated ownership structures and preventing excessive secondary dilution.

Complementing these changes is the introduction of a simplified disclosure framework under Schedule VI, which mandates a standardized, template-based disclosure regime. This significantly enhances clarity and reduces documentation complexity for mid-cap and promoter-driven companies, while ensuring consistency in investor communication.

Collectively, these reforms democratize access to the capital markets by lowering entry barriers and facilitating faster execution. The amendments are calibrated to maintain regulatory oversight without compromising procedural efficiency, thereby enabling a broader base of listed entities to pursue rights issues as a credible capital augmentation strategy.

  •  Institutionalising Governance in SME Listings: Raising the Bar Without Raising Barriers

These amendments, notified in March 2025, are aimed at strengthening investor protection and elevating the credibility of SME listings, while preserving access for genuine capital seekers.

Under the revised Regulation 229, issuers seeking to list on SME platforms must now satisfy specified quantitative eligibility criteria, including profitability thresholds and a defined operational track record post-conversion from partnership or proprietorship entities. This enhancement reflects a refined risk-based regulatory posture that seeks to elevate the qualitative profile of listed SMEs and attract long-term institutional participation.

Further, the threshold for mandatory monitoring of issue proceeds has been lowered from ₹100 crore to ₹50 crore. Issues above this threshold are now subject to monitoring by a credit rating agency, while issues below must comply with a statutory auditor certification requirement through quarterly financial disclosures. These provisions enhance transparency in fund deployment without disproportionately burdening smaller issuers.

Further, Regulation 281A introduces an exit mechanism for dissenting shareholders if post-IPO changes are made to the use of proceeds or core business terms. This provision elevates issuer accountability and reinforces investor protection without imposing disproportionate compliance costs on small-cap issuers.

Collectively, these reforms embed greater discipline, integrity, and investor confidence into the SME listing framework. The emphasis on governance-led eligibility, deployment oversight, and post-listing accountability strengthens the structural foundation of India’s SME capital market architecture, fostering a more predictable and responsible market environment.

  •  Convergence and Coherence: Harmonizing Disparate Regulatory Standards

Perhaps the most quietly impactful facet of the amendment lies in its harmonization of definitions, interpretations, and compliance expectations across SEBI’s broader regulatory universe. In recent years, inconsistencies between the ICDR Regulations, LODR norms, and other SEBI codes have bred interpretive uncertainty—especially in transitional situations like promoter reclassification, subsidiary disclosures, and related party governance.

By reconciling these definitions and aligning procedural interpretations across its regulatory framework, SEBI has reduced friction not just for issuers, but also for advisors, auditors, and regulators themselves. The legal and compliance machinery surrounding an IPO is now better equipped to deliver consistent, defensible interpretations—minimising last-minute escalations and interpretive disputes.

  •  Refining Post-Listing Governance: Calibrated Expectations from Anchor Investors and Monitoring Agencies

The IPO lifecycle does not conclude at listing. Increasingly, regulatory attention has turned toward the post-offer environment, particularly the stabilisation of shareholding structures and the integrity of fund utilisation. Within this context, two quiet but meaningful refinements have emerged.

First, the revised framework grants issuers greater discretion in capping the number of Anchor Investors, eliminating the erstwhile ceiling of 15 per category. This minor change, on the surface, unlocks deeper flexibility in constructing the pre-listing institutional book — especially in sectors where investor specialisation matters more than scale. For instance, new-age tech companies may prefer sector-focused funds with domain knowledge over larger, generalized institutional investors. The ability to curate a more tailored anchor cohort enhances both signaling and stability.

Second, with the reduction of the threshold for mandatory appointment of Monitoring Agencies (from ₹100 crore to ₹50 crore of fresh issue proceeds), SEBI signals a renewed commitment to post-issue fund discipline. While the mechanics of monitoring are not novel, the expansion of its application reflects regulatory concern over potential misalignments between disclosed intentions and actual deployment — a theme particularly relevant in IPOs driven by aggressive valuation narratives. From a compliance standpoint, it places renewed responsibility on merchant bankers and independent auditors to enforce a continuous feedback loop post-listing.

CONCLUDING INSIGHT: A REGULATORY ARCHITECTURE IN QUIET MATURITY

The 2025 amendments to the Regulations represent not disruption, but distillation. Rather than reinventing the playbook, they refine it harmonizing legacy provisions with contemporary issuer behavior, clarifying interpretive uncertainties, and enabling capital market access to evolve without compromising integrity. Navigating India’s capital markets in 2025 and beyond will demand not just knowledge of the law, but an ability to engage with its spirit. These reforms are a reminder that regulation, at its best, is not a constraint but a combination of trust and accountability.

Beyond the issuers and investors, this round of reforms recalibrates the professional ecosystem supporting IPOs and other public issues. The optional financial disclosures for non-material transactions place greater emphasis on judgment and credibility, especially where Chartered Accountants are called upon to certify supplemental data. Similarly, relaxed rights issue requirements reduce the procedural load on lead managers, instead reorienting their role towards strategic guidance and investor alignment.

In its true sense, professionals are no longer just process facilitators; they are becoming capital market interpreters, navigating clients through a disclosure and eligibility regime increasingly focused on maturity over mere legality.

Regulatory Referencer

I. DIRECT TAX : SPOTLIGHT

1. Valid returns of income filed electronically on or before 31 March 2024 pursuant to condonation of delay u/s 119(2)(b) of the Act by the competent authority, for which date of sending intimation under sub-section (1) of section 143 of the Act has lapsed, shall be processed by 31 March 2026 – Circular No. 7/2025 dated 25 June 2025

2. Form ITR-U amended – Income-tax (Nineteenth Amendment) Rules, 2025 – Notification No. 49/2025 dated 19 May 2025

3. Protocol amending the Agreement between the Republic of India and the Sultanate of Oman for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, was signed at Muscat on 27 January, 2025. Central Government notifies that all the provisions of said Agreement and Protocol, as annexed hereto, shall be given effect to in the Union of India from 25 June 2025 – Notification No. 69/2025 dated 25 June 2025.

II. FEMA

1. RBI grants grace period for Investment Vehicles to file Form InVI for partly paid units without LSF

The Foreign Exchange Management (Mode of Payment and Reporting of Non-Debt Instruments) Regulations, 2019 requires Investment Vehicles (IVs), which have issued units to persons resident outside India, to file Form InVI within 30 days from the date of issue of such units. A relaxation has now been provided whereby IVs which have issued partly paid units before 23rd May 2025 (date of issuance of the circular), shall report such issuances of partly paid units within 180 days from 23rd May 2025. No late submission fees will be levied for reporting within this period. However, partly paid units issued after 23rd May 2025 shall be reported within 30 days itself.

[A.P. (DIR Series 2025-26) Circular No. 6, dated 23rd May 2025]

2. Govt. amends NDI Rules – Indian Cos. may issue bonus shares in FDI-prohibited sectors if foreign shareholding doesn’t change

Earlier, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), vide Press Note No. 2 dated April 7, 2025, clarified that an Indian company engaged in an FDI-prohibited sector may issue bonus shares to its pre-existing non-resident shareholders provided that the shareholding pattern of non-resident shareholders does not change after the issuance of such bonus shares. The Central Government has now amended the NDI Rules, 2019 by introducing Rule 7(2) to notify this clarification.

[Notification No. S.O. 2549(E) dated 11th June 2025]

3. RBI allows advance remittance up to USD 50M for vessel imports without BG or unconditional, irrevocable SBLC

RBI has decided to permit importers to make advance remittance up to USD 50 million for import of shipping vessels without requiring a bank guarantee (BG) or an unconditional, irrevocable standby letter of credit (SBLC). This relaxation is subject to conditions under Para C.1.3.3 of the Master Direction on Import of Goods and Services (MD-Imports), dated January 1, 2016.

[AP (DIR Series 2025-26) Circular No. 7 dated 13th June 2025]

III. IFSCA

1. IFSCA issues framework to facilitate Co-investment by Venture Capital Scheme and Restricted Scheme

Regulations 29(1) and 41(1) of IFSCA’s Fund Management Regulations enable a Venture Capital Scheme and Restricted Scheme to co-invest in permissible investments through SPV; and for such SPV to undertake leverage as disclosed in the placement memorandum. It has now issued by way of a Framework a ‘Special Scheme’ to provide mechanism and manner for facilitating this co-investment and then for such Special Scheme to undertake leverage.

[Circular No. IFSCA-AIF/6/2025-Capital Markets, dated 21st May 2025]

2. IFSCA extends the timeline for appointment of Custodian under Fund Management Regulations, 2025

As per Regulation 132 of IFSCA (Fund Management) Regulations, 2025, an FME is required to appoint an independent custodian for Retail schemes, Open ended restricted schemes and all other schemes managing AUM above USD 70 million. The custodian appointed shall be based in IFSC unless local jurisdiction requires otherwise. For schemes where custodian was not based in IFSC before FM Regulations came into effect, a transition period of 12 months was provided to comply with the regulations. This period has now been further extended by 6 months. FMEs shall make necessary arrangements to ensure compliance with the above regulation.

[Circular No. IFSCA-IF-10PR/7/2024-Capital Markets, dated 24th May 2025]

3. IFSCA mandates prior approval for PSPs in overseas payment systems tied to IFSC transactions

IFSCA has laid down certain policies for Payment Service Providers (PSPs) participating in international payment systems including seeking prior approval before participating or becoming members of international payment systems with regard to cross-border transactions. Further, international payment systems that permit PSPs to make or receive payments among themselves or among other financial institutions in IFSC, thereby affecting domestic (within IFSC) transactions, will require authorisation under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (“PSS Act”). PSPs can only then participate or be members of such international payment systems for making or receiving payments with other PSPs or to or from other financial institutions in IFSC. IFSCA has directed each PSP to review its participation in light of these policies and intimate about its compliance to the Department of Banking Supervision within 30 days from the date of this circular as also share with the IFSCA a list of all the international payment systems in which the PSP was participant.

[Circular IFSCA-FMPP0BR/3/2023-Banking dated 6th June 2025]

Recent Developments in GST

A. CIRCULARS

(i) Clarifications – DIN is not required for GST Portal Communications – Circular no.249/06/2025-GST dated 9th June, 2025.

By the above Circular, it has been clarified that Document Identification Number (DIN) is not required to be quoted on communications generated through the GST common portal, as these documents are assigned a Reference Number (RFN) that can be verified online.

B. ADVISORY

i) Vide GSTN dated 14.5.2025, the information relating to appeal withdrawal with respect to Waiver Scheme is provided.

ii) Vide GSTN dated 16.5.2025, the information relating to reporting values in Table 3.2 of GSTR-3B is provided.

iii) Vide GSTN dated 7.6.2025, the information regarding non-editability of auto-populated liability in GSTR-3B is provided.

iv) Vide GSTN dated 7.6.2025, the information about time barring of GST Return on expiry of three years is provided.

v) Vide GSTN dated 10.6.2025, the information about system Validation for filing of Refund Applications on GST Portal for QRMP Taxpayers is provided.

vi) Vide GSTIN dated 11.6.2025, the information about filing of Amnesty applications under section 128A of the CGST Act is provided.

vii) Vide GSTN dated 12.6.2025, the information about filing of SPL-01/SPL-02, where payment made through GSTR 3B and other cases, is provided.

C. ADVANCE RULINGS

ITC vis-à-vis blocking of ITC u/s.17(5)(b)

Sikka Ports & Terminals Ltd.

(AAAR Order No. GUJ/GAAAR/APPEAL/2024/05 (in Appl. No. Advance Ruling/SGST&CGST/2021/AR/29) dated: 30th December, 2024) (Guj)

The present appeal was filed by the department i.e. Assistant Commissioner, Central GST & Excise, (hereinafter referred to as ‘appellant’) against the Advance Ruling No. Guj/GAAR/R/57/2021 dated 29.10.2021 – 2021-VIL- 437-AAR, passed by the Gujarat Authority for Advance Ruling [GAAR].

The brief facts are that M/s. Sikka Ports & Terminal Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the ‘respondent’) is engaged in the activity of operating a port and terminal handling facility at Sikka Port for receipt of crude oil and other feedstock as well as for evacuation of various finished products of the crude oil refinery set up by Reliance Industries Limited (‘RIL’) at Jamnagar.

It was their case that they provide port and terminal handling services which include loading and unloading of cargo, transportation of cargo from the vessels berthed in the sea to the port, berthing facilities to the vessel, storage facilities etc., which should be treated as a composite supply of ‘Port and waterway operation services (excluding cargo handling) such as operation services of ports, docks, light houses, light ships etc.’ classifiable under heading 996751.

It was further case of Respondent that Very Large Crude Carriers (‘VICCs’), which transport crude oil and other feedstock need a very deep draught to drop anchor, hence, VLCCs berth in mid-sea and discharge their liquid cargo there. Sub-sea pipelines are laid to transport the discharged cargo to bring it in storage near the shore. It was submitted that VLCC tanks are required to be connected to the sub-sea pipelines for which expert divers have to be employed to connect the discharge pipes of the vessel to the sub-sea pipelines. These divers and their diving equipments are stationed on the Diving Support Vessel (DSV), which are required to be manned, operated and maintained by third party contractors, who are specialists in this field. Further, to guard the port facilities, particularly the SPMs, MTFs and subsea pipelines, all of which are located mid-sea, the respondent is also required to have a robust security and patrolling mechanism for which they employ Security Patrol Vessels (SPVs) which not only perform the function of providing security but also enable the respondent to comply with its obligations under the environmental laws.

Based on above facts, AR was sought on following questions:

“1. Whether M/s. Sikka Ports & Terminals Limited, is entitled to avail Input Tax Credit (‘ITC’) on services procured for the operation and maintenance of Diving Support Vehicle owned by them and used by it for supplying port and terminal handling services?

2. Whether the M/s. Sikka Ports & Terminals Limited, is entitled to avail Input Tax Credit (‘ITC’) on services procured for hiring, and for operation and maintenance of Security Patrol Vessel used by it for supplying port and terminal handling services?”

AAR, vide its impugned order dated 29th October, 2021, answered the aforementioned questions as under:

“i. M/s Sikka is entitled to avail ITC on the services procured for the operation and maintenance of DSVs: Relsagar & Reldarshan.

ii. M/s Sikka is entitled to avail ITC on the services procured for the operation and maintenance of SPVs: Eagle, Chetak, Calypso fortune & ML Noorani.”

The department has filed this appeal against above ruling. In appeal, the department sought to prove that the conclusion arrived at by AAR is incorrect in many ways.

The ld. AAAR referred to relevant provisions of section 17(5) and reproduced the same in order. The ld. AAAR observed that the ruling sought was specifically on eligibility of ITC in respect of [a] hiring services of SPV, and [b] services procured for operation and maintenance of DSV and SPV for rendering port and terminal handling services.
On analysis of provision of section 17(5)(ab), the ld. AAAR held that the AAR/AAAR being creature of statute cannot stretch the statute and held that ITC for repairs and maintenance of DSV and SPV would not be available to the respondent, since the vessels per se are not used for transportation of goods.

In respect of ITC of hiring services of SPV, the ld. AAAR observed that the SPV is not used for further supply of such vessel. In other words, it is neither used for transportation of passenger nor for imparting training on navigating such vessels. The contention of respondent that they are used for transportation of goods was not approved by the AAAR as it was only meant for security patrolling services and not for transportation.

The ld. AAAR held that the SPV is not being used for given purposes in section 17(5)(b)(i) read with clause (aa). Accordingly, the ld. AAAR held that the ITC in respect of hiring of vessel (SPV) is blocked under section 17(5).

In effect, the ld. AAAR reversed the AR making the respondent ineligible to ITC in respect of both the above items.

Excess – Pure Service to Government

Ravindra Navnath Satpute (Dewoo Engineers)

(AAR Order No. GST-ARA-15/2024-25/B-158 dated: 27th March, 2025) (Mah)

The applicant jointly owns property at C.S. no.690 5, Plot no.24, Balikashram Road, Ahmednagar- 414001. Said Property is provided on rental basis for 36 months to Sant Sakhubai Government Girls Hostel Ahmednagar, a hostel run by the Department of Social Justice & Special Assistance Department of Maharashtra Government. Said hostel is registered under GST as TDS Deductor, vide GSTIN 27PNES19339F1DZ. Based on above facts, the applicant has raised following questions for ruling by the ld. AAR.

“1. Whether such service is taxable or exempt?

2. If the service is taxable, then what will be the time of supply?

3. If the service is taxable, then whether Tax is payable under Reveries charge or under Forward charge mechanism?

4. As both owners are registered under GST, separately, is it appropriate to disclose all receipts on applicants’ registration number?

5. Whether separate registration Under GST is required by joint name?”

The applicant submitted that GST is not applicable on above transaction as being covered by Entry No.12 of the Exemption Notification No.12/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28.06.2017 relating to residential property.

By additional submission, exemption was claimed vide entry 3 in Notification no.12/2017-Central Tax (Rate) dated 28th June,2017 on the ground that Pure services (excluding works contract service or other composite supplies involving supply of any goods) provided to the Central Government, State Government or Union territory or local authority by way of any activity in relation to any function entrusted to a Panchayat under article 243G of the Constitution or in relation to any function entrusted to a Municipality under article 243W of the Constitution, are exempt from GST. It was submitted that in the present case, the State Government is taking the property on rent for welfare of under-privileged section of the society and in particular, girls and therefore services provided to “Sant Sakhubai Government Girls Hostel Ahmednagar”, will be covered under the functions entrusted under Article 243W and / or 243G and accordingly exempt. Argument was also advanced in relation to other questions.

The ld. AAR referred to entry at sl.no.3 of the Notification No.12/2017-C.T. (Rate) dated 28th June, 2017 and reproduced the same as under:

The ld. AAR observed that the services provided by applicant are renting of immovable property services and do not involve any supply of goods and hence pure service. It is further observed that since the services are provided to Social Justice and Special Assistance Department of Maharashtra Government, the services are Provided to the State Government.

The ld. AAR referred to articles 243G and 243W of the Constitution of India. From rent agreement, the ld. AAR observed that the Government has taken said property on rent for accommodation of girls from Backward Classes.

The ld. AAR, on examining article 243G and 243W, observed as under:

“5.8 We observe that the Articles 243G and 243W of the Indian Constitution along with the eleventh and twelfth Schedule to the Constitution, entrust panchayats and municipalities with the responsibilities of planning and implementation of the various schemes for ensuring social justice and development of the weaker sections of the society, which clearly includes the girls and women from, the Backward classes/Scheduled Tribes. Thus, any welfare measure undertaken by the panchayats and municipalities for the social development of the girls belonging to the backward classes/Scheduled Tribes, including the residential accommodation of the girls or women, will definitely come within the ambit of the functions entrusted to a Panchayat under article 243G or to a municipality under article 243W of the Constitution of India”

In view of above, the ld. AAR held that the renting out of immovable property to the State Government, is an activity in relation to the function entrusted to a Panchayat under article 243G of the Constitution, or in relation to the function entrusted to a Municipality under article 243W of the Constitution, thereby, eligible for exemption from GST in terms of the exemption entry at Sl. No. 3 of the Notification No. 12/2017-C.T. (Rate) dated 28th June, 2017.

The ld. AAR also held that since activity is held to be exempt from the levy of GST, there is no question of application of the TDS provisions under Section 51 of CGST Act, 2017.

Accordingly, the ld. AAR decided questions in favour of the applicant.

Classification – Baby Car Seat used in Motor Cars
Artsana India Pvt. Ltd.
(AAR Order No. GST-ARA-47/2024-25/B-203 dated: 28th April, 2025) (Mah)

The applicant sought an advance ruling in respect of the following questions.

“1. Whether the product namely baby car seat is correctly classified under 94018000?

2. If the above question is negative, then,

a. whether the product can be classified as baby carriage and the HSN 87150010 OR

b. Whether the product can be considered as Safety Equipment under accessory of vehicle and can be classified under the HSN Chapter 87089900?

3. Whether the entry 210A of Notification No 5/2024- Central Tax (Rate) dated 8th October, 2024, applicable on applicant?”

The facts are that the applicant is a wholesaler/trader of baby and child-care products. The products of applicant are designed to support the health and well-being of infants and children. The applicant also supplies toys, baby carriages, baby chairs etc.

One of the products supplied by the applicant is a baby chair used in cars for the safety of children while driving. This baby chair can be affixed with the help of a clip on the main seat of the car without making any structural change in the design of the car seat. It is also not permanently fixed in cars, but as an attachment over and above the main seat of the car which can be fastened easily as and when required.

It was submitted that the baby chair can be used for babies only and there is no additional use of the said chair, other than the safety and comfort of the child in the car while travelling.

The applicant was importing the baby chair from Italy under the HSN code 94018000.

The questions as above, were posed as the applicant came to know that such kind of baby chair may be treated as safety equipment for cars and the HSN used by applicant may not be correct.

The applicant justified its classification with reference to analysis of relevant HSN i.e. HSN 94018000.

The applicant also gave its submission in respect of applicability of alternative HSN i.e. HSN 87150010 or 87089900.

The department also submitted its written submission. The ld. AAR, after referring to classification method under GST, referred to the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 in order to find out the correct classification of the given product.

After going through HSN 9401, the AAR observed that though chairs are designed specifically for use in a motor vehicle, they cannot be classified under 94012000 as seats of a kind used for motor vehicles because these seats are not used for motor vehicles but are used in addition to the normal seats which are attached to a motor vehicle. Such seats are attached on to the already existing seats of a motor vehicle, whereas heading 94012000 covers the basic seats which are used for a motor vehicle whereas this chair is an additional special attachment affixed to the seat of a motor vehicle for safe carriage of the baby, while driving the vehicle.

The ld. AAR observed that as per HSN Explanatory Notes, baby seats, as referred to by the applicant, is covered under Chapter 9401.80. The ld. AAR held that the baby safety seats supplied by the applicant is correctly classifiable under Chapter 94018000 and not in 94012000.

Regarding alternate argument of being covered by as baby carriage under 878089900 or as a safety equipment under accessory of vehicle.

The ld. AAR confirmed the classification under 94018000.

Supply of Service vis-à-vis Liquidated Damages

GSPC (JPDA) LTD.

(AAAR Order No. GST/GAAAR/APPEAL/2025/02 (in Appl. No. Advance Ruling/SGST & CGST/2021/AR/25) dated: 22nd January, 2025) (Guj)

The present appeal arose out of Advance Ruling No. GUJ/GAAR/R/50/2021 dated 6th September, 2021 – 2021-VIL-376-AAR.

The facts are that appellant, along with other six concessionaries entered into a Production Sharing Contract [PSC] with Timor Sea Designated Authority for undertaking exploration activities in Block JPDA 06-103 in the Joint Petroleum Development Area [JPDA].

JPDA is an area of Timor-Leste & Australia & the petroleum existing within JPDA is a resource exploited jointly by Governments of Timor-Leste and Australia.
Timor-Leste Government, initiated arbitration proceedings against Government of Australia to have certain Maritime Agreements in Timor Sea Treaty to be declared as void-ab-initio which will also result in termination of contract entered into by appellant. Therefore, appellant requested ANP ([Autoridade Nacional do Petroleo E Minerals] is Timor-Leste’s regulatory authority for oil, gas and mineral related activities; that this institution is vested with administrative and financial autonomy) for termination of the PSC by mutual agreement. ANP, issued a notice of intention to terminate PSC to the operator. ANP, thereafter, terminated the PSC with a demand of payment of estimated cost of exploration not carried out & damages for breach of its local content obligations in terms of article 4.5(a)(iii) of PSC.

The appellant has to pay proportionate sum, along with other concessionaries, to ANP.

In view of the foregoing facts, the appellant sought Advance Ruling on the following question, viz;

“Whether payment of settlement fees against demand made by ANP vide letter dated 15th July, 2015 attract levy of GST under GST regulations.”

The ld. AAR held that the transaction was liable to GST on RCM basis, considering it as import of Services from ANP of ‘tolerating an act’.

Before ld. AAAR, appellant showed fallacy in the above ruling, on following counts.

“*the payment to ANP is on account of breach of condition of production sharing contract;

* that the production sharing contract is for a block in JPDA which is in non-taxable territory;

* that the amount payable by the appellant to ANP is for a period prior to GST regime;

* that the production sharing contract is not akin to a service contract.”

Before arriving at a decision, the ld. AAAR referred to terms in contract and background in detail and also circular 178/10/2022-GST dated 3rd August, 2022.

The ld. AAAR observed as under:

“20. As is evident in this case liquidated damages are paid only to compensate for loss due to breach of PSC in terms of clause 4.5(a)(iii). We have not been in a position to pinpoint any agreement, express or implied between ANP and the six concessionaire that on receiving the liquidated damages, ANP will refrain from or tolerate an act or do an act for the concessionaires [including the appellant] paying the liquidated damages. This being the factual matrix, the liquidated damages, in terms of the aforementioned circular are merely a flow of money and such payments do not constitute consideration for a supply and hence, are not taxable. On going through the documents produced before us, it is difficult to establish that the impugned payments constitute consideration for another independent contract envisaging tolerating an act or situation or refraining from doing any act or situation or simply doing an act. Nonetheless, we also find that the impugned ruling dated 6th September, 2021 erred in holding that the settlement amount [liquidated damages] is not due to breach in PSC but due to ANPs obligation to supply services to the appellant.”

In view of above, the ld. AAAR allowed the appeal, thereby reversing the AR.

Goods And Services Tax

SUPREME COURT

24 (2025) 27 Centax 14 (S.C.)Union of India vs. Shantanu Sanjay Hundekari dated 24.01.2025

SCN issued under section 74, demanding penalty under section 122 and seeking prosecution under section 137, to an employee of a company for retaining the benefit from evasion of tax is not tenable as he is neither directly involved in the conduct of business, nor he is taxable person as well, as due to lack of jurisdiction.

FACTS

M/s. Maersk Line India Pvt. Ltd. was appointed as a steamer agent of a Denmark based company named Maersk A/s for handling the shipping business across the globe. Petitioner was a Taxation Manager of M/s. Maersk Line India Pvt. Ltd. and entrusted with assisting in tax compliances and representing Maersk A/s before tax authorities. Accordingly, an inquiry was carried out by DGGI, where it was found that Maersk A/s had wrongly utiliszed ITC amounting to Rs.₹1,561 crores. Further, petitioner was issued SCN under section 74 of CGST Act, 2017 imposing penalty amounting to Rs.₹3,731 crores under section 122(1A) and section 137 of CGST Act alleging that petitioner had assisted Maersk A/s in evading tax by incorrect utiliszation of ITC and retained the benefit arising thereof. Petitioner preferred a writ petition before Bombay High Court which was allowed in favour of petitioner. Being aggrieved, Respondent filed this Special Leave Petition (SLP) before the Apex Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble Supreme Court had dismissed the Special Leave Petition without interfering with the decision of the High Court where it held that Respondent has no jurisdiction to invoke section 122(1A) since it would only apply to a taxable or a registered person under GST whereas, petitioner was merely an employee would not fall within the ambit of CGST Act to retain the benefit of transaction involving evasion of tax. It was further held that proceedings under section 137 cannot be initiated under section 74 of CGST Act, 2017. Accordingly, the SLP filed by Respondent was dismissed.

HIGH COURT

25 (2025) 28 Centax 93 (Bom.) S.K. Age Exports vs. State of Maharashtra dated 31.01.2025

Where multiple bank accounts were provisionally attached, defreezing of two bank accounts for conducting of genuine business operations was allowed.

FACTS

Petitioner was engaged in the business of pharmaceuticals and auto spare parts. Respondent investigated the business activities where it was found that the petitioner had fraudulently availed and claimed refund of ITC pertaining to transactions with its group company. Accordingly, Respondent had passed orders of provisional attachment under section 83 of the CGST/MGST Act attaching seven bank accounts of the petitioner. Being aggrieved, the petitioner filed a writ petition before the Hon’ble Bombay High Court and requested de-freezing of one bank account and partial de-freezing of another to the extent of ₹70 lakhs for day-to-day business operations.

HELD

The Hon’ble Bombay High Court directed full de-freezing of one HDFC Bank account and partial de-freezing of one SBI account to the extent of Rs.₹70 lakhs, strictly for the petitioner’s business operations with a restriction on withdrawal from such bank account by partner or any other person. The Court further stated that proceedings challenging validity of provisional attachment under Rule 159(5) of CGST Rules, 2017 should be heard and decided on merits without being influenced by anything stated in this order.

26 (2025) 29 Centax 369 (Cal.) Javed Ahmed Khan vs. Deputy Commissioner of Revenue dated 25.03.2025

Transitional credit cannot be denied solely on the ground of new registration taken under GST on the direction of the department due to technical migration issues.

FACTS

Petitioner had approached the CBEC helpdesk on 27th June 2017, requesting reissuance of the provisional ID for GST migration. A screenshot of ST-2 was duly submitted to highlight the technical issue faced during the migration process. In response, the helpdesk, by email dated 16th August 2017, advised the petitioner to apply for a fresh registration through the GST Common Portal. Pursuant to this advice, the petitioner applied for new registration on 23rd August 2017, which was approved on 8th November 2017. Petitioner’s claim for transitional credit in Form TRAN-1 amounting to ₹35,59,064/- was rejected by the respondent on the ground of new GST registration was obtained voluntarily and had not filed GSTR-3B for July 2017. The petitioner challenged the rejection order dated 7th February 2023 by filing a writ petition before the Hon’ble High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble Calcutta High Court observed that the petitioner’s application for new GST registration was not a voluntary act but was made pursuant to directions issued by the CBEC helpdesk due to technical difficulties in obtaining the provisional ID. Since the petitioner acted based on respondent’s advice, the rejection of transitional credit solely on the ground of having taken new registration under GST law could not be sustained. Accordingly, the impugned order was set aside.

27 (2025) 26 Centax 69 (Del.) Siemens Ltd vs. Sales tax officer dated 22.11.2024

Two conflicting orders passed for the same tax period on identical issues by the same Authority can neither survive nor be acted upon. The later order is to be quashed whereas appropriate remedies may be pursued in respect of the earlier order.

FACTS

Petitioner received two separate orders on 27.04.2024 for F.Y. 2018-19 from the same Respondent. The first order was based on four grounds: difference in output tax liability between GSTR-1 and GSTR-9, difference in outward supplies between GSTR-1 and e-way bills, excess ITC claimed under reverse charge in GSTR-3B and ITC availed on invoices where the supplier’s GSTIN was cancelled. In the second order, the respondent dropped the first three grounds and confirmed demand only on the fourth ground, with a variation of ₹70,733/- in the tax amount. Aggrieved by these conflicting orders, the petitioner filed the present writ petition before the Hon’ble High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court held that two competing or conflicting orders cannot be sustained for the same tax period. Since both orders were issued by the same officer on identical issues, the later order was quashed. The Court observed that the petitioner may pursue appropriate remedies in respect of the earlier order. It was further clarified that the petitioner retains the right to file an appeal against the demand related to ITC availed on invoices where the supplier’s GSTIN was subsequently cancelled.

28 (2025) 29 Centax 15 (Kar.) Sri. Nandi Studio and Colour Lab vs. Asst. Commissioner of Central Tax dated 19.02.2025

Pre-deposit made within the limitation period for filing appeal under section 107 shall be treated as valid compliance even when it was made subsequently after to filing of appeal.

FACTS

Petitioner filed an appeal under section 107 of the CGST Act, 2017 against the order passed by respondent on 02.12.2021 and made 10% pre-deposit on 07.12.2021,. within the statutory limitation period prescribed under section 107(1). However, the respondent rejected the appeal solely on the ground that the pre-deposit was not made along with the appeal. Aggrieved by this, the petitioner challenged the order of the respondent before the High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court held that a liberal interpretation should be given to section 107(6)(b) of the CGST Act, 2017 where 10% pre-deposit made within the limitation period prescribed for filing an appeal, it should be treated as being made “along with” the appeal. It was further highlighted that dismissing the appeal on a hyper-technical ground would certainly defeat the intent of legislature. The Court quashed the impugned order and directed the respondent to consider the appeal on merits.

29 (2025) 30 Centax 317 (All.) BKP Media Vision Pvt. Ltd. vs. Union of India dated 02.05.2025.

Transfer of leasehold rights by the lessee to a third party falls outside the ambit of ‘supply’ and is not leviable to GST.

FACTS

Petitioner was granted a 99-year lease of industrial land by NOIDA authority. Petitioner transferred all the leasehold rights to a third party with the approval of NOIDA authority after paying the requisite stamp duty. Subsequently, proceedings were initiated under section 74 of the CGST Act, 2017, alleging suppression and non-payment of GST on a lease transaction. Aggrieved by the initiation of proceedings under section 74 of CGST Act, the petitioner filed a writ before the Hon’ble High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court held that the transfer of leasehold rights after execution of the lease deed does not amount to ‘supply’ under section 7(1)(a) of the CGST Act, 2017 by squarely relying upon the judgement of Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry vs. Union of India 2025 (94) G.S.T.L. 113. It further distinguished the decision relied upon by Respondent in the case of Builders Association of Navi Mumbai vs. Union of India 2018 (12) G.S.T.L. 232 (Bom) which was upheld by Apex Court stating that it was related to the initial grant of lease and was not applicable to the present transaction. Accordingly, the recovery pursuant to the impugned order was stayed until further orders.

30 [2025] 175 taxmann.com 371 (SIKKIM) SICPA India (P.) Ltd. vs. Union of India dated 10-06-2025

Refund of unutilised ITC permissible upon closure of business in absence of statutory bar under CGST Act, as statute also does not provide for retention of tax without the authority of law.

FACTS

The petitioners, engaged in manufacturing security inks and solutions, discontinued operations in Sikkim and sold their plant and machinery. Upon sale, they reversed the Input Tax Credit (ITC) in accordance with applicable GST provisions. Subsequently, they sought a refund of the remaining unutilised ITC under section 49(6) of the CGST Act, read with section 54. The department, however, denied the claim, stating that current provisions do not permit refund of unutilised ITC solely on account of business closure.

HELD

The Hon’ble High Court identified the issue before it as whether the refund of ITC under section 49(6) of the CGST Act is only limited to companies carved out under section 54(3) of the CGST Act or does every registered company have a right to refund of ITC in case of discontinuance of business. It relied upon the decision in the case of Union of India vs. Slovak India Trading Co. (P.) Ltd. [2006] 5 STT 332 (Karnataka) and held that there is no express prohibition in section 49(6) read with section 54 and 54(3) of the CGST Act, for claiming a refund of ITC on closure of unit. Although, section 54(3) of the CGST Act deals only with two circumstances where refunds can be made, however the statute also does not provide for retention of tax without the authority of law. Consequently, the Hon’ble Court held that the petitioners are entitled to the refund of unutilised ITC claimed by them and ordered accordingly..

31 [2025] 175 taxmann.com 176 (Gauhati) Mahabir Tiwari vs. Union of India dated 02-06-2025

Extension of time limit under section 73(10) vide Notification No.56/2023-Central Tax, dated 28.12.2023 is held ultra vires as the same was extended without recommendation of GST Council.

FACTS

The petitioner has challenged the legality of Notification No. 56/2023-Central Tax dated 28.12.2023, along with the Demand-cum-Show Cause Notice dated 30.05.2024 and Order-in-Original dated 29.08.2024, in respect of financial year 2019-20, both issued beyond the original due date prescribed by section 73 of the CGST Act, 2017. CBIC vide Notification No. 09/2023 dated 31.03.2023, extended the time limit prescribed under section 73 of the CGST Act, 2017 till 31.03.2024, without there being any force majeure as required under section 168A of the CGST Act, 2017, which was further extended up to 31.08.2024, vide Notification No. 56/2023-Central Tax, dated 28.12.2023, without there being any recommendation of the GST Council and on the strength of such extension, the respondent passed the impugned order dated 29.08.2024.

HELD

The Hon’ble Court relied upon the decision in the case of Barkataki Print And Media Services vs. Union Of India 2024 (90) G.S.T.L. 162 (Gau) dated.19-09-2024 and held that Notification No.56/2023-Central Tax, dated 28.12.2023 would not be sustainable. Accordingly, the Hon’ble Court quashed the same along with Demand-cum-Show Cause Notice, dated 30.05.2024 and the Order-in-Original dated 29.08.2024.

The Hon’ble High Court held that wherever the provisions of the Central Act or the State Act stipulates that an act is required to be done on the recommendation of the GST Council, the act can be done only when there is a recommendation. The meaning of the word ‘recommend’ applicable to the interpretation of section 168A would mean “giving of a favourable report opposed to an unfavourable one” by the GST Council for exercise of power under Article 168A. It further held that the power under section 168A of the CGST Act, conferred jointly under the Central and State Acts, must be exercised in line with the parent statute, including the requirement for GST Council recommendations. In the present case, despite the absence of such a recommendation, an admitted fact is that the Central Government issued Notification No. 56/2023-C.T. citing Council approval. This misrepresentation renders the notification a colourable exercise of power and therefore legally unsustainable. The Court also noted that in the 49th Meeting of the GST Council, it was clearly recorded that there shall be no further extension beyond the three months in the interest of the taxpayers. Despite this, the Notification No. 56/2023-C.T. was issued. A natural corollary thereof is that the GST Council had no occasion to consider existence of force majeure as warranted under section 168A, in as much as the same was never placed before the GST Council before issuance of the same. Therefore, the Notification No. 56/2023-C.T., if construed from that angle, also would be a notification issued without the force majeure condition being not considered in accordance with law.

Note: In Barhonia Engicon Pvt. Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, 2025 (93) G.S.T.L. 4 (Pat), the Patna High Court declined to follow the view of the Gauhati High Court in Barkataki Print (see para 29). It held that the Supreme Court’s direction to exclude the period from 15.03.2020 to 28.02.2022 applies equally to assessees and authorities. The Court observed that the GST Council’s recommendation and the corresponding notification were issued out of abundant caution. It concluded that the limitation stands extended for the exempted period per the Supreme Court’s order; however, the effective extension for the relevant years would be limited to the period notified by the respective Governments.

32 [2025] 175 taxmann.com 182 (Allahabad) Bharat Mint & Allied Chemicals vs. State of U.P. dated 30-05-2025.

Due to paucity of time, issues undecided under section 73 cannot be reopened under section 74 if such notices lacks the ingredients of section 74, such an action is liable to be quashed.

FACTS:

The petitioner was initially served a notice under section 73 of the Act, outlining ten issues. A detailed reply was submitted addressing all points. In the order passed under section 73(9), the authority accepted the petitioner’s response on all but four issues—Points 1, 6, 8, and 10—stating that further investigation was required and fresh proceedings would follow. Thereafter, a notice under section 74 of the Act was issued in respect of the same.

HELD:

The Hon’ble Court, relying on the decision in M/s. Vadilal Enterprises Ltd. vs. State of U.P. [2025], held that the essential elements for invoking section 74 were absent in the notice, rendering the jurisdictional basis for such invocation invalid. Consequently, the notice issued under section 74 was quashed.

33 [2025] 175 taxmann.com 211 (Delhi) Lala Shivnath Rai Sumerchand Confectioner (P.) Ltd. vs. Additional Commissioner, CGST Delhi-West dated 30-05-2025.

The Court adjusted the amount of pre-deposit with a direction to approach the appellate authority where it noted that the impugned order was raising double demands viz. demand for ineligible ITC availed and demand towards its utilisation.

FACTS:

The petitioner, operating a combined sweetmeat shop and restaurant, received a show cause notice alleging wrongful availment of Input Tax Credit (ITC) on restaurant service, which attracts 5% GST without ITC benefit. The petitioner contended that the ITC pertained solely to the sweetmeat shop, which is eligible for ITC, thereby rendering the notice untenable. It was further argued that the impugned order created a duplicative demand, first by adjusting the availed ITC and again by denying the same ITC thus effectively resulting in a double recovery for the same amount.

HELD:

The Hon’ble Court held that prima facie, there would be duplication of two demands as demand qua reversal of availed ITC and demand qua utilisation of ITC would be one and the same thing. It noted that in the impugned order, both have been separately demanded. Accordingly, in the peculiar facts of the case, the Court relegated petitioner to the Appellate Authority by lowering the amount of pre-deposit to adjust the effect of duplication.

34 [2025] 175 taxmann.com 324 (Himachal Pradesh) Himalaya Communication (P.) Ltd vs. Union of India dated 06-06-2025.

The ITC credit cannot be denied to the recipient without checking genuineness of the transaction and solely on the ground that the GST Registration of the supplier is cancelled retrospectively.

FACTS AND HELD:

The Hon’ble Court noted that the denial of Input Tax Credit (ITC) was solely based on the retrospective cancellation of the supplier’s GST registration. It observed that neither the Assessing Officer nor the Appellate authority evaluated the genuineness of the underlying transaction and proceeded directly under section 16(2) of the CGST Act. The Court held that such action required prior examination of all relevant documents to assess the genuineness of the transaction. Accordingly, the impugned order was set aside and the matter was remanded for reconsideration.

यदल्पमपि तद्बहु ! (A little gain is also abundant)

Apparently, a strange thought! But if we understand the complete verse, it has a deep meaning contained in it. It has a great righteous implication. The text reads like this: –

अकृत्वा परसंतापम् Without causing harm to others

अगत्वा खलमंदिरम् !         Without approaching a bad or wicked person (for favours)

अक्लेशयित्वा चात्मानम्      Without straining yourself

यदल्पमपि तद्बहु !               Whatever little you get is to be considered as plentiful!

Very difficult to digest in modern times – i.e. in the present kaliyug.

अकृत्वा परसंतापम्

One can cause damage to others in many, many ways – by cheating, stealing, depriving others of opportunity, exploiting, harassing, blackmailing, taking undue advantage, misleading, giving false promises or hopes, physically beating or causing injury, mentally torturing, unfair conduct …. etc.

If we introspect, knowingly or unknowingly, directly or indirectly, we may be causing harm to many people for our gain, even to our family members, our staff or our friends/relatives. We may not even realise it.

अगत्वा खलमंदिरम् !

We need to often approach some bad person for some favours! A professional, for getting results, may have to directly or indirectly approach a corrupt person in power or authority! Or we may have to seek help from a politician who adopts unfair means, muscle power, or money power. The favours could be admission to a school or college, or a job in a company, getting something in times of scarcity, obtaining travel bookings, buying accommodation, getting positive results in litigation, obtaining certain things quickly without waiting in a ‘queue’; even for getting a seat / berth in a train!

अक्लेशयित्वा चात्मानम्

It could be a petty thing; but it makes us compromise on ethics. One may get a feeling that without this, we cannot survive! It may be true. However, if everybody adopts the principles enshrined in this verse, there can be a level playing field.

Today’s work culture has totally changed. People keep on slogging for hefty pay packages. They leave from home early, slog day and night, and return late at night.

All work and no play! No family life, no social or cultural life, no exercise, no entertainment. Physically and mentally, they get exhausted. That is a struggle for survival in a competitive world, they say! Loans, EMIs, unaffordable luxuries, showmanship, imitation effect, pretending to be too busy – so much so that they don’t find time even to have food! They sacrifice sleep. Thus, they sacrifice health to acquire wealth and, finally, end up spending that wealth to ‘maintain’ the so called ‘health’ in advanced age!

A simple, unambitious man may not resort to any such thing. However, the shloka does not advocate ‘complacency’. You may be ambitious but try to fulfil your ambition by righteous means.

If everybody follows the rules of the game (first three lines), then the real talent will succeed – meaning deserving persons do not get deprived of rightful things.

Readers will appreciate the truth and beauty of this philosophy, if they ponder on it peacefully!

Miscellanea

1. SPORTS

#Benefits of sports go beyond whether you make the pros or not, says Sports For Amateur Athletes founder Maurice Barnett

Many see sports as a means to an end, teaching life lessons to athletes. If a player is skilled enough, their love of their sport can become an eventual professional career. On the other hand, for most youth, their identity is wrapped around their sports performance, and excelling is a validation of their self-worth. Becoming a professional athlete becomes a source of pride, as it proves that they are among the best in the country in their respective sports.

Furthermore, for more popular sports, such as football, basketball, and baseball, making it to the pros could mean a six- to seven-figure income and a chance to lift themselves and their families out of poverty.

However, the reality is that very few people who pick up a sport are good enough to become a professional. According to Maurice Barnett, a parent, coach, entrepreneur, and founder of The Sports Portal and non-profit organisation Sports for Amateur Athletes (SAA), the pathway to the pros is a huge funnel. It’s huge at the top and anyone can enter, but it gets narrower and narrower, and almost everyone ends up dropping out at some point. Some people see not making it through the funnel as failure, so many don’t even try or avoid sports altogether.

Barnett disagrees with this kind of thinking, arguing that many of the lessons and skills athletes learn through sports can help them become a good doctor, lawyer, engineer, or any other profession someday. This is the mission of Sports for Amateur Athletes – to help every athlete, regardless of their background or circumstances, have the opportunity to engage in sports that inspire them.

“We believe that sport has a transformational power on individuals and their development,” Barnett says. “Participating in sports builds not only athletic skills but also character, resilience, and a sense of community, and making the pros isn’t the be-all and end-all of sports. The personal and development growth is not like the opportunity of making 1 of the 30 teams, everyone has the opportunity to benefit. All over the world, there is a need for more doctors, teachers, or engineers. Here, the funnel is inverted, and sports can help the youth navigate life’s challenges in other areas of their life. This is why, when young people do enter into the sports funnel, we need coaches, program directors and other caretakers who ensure that they stay inspired and accomplish whatever they choose to accomplish. That’s SAA’s main goal.”

As a 501(c)(3) non-profit, SAA finds organisations that have good sports programs and coaching but are in need of resources, then helping them raise funds so they can keep their programs going. Aside from monetary donations, SAA also helps these programs obtain equipment such as balls, shoes, and uniforms, as well as assistance for transportation and accommodations when playing in another city. To ensure transparency and increase its fundraising capabilities, SAA is building out a larger team as well as adding more board members.

According to Barnett, SAA also seeks to help promising athletes who are struggling with their development due to potential off-court circumstances. For example, it partners with non-profits that provide literacy programs, helping the athletes catch up with their academics and ensure that they can properly balance their time between studies and sports.

“We believe that building partnerships and networks is important to magnify the impact of our charitable efforts. Partnering with multiple other non-profits will allow us to help more young athletes, versus going at it alone and only being able to help one. With our partnership programs, we’ve been able to open doors for athletes and their families, allowing them to experience being part of these national circuits, which they would otherwise not be able to participate in without financial help.”

(Source: International Business Times – By Karcy Noonan – 8 June 2024)

2. ENVIRONMENTAL

# 35 billion trees, just ₹100 each: The hidden value of India’s forest boom

India has successfully increased its forest cover, ranking among the top ten countries with forest growth.

India, renowned for its diverse ecosystems and landscapes, has recently been acknowledged as one of the few nations globally to have successfully augmented its forest cover. This accomplishment, as reported by an SBI Research, positions India among the top ten countries where forest cover has seen a significant rise over the years.

The report discloses that India’s forest cover remained unchanged from 1991 to 2011, but has seen a steady increase since then. This growth is attributed to the U-shaped relationship between urbanisation and forest cover. In the initial stages of urbanisation, deforestation is a common phenomenon. However, as urbanisation advances, policies such as urban greening, forest conservation programs, and sustainable land-use planning are implemented, leading to an eventual recovery of forest cover.

India is a country that is urbanising at a swift pace. As per the 2011 Census, 31.1% of the total population resided in urban areas. This percentage is projected to rise to 35-37% by the 2024 Census.

The report suggests that once the urbanisation rate crosses 40%, the impact on forest cover becomes positive. This is where initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) play a crucial role. These programs aim to integrate green infrastructure and enhance urban ecological resilience.

The current assessment reveals that the total forest cover in India’s mega cities is 511.81 km2, accounting for 10.26% of the total geographical area of these cities. Delhi leads the pack with the largest forest cover, followed by Mumbai and Bengaluru. Interestingly, the maximum gain in forest cover from 2021 to 2023 is seen in Ahmedabad, followed by Bengaluru. On the other hand, Chennai and Hyderabad have witnessed the maximum loss in forest cover.

The forestry sector contributes approximately 1.3-1.6% to India’s Gross Value Added (GVA), supporting industries such as furniture, construction, and paper manufacturing. With an estimated 35 billion trees, the GVA per tree in India is only ₹100.

However, the report also highlights that India’s forest cover is asymmetric. States like Odisha, Mizoram, and Jharkhand have seen an increase in forest cover. North-East and hilly states like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh have a larger geographical area under forest cover. Whereas, states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, etc., have less than 10% of their geographical area under forest cover.

To enhance forest sustainability, the report suggests expanding biodiversity hotspots and incentivising private sector participation. Investment in afforestation projects through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and carbon offset markets can enhance conservation funding. Strengthening enforcement against encroachment through satellite monitoring and digital databases can protect critical forest areas.

The government has undertaken various initiatives, such as the Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT, to integrate green infrastructure and enhance urban ecological resilience. These initiatives align with the postulated U-shaped hypothesis, leading to better institutional capacity that supports both urban growth and environmental conservation.

(Source: International Business Times – By Sheezan Naseer – 15 May 2025)

3. HEALTH

# Could Non-Invasive Tools be the future of early Oral Cancer Detection?

Dr. Hiren Patadiya said early detection not only reduces treatment costs but also significantly improves the patient’s quality of life. Oral cancer remains a significant global health concern, with early diagnosis playing a crucial role in reducing mortality rates and improving patient outcomes. Experts in the field emphasize that the challenge lies not only in the lack of awareness among healthcare professionals but also in the invasive nature of conventional diagnostic methods. However, innovative approaches are reportedly paving the way for more accessible and non-invasive screening tools.

Dr. Hiren Patadiya, a distinguished expert in Oral Medicine, has been at the forefront of developing cutting-edge diagnostic tools aimed at facilitating early detection of oral cancer. With three design patents to his credit, his contributions are reshaping how clinicians approach oral lesion analysis. “Early detection is paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with oral cancer. My goal has been to bridge the gap between diagnostic accuracy and accessibility,” Dr. Patadiya stated. His patents include Caviscan, an Automated Oral Lesion Analysis Tool designed to enhance clinical assessments; Biocheck, a non-invasive tool for detecting oral cancerous lesions, offering a patient-friendly alternative to traditional biopsy; and a Biosensor-Based Oral Cancer Detection Device, a novel technology aimed at providing precise diagnostic capabilities with minimal discomfort.

Experts suggest that one of the major limitations in diagnosing oral cancer lies in the inadequate knowledge of clinical features and the lack of training among healthcare providers to perform biopsies. Dr. Patadiya underscores this challenge, stating, “Many clinicians struggle to differentiate between benign and malignant oral lesions. This not only leads to missed diagnoses but also delays critical interventions.” To tackle this issue, he has also authored a book, “Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders,” which extensively discusses clinical signs and symptoms, equipping practitioners with the knowledge needed to enhance diagnostic accuracy. “Your eyes can only see what your brain knows. Comprehensive knowledge of oral lesions is fundamental in ensuring timely and accurate diagnosis,” he emphasised.

The rampant nature of oral cancers reportedly places a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems. According to experts, late-stage cancer treatments are considerably more expensive and resource-intensive than early interventions. “Early detection not only reduces treatment costs but also significantly improves the patient’s quality of life,” Dr. Patadiya noted. Moreover, integrating non-invasive diagnostic tools into routine screenings can lead to a marked reduction in delayed diagnoses. Statistically, early-stage detection has been linked to higher survival rates and less aggressive treatment requirements.

Looking ahead, researchers and clinicians alike are advocating for widespread adoption of non-invasive diagnostic methods. “We need to shift our focus from reactive treatment to proactive screening. With advancements in technology, tools like Caviscan and Biocheck have the potential to revolutionize early cancer detection,” Dr. Patadiya commented. As the medical community continues to innovate, the emphasis remains on equipping healthcare professionals with both the knowledge and the tools necessary to detect oral cancer at its
earliest stages. With pioneering efforts like those led by Dr. Patadiya, the future of oral cancer diagnosis is poised for transformation, making early detection more accessible and effective than ever before.

(Source: International Business Times – By Karcy Noonan – 4 June 2025)

“Mera Naya Article Clerk Ek Algorithm Hai” (By A CA Who Misses Paper Vouchers But Loves AI Sarcasm)

When our office WhatsApp group lit up with the message “We are going digital!”, I thought we were finally done printing 148-page audit reports just to courier them two buildings away. Little did I know this digital leap meant I’d be sharing my cabin with a machine that doesn’t drink chai, doesn’t gossip, and finishes bank reconciliations faster than I can find my spectacles.

Ladies and Gentlemen, meet RoboCFO – my new article assistant. Technically, HR wants us to call him “AI Assistant (Beta),” but if it balances a trial balance in less time than it takes my human article to log into Traces, it gets a name. Period.

THE ARRIVAL OF THE MACHINE: AAPKA IT ASSISTANT ONLINE HAI

Now, I’ve worked with all kinds of articles—hardworking ones, sleepy ones, the ones who vanish mysteriously at 1:03 PM daily, and of course, the ones who “go on study leave” right before audit season and resurface only after Diwali sweets arrive. But nothing prepared me for RoboCFO.

First day on the job, I asked it to vouch 4,000 purchase invoices.

TIME TAKEN: 4 MINUTES, 18 SECONDS.

Human article Raj watched in horror—like a calculator seeing Excel for the first time.

“Sir,” he whispered, “yeh mera kaam le lega kya?”

“Sirf tab,” I replied, “jab yeh client se bank statement timely mangwana seekh le.”

He calmed down instantly.

TAX ASSIGNMENTS: ROBOCFO IN SCRUTINY MODE

During income tax season, RoboCFO became my right hand. It drafted replies to notices, prepared submission indexes, and even generated sarcastic comments for clients who failed to deduct TDS for the fifth quarter in a row.

(“Paanchwa quarter? Haan ji, ab TDS bhi lunar calendar se chalega.”)

One client asked, “Can I claim honeymoon expenses as business promotion?”

RoboCFO replied, “Sir, agar Shaadi mein 200 GST officers invite kiye the, toh zaroor!”

I had tears in my eyes. Not from laughter—from respect.

AUDIT ASSIGNMENTS: MAY THE BOTS BE WITH YOU

If tax season was a trailer, audit season was the blockbuster. RoboCFO took over bank reconciliations, vouching, TDS ageing, Form 26AS–AIS matching, GSTR-2B reconciliation and even tried to perform physical verification of fixed assets—remotely.

It once flagged a mismatch of ₹3.21 in depreciation.

“Sir, as per Schedule II, this asset should’ve been fully depreciated in FY 2020-21.”

I didn’t know whether to say “well done” or throw my calculator at it.

And when it questioned my chai bill: “Tea expense exceeds historical mean by 42%. Possible non-business expenditure?”

Et tu, RoboCFO?

CLIENT MEETINGS WILL NEVER BE THE SAME AGAIN

Took RoboCFO into a Zoom meeting once—just for fun. Client says, “We’d like to project next quarter’s cash flow.”

Before I could unmute myself, RoboCFO shared a working, generated charts and added:

“Suggest reducing office snacks. Your P&L will thank you.”

Client: “Fantastic insight!”

Me: Beta tu toh gaya.

After the meeting, I confronted him. “You’re getting too smart.”

It responded, “I learn from the best.”

Flattery. Great. Now the robot is also sarcastic.

ROBOT VS RAJU: THE GREAT INDIAN SHOWDOWN

Raju, our beloved peon, was not impressed. He’s the man who could locate any file, even if it was saved as “Final_Final_USETHIS_v3(Reviewed)_DONOTDELETE.xls”.

“Sir,” he said, “yeh machine na rest leta hai, na chai peeta hai, aur na paper staple karta hai. Kaise kaam karega?”

To reassure him, I gave RoboCFO the task of reading IT circulars from 1974.

Update: It’s still stuck on Para 2.3 of Circular No. 14. Possibly reconsidering its life choices.

THINGS GOT WEIRD: THE AI GOT AMBITIOUS

Last week, RoboCFO tried to generate a UDIN.

I panicked. I haven’t felt that kind of fear since I signed a balance sheet on March 31st at 11:58 PM.

Turned out, it was just preparing a draft audit report with:

  •  Emphasis of Matter
  •  Note on Going Concern
  •  Footnote quoting AS-29 (like a boss)

At this point, my senior article began prepping for UPSC. “Sir, CA toh AI ban gaya. Main IAS try karta hoon.”

WILL AI REPLACE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS?

Let’s be clear. RoboCFO is great. It can:

√ Match ledgers

√ Read scanned invoices

√ Generate 3D cash flow forecasts

√ Flag “non-business” tea expenses

But can it:

⊗ Convince a PSU bank to accept scanned balance sheets “just this once”?

⊗ Handle a client who says, “Sir, cash mein transaction kiya hai, par tension mat lo, sab white hai.”

⊗ E-file returns at 11:59 PM with a hanging server and a prayer to St. FinMin?

ABSOLUTELY NOT.

That, my friends, still needs a human CA—with caffeine in his veins, sarcasm in his soul, and a backup dongle in his bag.

FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

AI in a CA office is like GST:

Confusing at first. Occasionally misused.

But once you crack it—transformational.

Sure, RoboCFO doesn’t know the joy of finding a file saved as “USE_THIS_FINAL_FINAL_REVISED(FINAL2).xls”, but it does know Section 43B better than my senior partner.

And no, it doesn’t replace us. It just makes us work faster, better, and with less Excel-induced rage.

So here’s to our new intern, punching bag, co-worker, and unofficial audit partner—RoboCFO.

As for Raju? He’s now our official “AI Trainer.” He proudly claims:

“Maine hi isko sikhaya GSTN ka error kaise solve karte hai.”

And honestly? We believe him.

Disclaimer: No human articles were harmed in the making of this story. But one did consider switching to law after watching RoboCFO complete an entire GST audit while sipping digital chai. The content is AI-generated with human intervention / guidance for understanding future scenarios in a lighter way.

Letter to the Editor

The Editor

BCAJ

Mumbai

Dear Sir

I express my sincere appreciation for the insightful article named “शीलं परमं भूषणम्” in “NAMASKAAR” section published in the recent issue of the BCAS Journal.

The article is “thought-provoking”. A great deal of effort and expertise went into this piece, and it truly enriches the content of the BCAS Journal. Thank you for sharing your timeless wisdom and contributing to the knowledge within our community.

I look forward to reading more of your work in future issues.

Warm Regards,

CA Manish M. Toshniwal

 

The Editor

BCAJ

Mumbai

Sir,

Re: Your Editorial in the June 2025 issue of the BCAJ

1. This editorial crafts a potent, vision of India weaving together themes of national pride, decisive military action, economic optimism, and a collective call to national development. It’s a striking piece designed to evoke strong patriotic sentiment and project a narrative of a resurgent India.

2. The name “Operation Sindoor,” laden with cultural symbolism of auspiciousness and protection, underscores this new chapter. The narrative of its success, coupled with unified political support, is crafted to instil confidence in India’s defence capabilities and governmental resolve.

3. Seamlessly, the editorial pivots from military might to economic prowess, presenting the latter as a “silver lining” and a cornerstone of India’s rising global stature.

4. The tone throughout is optimistic, assertive, and deeply nationalistic, aiming to inspire readers by celebrating perceived military and economic victories.

Thank you Dr. Nayak for making us proud by effectively narrating our achievements.

Regards,

Adv. R. K. Sinha

IRS and Ex – DIT

Guardianship of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

INTRODUCTION

Guardianship of Persons with intellectual disabilities or mentally challenged persons and their estate is a specialised subject. However, while India has multiple legislations dealing with this sensitive issue, it does not have a holistic Law that addresses all concerns. Unlike a person suffering from a physical disability, a person with an intellectual disability cannot easily take care of his own property/estate and hence, it becomes very essential to understand who can be the guardian and what such a guardian can do.

MULTIPLE LEGISLATIONS

In India, this subject is specifically addressed by three main Laws:

(a) The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999 (“National Trust Act”) – an Act to provide for the constitution of a body at the National level for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto;

(b) The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (“Disabilities Act”) – an Act to empower persons with disabilities; and

(c) The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 (“MHCA”) – an Act to provide for mental healthcare and services for persons with mental illness and to protect, promote and fulfil the rights of such persons during the delivery of mental healthcare and services.

In addition, guardianship of minors is generally regulated by the following Acts:

(a) Guardians and Wards Act, 1890

(b) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956

Let us examine these different Legislations in more detail.

NATIONAL TRUST ACT

Under this Act, the Central Government has constituted an authority known as the National Trust for the welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities. The National Trust functions through various Local Committees. One of its objectives is to evolve the procedure for the appointment of guardians and trustees for persons with disability requiring such protection.

The phrase “persons with disability” has been defined to mean a person suffering from any of the conditions relating to autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation or a combination of any two or more of such conditions and includes a person suffering from severe multiple disabilities. The Act also defines these intellectual disabilities as follows:

(a) “Autism” means a condition of uneven skill development primarily affecting the communication and social abilities of a person, marked by repetitive and ritualistic behaviour;

(b) “Cerebral palsy means a group of non-progressive conditions of a person characterised by abnormal motor control and posture resulting from brain insult or injuries occurring in the pre-natal, perinatal or infant period of development;

(c) “Mental retardation” means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person which is specially characterised by sub-normality of intelligence;

(d) “Multiple disabilities” means a combination of two or more disabilities as defined in the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. This Act has been since repealed by the Disabilities Act.

The Act provides that the parent of a person with disability or his relative may make an application to the local level committee for the appointment of any person of his choice to act as a guardian of the person with disability. The Act gives a very expansive meaning to the term relative as including any person related to the person with disability by blood, marriage or adoption. Thus, all possible types of relatives are included within this phrase. Any registered organisation (i.e., an association of persons with disability or an association of parents of persons with disability or a voluntary organisation) may also make an application in the prescribed form to the local level committee for the appointment of a guardian for a person with disability. The local committee would then consider whether or not such a person should be appointed as a guardian. While taking a decision on the appointment of a guardian, the local level committee shall ensure that the person whose name has been suggested for appointment as guardian is:

(a) a citizen of India – the Delhi High Court in Sunil Podar vs. the National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities, 2023/DHC/000987 has upheld the provision requiring only Indian citizens to be appointed as guardians.

(b) is not of unsound mind or is currently undergoing treatment for mental illness;

(c) does not have a history of criminal conviction;

(d) is not a destitute and dependent on others for his own living; and

(e) has not been declared insolvent or bankrupt.

Every person appointed as a guardian under the Act shall, wherever required, either have the care of such person of disability and his property or be responsible for the maintenance of the person with disability. The guardian shall, within 6 months from the date of his appointment, deliver to the authority which appointed him, an inventory of immovable property belonging to the person with disability and all assets and other movable property received on behalf of the person with disability, together with a statement of all claims due to and all debts and liabilities due by such person with disability.

The Act also provides for the removal of the guardian. If a parent or a relative of a person with disability or a registered organisation finds that the guardian is (a) abusing or neglecting a person with disability; or (b) misappropriating or neglecting the property, it may in accordance with the prescribed procedure apply to the committee for the removal of such guardian. The National Trust Rules, 2000 define what constitutes an act of neglect or abuse on the part of the guardian.

DISABILITIES ACT

This Act seeks to empower persons with disabilities. It deals with all sorts of disabilities and defines a person with disability to mean a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others. The Act defines certain disabilities as follows:

(a) Intellectual disability is defined as a condition characterised by significant limitation both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behaviour which covers a range of everyday, social and practical skills, including —

(i) “Specific learning disabilities” which means a heterogeneous group of conditions wherein there is a deficit in processing language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself as a difficulty to comprehend, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations and includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia and developmental aphasia;

(ii) “Autism spectrum disorder” means a neuro-developmental condition typically appearing in the first 3 years of life that significantly affects a person’s ability to communicate, understand relationships and relate to others, and is frequently associated with unusual or stereotypical rituals or behaviours.

(b) “Mental Illness” means a substantial disorder of thinking, mood, perception, orientation or memory that grossly impairs judgment, behaviour, capacity to recognise reality or ability to meet the ordinary demands of life, but does not include retardation which is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person, specially characterised by subnormality of intelligence.

The Act overrides anything contained in any other law for the time being in force. If a District Court or any Designated State Authority, finds that a person with disability, who had been provided adequate and appropriate support but is unable to take legally binding decisions, then he may be provided further support of a limited guardian to take legally binding decisions on his behalf in consultation with such person.

The Act introduces the concept of limited guardianship. This means a system of joint decision which operates on mutual understanding and trust between the guardian and the person with disability, which shall be limited to a specific period and for specific decision and situation and shall operate in accordance with the will of the person with disability. Every guardian appointed under any provision of any other law for the time being in force, for a person with disability shall be deemed to function as a limited guardian.

MHC ACT

The Mental Healthcare Act is the most recent Law on this subject and repeals the erstwhile Indian Lunacy Act, 1912. The Act provides that Mental illness shall be determined in accordance with such nationally or internationally accepted medical standards (including the latest edition of the International Classification of Disease of the World Health Organisation) as may be notified by the Central Government. It defines “mental illness” to mean a substantial disorder of thinking, mood, perception, orientation or memory that grossly impairs judgment, behaviour, capacity to recognise reality or ability to meet the ordinary demands of life, mental conditions associated with the abuse of alcohol and drugs, but does not include mental retardation which is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person, specially characterised by subnormality of intelligence.

Every person, including a person with mental illness shall be deemed to have capacity to make decisions regarding his mental healthcare or treatment if such person has ability to—

(a) understand the information that is relevant to take a decision on the treatment or admission or personal assistance; or

(b) appreciate any reasonably foreseeable consequence of a decision or lack of decision on the treatment or admission or personal assistance; or

(c) communicate decisions by means of speech, expression, gesture or any other means.

The Act also introduces the concept of an advance directive. Every major individual has a right to make an advance directive in writing, specifying (a) the way he wishes to be cared for and treated for a mental illness; (b) the way he wishes not to be cared for and treated for a mental illness; (c) the individuals, he wants to appoint as his nominated representative.

The Act introduces an important concept of a nominated representative. Every major individual has a right to appoint a nominated representative. The person appointed as the nominated representative must be competent to discharge the duties or perform the functions assigned to him under this Act and give his consent in writing to the mental health professional to discharge his duties and perform the functions assigned to him under this Act.

Where a nominated representative is not appointed, the following persons for the purposes of this Act in the order of precedence shall be deemed to be the nominated representative of a person with mental illness, namely:

(a) The individual appointed as the nominated representative in the advance directive; or

(b) a relative (i.e., any person related to the person with mental illness by blood, marriage or adoption), or

(c) a care-giver (i.e., a person who resides with a person with mental illness and is responsible for providing care to that person and includes a relative or any other person who performs this function, either free or with remuneration), or if not available or not willing to be the nominated representative of such person; or

(d) a suitable person appointed as such by the Mental Health Review Board appointed under the Act; or

(e) if no such person is available to be appointed as a nominated representative, the Board shall appoint the Director, Department of Social Welfare, or his designated representative, as the nominated representative of the person with mental illness:

However, in case of minors, the legal guardian shall be their nominated representative.

The nominated representative has various duties, including, providing support to the person with mental illness in making treatment decisions.

The Act also lays down various rights of persons with mental illness, such as right to equality and non-discrimination, right to access mental healthcare, etc.

GUARDIANS AND WARDS ACT, 1890 (“G&W ACT”)

In addition to the above specific legislations, there is the generic Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 that deals with guardians in respect of all minors. This Act applies to all minors. A guardian under this Act means a person having the care of the person of a minor or of his property, or of both and a ward means a minor for whose person or property, or both, there is a guardian.

A Court on being satisfied that it is for the welfare of a minor may make an order — (a) appointing a guardian of his person or property, or both, or (b) declaring a person to be such a guardian.

An application for being appointed as a guardian may be made by (a) the person desirous of being, or claiming to be, the guardian of the minor, or (b) any relative or friend of the minor, or (c) the Collector of the district or other local area within which the minor ordinarily resides or in which he has property, or (d) the Collector having authority with respect to the class to which the minor belongs.

A guardian stands in a fiduciary relation to his ward, and, save as provided by the will or other instrument, if any, by which he was appointed, or by this Act, he must not make any profit out of his office. A guardian of the person of a ward is charged with the custody of the ward and must look to his support, health and education, and such other matters as the law to which the ward as subject requires. A guardian of the property of a ward is bound to deal therewith as carefully as a man of ordinary prudence would deal with it if it were his own, and he may do all acts which are reasonable and proper for the realisation, protection or benefit of the property. However, one of the important restrictions on the power of the guardian is that he shall not, without the previous permission of the Court

(a) mortgage or charge, or transfer by sale, gift, exchange or otherwise, any part of the immovable property of his ward, or

(b) lease any part of that property for a term exceeding 5 years or for any term extending more than one year beyond the date on which the ward will cease to be a minor.

HINDU MINORITY AND GUARDIANSHIP ACT, 1956 (“HMG ACT”)

In addition, the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 applies to Hindu minors. This Act is in addition to, and not, save as expressly provided, in derogation of, the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. It provides that in case of a Hindu minor, the natural guardians in respect of the minor’s person as well as in respect of the minor’s property are:

(a) in the case of a boy or an unmarried girl—the father, and after him, the mother. However, that the custody of a minor who has not completed the age of 5 years shall ordinarily be with the mother. In Surinder Kaur Sandhu vs. Harbax Singh Sandhu, (1984) 3 SCC 698 the Court held that the Act constitutes father as a natural guardian of a minor son but that provision cannot supersede the paramount consideration as to what is conducive to the welfare of the minor.

(b) in the case of an illegitimate boy or an illegitimate unmarried girl – the mother, and after her, the father;

(c) in the case of a married girl – the husband:

The natural guardianship of an adopted son who is a minor, passes on adoption, to the adoptive father and after him to the adoptive mother.

A Hindu father who is entitled to act as the natural guardian of his minor legitimate children may, by his Will appoint a guardian for any of them in respect of the minor’s person or in respect of the minor’s property or in respect of both. A Hindu mother entitled to act as the natural guardian of her minor illegitimate children may, by her Will, appoint a guardian for any of them in respect of the minor’s person or in respect of the minor’s property or in respect of both.

The Act also provides that where a minor has an undivided interest in HUF property and the property is under the management of an adult member of the family, no guardian shall be appointed for the minor in respect of such undivided interest. However, the High Court has powers to appoint a guardian even in respect of such undivided interest.

In Gaurav Nagpal vs. Sumedha Nagpal, AIR 2009 SC 557, the Court held that it is not the welfare of the father, nor the welfare of the mother that is the paramount consideration for the Court. It is the welfare of the minor and the minor alone which is the paramount consideration.

GUARDIANSHIP UNDER

DIFFERENT LAWS

While the different laws explained above do not specifically refer to each other and many of them appear contradictory, one may adopt the following approach while making an application for being appointed as a guardian of a person with intellectual disability / who is mentally challenged:

(a) If the person with disabilities is a minor – for Hindus the HMG Act will be the main law while for other communities the G&W Act will be the main law. The National Trust Act also provides for the appointment of a guardian but only for those minors who have specified mental disabilities. The Disabilities Act only permits a limited guardian to be appointed whereas the MHC Act only allows a nominated representative.

(b) If the person with disabilities is a major – The National Trust Act would be the main statute as it provides for appointment of a guardian but only for those minors who have specified mental disabilities. The Disabilities Act only permits a limited guardian to be appointed whereas the MHC Act only allows a nominated representative.

SUCCESSION TO PROPERTY

It may be noted that a person suffering from mental disabilities may not be able to make a Will for his property/estate. This is because one of the main conditions under the Indian Succession Act, 1925 for making a Will is that the testator must be of sound mind. A person who is ordinarily insane may make a Will during the interval in which he is of sound mind. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines a person to be of sound mind if at the time of making a contract he is capable of understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its effects. The Kerala High Court in Natarajan vs. Sree Narayana Dharma Sanghom Trust, A.S.No.203 of 1988, Order dated 27-10-1995 has held that the question of sound disposing mind is a question of fact and degree of mental capacity in each case. Mental weakness to constitute testamentary incapacity must be qua the Will itself. A testator ought to be capable of making his Will with an understanding of the nature of the document he is purporting to create, a recollection of the property he means to dispose of, of the persons who are the objects of his bounty, and the manner in which it is to be distributed between them. The testator’s age, disease and mental weakness are all important considerations in determining the soundness of the mind of the testator at the time of the execution of the Will.

In case a person with mental disability is not treated as being of sound mind and hence, not capable of making a Will, then such a person would die an intestate and the succession to his property would be as provided under the personal law applicable to him. Thus, in the case of a Hindu/Jain/Buddhist/Sikh intestate, the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 would apply; in the case of a Muslim intestate the Shariyat Law would apply, and in the case of a Parsi/Christian/Jewish intestate, the Indian Succession Act, 1925 would apply.

TAX DEDUCTION

S. 80DD of the Income-tax Act, 1961 allows a deduction of ₹75,000 per year to an Individual / HUF assessee who incurs expenditure on medical treatment / nursing / training / rehabilitation of a dependent who has a specified disability. The deduction is also available for paying any sum to an approved Scheme framed by any insurance company for the maintenance of such a dependent. Dependent in the case of an individual means his spouse, children, parents, siblings and in the case of an HUF means any of its members. The specified disabilities include the intellectual disability mentioned in the Disabilities Act, 2016 as well as autism and cerebral palsy referred to in the National Trust Act.

CONCLUSION

It is quite unfortunate that we have multiple laws dealing with the same subject, but no single unified law that weaves all these diverse provisions together. Guardianship is a very sensitive subject and more so in the case of persons with intellectual disability. It is high time that we deal with this issue in a more comprehensive and holistic manner!

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Future of Chartered Accountancy

 

“I DON’T BELIEVE AI WILL REPLACE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, BUT I DO FIRMLY BELIEVE THAT THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND AND LEVERAGE AI WILL REPLACE THOSE WHO DON’T.”

Some perceive AI as a big threat to the profession, while others perceive it as a big opportunity. Is it like seeing a glass half full or half empty, or does it have some deep nuances? What is in store for the CA Profession with the advent of AI? Can we ignore it, or do we have to embrace it? CA Ninad Karpe answers these and several other questions in an interview with BCAS.

Ninad Karpe is the Founder of Karpe Diem Ventures, which invests in early stage startups in India. He is also the Founder & Partner at 100X.VC, India’s pioneering early-stage VC firm that has invested in 180 startups through the innovative iSAFE note model. Widely known as a “startup whisperer” for his sharp insights and no-nonsense advice, Karpe earlier served as MD & CEO of Aptech Ltd. and as MD of CA Technologies India. Karpe has authored the business strategy book “BOND to BABA” and served as Chairman of CII Western Region (2017-18). Passionate about storytelling and creativity, he has also produced four Marathi plays, seamlessly blending boardroom strategy with the magic of the stage.

Being a lead technology person from the CA Fraternity, his insights on the AI revolution impacting the CA Profession carry weight. Considering his time constraints, BCAJ sent him questions to receive written answers from him. We hope this interview will enrich readers.

Q. Mr. Karpe, thank you for sparing your valuable time. Let’s begin by discussing the future. How do you see the role of a chartered accountant evolving over the next five years, especially given the rise of AI?

A. Ninad Karpe: Thank you, it’s a pleasure to discuss AI. We are currently witnessing a profound shift in the accounting profession. I don’t believe AI will replace chartered accountants, but I do firmly believe that those who understand and leverage AI will replace those who don’t.

In five years from now, the CA’s role will move away from being execution-heavy and compliance-focused toward something far more strategic and analytical. Much of the routine work, like data entry, reconciliation, standard reporting, etc., will be completely automated. But that only opens up space for CAs to deliver real value through insights, interpretation, and decision-support. Human judgment won’t become irrelevant. In fact, it will become more important, because it will be applied to higher-order problems. The AI-assisted CA will be the norm, not the exception.

Q. That’s a powerful vision. In your view, what’s the most underrated opportunity that AI presents to accounting professionals right now?

A. Ninad Karpe: That would be the ability of AI to make sense of unstructured data.

CAs are used to working with structured ledgers and financial statements. But what about the mountains of unstructured data, like emails, WhatsApp chats, handwritten notes, scanned invoices, or boardroom transcripts? AI can now process, analyse, and even summarise such data. That’s a goldmine.

Most firms are just scratching the surface by using AI for automating data entry or filling out forms. But the real breakthrough lies in using AI for strategic insights like flagging hidden risks, spotting patterns, and even predicting client behaviour. This capacity to derive intelligence from chaos is what can transform how CAs add value.

Q. Which AI tools do you find most effective for day-to-day accounting tasks? And how safe is it to use free versions of these tools?

A. Ninad Karpe: For everyday use, tools like ChatGPT, Microsoft 365 Copilot, and AI-enhanced Google Sheets are quite useful. You can use them for summarising tax policies, preparing checklists, analysing trends, or even drafting emails and reports.

That said, I must stress that data sensitivity is paramount. For anything involving client data, free versions should be avoided. Use enterprise-grade tools that offer robust security, encryption, and compliance controls. Experimentation is great, and free tools are ideal for learning and prototyping. But when it comes to real-world applications, especially involving confidential financial information, always prioritise data privacy.

Q. How should mid-sized firms approach AI adoption? Should they prioritise investing in technology or focus on building talent?

A. Ninad Karpe: Definitely start with talent.

Technology can be bought, but talent needs to be nurtured. I always recommend identifying an “AI Champion” within the firm; someone who is naturally curious, digitally savvy, and willing to experiment. They don’t need to be a coder or a data scientist. But they do need to be open-minded and passionate about exploring new tools.

Start with one small use case, like automating invoice classification or generating audit checklists. Allocate a modest budget, say ₹5–7 lakhs, annually. That’s more than enough for a pilot program that could yield 10x returns in productivity and insights. The key is to build a culture of experimentation. Begin small, learn fast, and scale confidently.

Q. Can AI ever replace human judgment in complex areas like auditing or tax planning?

A. Ninad Karpe: AI can assist, but not replace human judgement.

It can definitely highlight inconsistencies, flag outliers, and run complex simulations. But when it comes to interpretation, especially in areas like tax law or regulatory compliance, human experience is irreplaceable. A CA understands nuance, ethics, and business context, all of which are beyond the capabilities of even the most sophisticated AI models today.

AI might be able to tell you what can be done. But only a human can determine what should be done. The “why” behind a financial recommendation, or the strategic judgment behind audit materiality, still lies in the human domain.

Q. That brings us to a critical concern. What are the biggest risks of placing blind trust in AI?

A. Ninad Karpe: One word. Hallucinations.

AI tools sometimes generate answers that are completely wrong, but sound perfectly plausible. That’s incredibly dangerous in our field, where accuracy is non-negotiable. If those hallucinated results make their way into a tax filing or an audit report, it’s not the AI that is held responsible; it’s the CA who signed off.

Another risk is outdated or irrelevant data. Many AI models are trained on publicly available data, which may not be current or jurisdiction-specific. So yes, AI is a wonderful assistant. But it needs constant supervision, especially in high-stakes accounting environments.

Q. How should firms maintain client trust while increasingly using AI in their advisory processes?

A. Ninad Karpe: Be transparent. Always.

Tell your clients how you’re using AI. Let them know it’s being used to support, not to replace, your professional judgment. For example, explain that the AI tool is helping cross-verify financial entries, scan for anomalies, or summarise reports, but the final call is always yours.

Clients appreciate honesty. When they see that AI enables better, faster, and more accurate service from you, they consider it a value addition. But if they suspect that you’re hiding behind the technology, that’s when trust breaks down. Transparency is not just ethical, it is strategic.

Q. Could you share a real-world example where AI truly made a difference?

A. Ninad Karpe: Absolutely. There’s a retail business I know of that was using an AI-based GST reconciliation tool. This tool flagged a recurring mismatch in filing entries, a pattern that manual checks had missed for months.

Because of that early detection, the company avoided a ₹15 lakh penalty. That one instance alone justified their investment in the tool several times over. It wasn’t just about speed, it was about precision, and about averting a regulatory crisis. That’s the real power of AI, when it turns data into actionable insight.

Q. Before implementing an AI tool, how should a firm assess whether the tool is reliable?

A. Ninad Karpe: Start with internal testing. Feed the AI dummy data and evaluate its outputs. Ask yourself: Do the results make sense? Are they consistent with domain knowledge? More importantly, can the AI explain how it arrived at those conclusions?

Any model that functions like a black box, where you can’t understand or trace the logic, is a red flag. In accounting and auditing, transparency is everything. Reliable AI doesn’t just give you answers, it gives you justifications. That’s what you want to look for.

Q. Is AI adoption creating a divide in the profession between tech-savvy CAs and traditional practitioners?

A. Ninad Karpe: Yes. And that divide is growing. But let me clarify, it’s not an age issue. It’s an attitude issue.

I’ve seen 50-year-old senior partners embrace AI with more enthusiasm than 25-year-old associates. The real difference is mindset. Those who see AI as a threat will struggle. Those who see it as a tool will thrive.

Being tech-fluent is no longer optional. Just like knowing Tally was essential 20 years ago, understanding AI tools is now part of the core skill set. If you’re not learning, you’re lagging.

Q. From a policy standpoint, what framework do you believe India should adopt to ensure ethical AI in finance?

A. Ninad Karpe: We need a national “Finance-AI Code of Conduct.” And this should be co-created by ICAI, regulatory authorities, industry leaders, and clients.

This framework should rest on four key pillars:

  1.  Data Protection: Client information must be encrypted and access-controlled.
  2.  Transparent Algorithms: Firms should understand and disclose the logic behind AI decisions.
  3.  Usage Disclosure: Clients should be aware of how AI tools are used in service delivery.
  4.  Audit Trails: Every AI-assisted output must be traceable and verifiable.

As AI advances, so must our ethical standards. We can’t afford to be reactive – we must be proactive in shaping responsible adoption.

Q. Finally, if you were a young CA starting your career today, how would you prepare for this AI-powered future?

A. Ninad Karpe: I would double down on two things: strong financial acumen and digital fluency.

Master the fundamentals of accounting standards, tax laws, and regulatory frameworks. That’s your core. But alongside that, become proficient with AI tools. Learn to prompt effectively, analyse outputs critically, and integrate these tools into your daily workflow.

Think of yourself as an “augmented accountant”, which is a blend of strategist, analyst, and tech interpreter. That’s not a futuristic fantasy. That’s the reality already unfolding around us. And those who are ready will lead the profession into its most exciting era.

Q. Any final concluding thoughts?

A. Ninad Karpe: As Chartered Accountants, embracing AI isn’t optional — it’s essential. But what sets us apart isn’t the ability to crunch numbers faster — it’s our judgment, ethics, and human context. AI may offer intelligence, but we offer wisdom.

So, the next time your audit file closes at the speed of light, just remember — behind every great AI is a greater CA… quietly debugging the logic, one ledger at a time.

Q. Mr. Karpe, thank you for this insightful and inspiring knowledge sharing. Your perspectives provide a roadmap for firms and professionals navigating the AI transition.

A. Ninad Karpe: Thank you. It’s been a pleasure to connect with BCAS Readers and share these thoughts. The future is not just coming. It is already here. Let’s embrace it.

Accounting of Sale of Fertilizers and Related Subsidy

Rourkela Core Fertilizers Ltd (RCF), a fertilizer manufacturing company, sells fertilizers to dealers, who in turn sell to farmers. Under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme, the Government of India provides a fertilizer subsidy to RCF. This subsidy is disbursed based on actual sales made by dealers to the end-users—the farmers, for whom the subsidy is actually directed towards. These transactions are validated using Point-of-Sale (POS) devices at dealer location and authenticated through farmer identification, such as Aadhaar, Voter ID, or Kisan Credit Card.

The subsidy rates are notified by the government and are subject to periodic revisions, either retroactively or prospectively. RCF receives the subsidy upon submission of a valid claim supported by appropriate evidence.

There exists an inherent time lag between the sale of fertilizers by RCF to dealers and the subsequent sale by dealers to farmers. Subsidy entitlement is governed by the law in force at the time the dealer sells the fertilizers to the farmer. RCF recognizes revenue from sales when control of goods is transferred to dealers in accordance with Ind AS 115 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Based on the contractual terms and interpretation of Ind AS 115, RCF considers the point of dispatch to dealers as the moment of transfer of control and hence a trigger for revenue recognition. Accordingly, RCF recognizes revenue when goods are dispatched to the dealers.

RCF is evaluating appropriate timing for recognition of subsidy income, and is considering the following three alternative approaches. This note discusses the accounting treatment, excluding presentation aspects of the subsidy income.

View 1: Recognize the revenue when goods are dispatched to the customer at which time control is transferred in accordance with Ind AS 115. The subsidy is recognized as a variable consideration in accordance with Ind AS 115.

View 2: Recognise the revenue when goods are dispatched to the customer at which time control is transferred in accordance with Ind AS 115. The subsidy is recognised in accordance with the principles laid out in Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. RCF interprets this to mean that the subsidy will be recognised only when the dealer sells the goods to the farmers, which will therefore not coincide with the timing for recognition of revenue on sale of good.

View 3: Recognise the revenue when goods are dispatched to the customer at which time control is transferred in accordance with Ind AS 115. The subsidy is recognised as a grant income in accordance with Ind AS 20. RCF interprets this to mean that the subsidy will be recognized at the time of recognition of the revenue, basis best estimate, which will then be trued up/down in subsequent period if necessary (for e.g., if the subsidy rate is revised).

Accounting Standard References

Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

“31 An entity shall recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (i.e. an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset.”

“47 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties (for example, some sales taxes). The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both.”

“50 If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity shall estimate the amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer.”

“87 After contract inception, the transaction price can change for various reasons, including the resolution of uncertain events or other changes in circumstances that change the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services.”

“98 An entity shall recognise the following costs as expenses when incurred: (a)…(b)…….. (c) costs that relate to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance obligations) in the contract (i.e. costs that relate to past performance); and (d) costs for which an entity cannot distinguish whether the cost relate to unsatisfied performance obligations or to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance obligations).”

Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance

“3. Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to an entity in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity. They exclude those forms of government assistance which cannot reasonably have a value placed upon them and transactions with government which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the entity”.

“7 Government grants, including non-monetary grants at fair value, shall not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that: (a) the entity will comply with the conditions attaching to them; and (b) the grants will be received.”

“12 Government grants shall be recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.”

Ind AS 2 Inventories

“9 Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

Cost of Inventories

10 The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.”

“34 When inventories are sold, the carrying amount of those inventories shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is recognised. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realisable value and all losses of inventories shall be recognised as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of any write-down of inventories, arising from an increase in net realisable value, shall be recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in which the reversal occurs.”

Discussion

View 1: Recognise the revenue when goods are dispatched to the customer at which time control is transferred as per Ind AS 115. The subsidy is recognised as a variable consideration in accordance with Ind AS 115 and its estimated value is included in the transaction price.

Supporting Rationale:

a) Revenue is recognised on transfer of control of the underlying goods (fertilizers) at the time of dispatch in accordance with the contract with the dealers (para 31).

b) The subsidy received by RCF is a subsidy not to RCF but to the farmers. The subsidy received by RCF is a payment by the government on behalf of the farmers. In other words, RCF receives the consideration largely from the farmers (through the dealers) and partly from the government on behalf of the farmers (see para 47).

c) Since the amount to be received from the government may fluctuate, the provisions relating to variable consideration under Ind AS 115 will kick in. On this basis, variable consideration will be estimated using either the expected value method or the most likely amount method under Ind AS 115 whichever the entity expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled. The entity will constraint the amount determined to an extent that it is highly probable that significant reversal of revenue will not happen in subsequent period. In subsequent period, the variable consideration will be trued up basis the amount received from the government (see para 50 and 87).
d) In addition to the subsidy for which variable consideration is to be applied, variable consideration will also be applied for likely goods that may be returned by the dealers. A simple consequence of this is that the subsidy amount is also not recognized on estimated goods that may be returned by the dealers (see para 50 and 87).

e) This view will allow subsidy income on an estimated basis to be recognized in the same period it transfers control of the underlying goods (fertilizers). However, it is likely to require significant estimates which will get updated in subsequent periods. It is possible that this view would result in significant volatility in margins for each reporting period. Additionally, depending on extent of changes in subsidy rate, the matching principle may not be met in its entirety, as the entire cost of manufacture of fertilizers is booked in one period, while a specific portion of the revenue (resulting from changes in subsidy rates on channel stock, which is happening more frequently) is recognized in another period.

Dissenting opinion

The counter view in the extant case is that there is contract between RCF and the dealer, who is the customer. The ultimate customer is the farmer, who is the customer of the dealer and not of RCF. Apparently, neither the contract between RCF and the dealer nor the contract between the dealer and the farmer specifies that any portion of the consideration is payable to RCF by the government (on behalf of the farmer).

Transaction price under Ind AS 115 is defined as consideration that is paid by a customer to the vendor. Since the subsidy is received from the government who is not the customer of RCF, the fertilizer subsidy does not form part of the variable consideration element of the transaction price and is outside the scope of Ind AS 115.

Consequently, view 1 is not acceptable.

View 2: Recognise the revenue when goods are dispatched to the customer at which time control is transferred in accordance with Ind AS 115. The subsidy is recognized in accordance with the principles laid out in Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. RCF interprets this to mean that the subsidy will be recognized only when the dealer sells the goods to the farmers, which will therefore not coincide with the timing for recognition of revenue on sale of good. Further, the cost of inventories will be allocated proportionately to the main revenue component and the subsidy element. Since the subsidy revenue is to be recognized in later periods, the proportionate cost of inventories will be carried forward as an asset, and adjusted against the subsidy revenue in subsequent periods.

Supporting Rationale

a) Basis paragraph 3 of Ind AS 20, in the case of RCF, the subsidy received on sale of fertilizers qualifies as a transfer of resources to an entity and hence is a grant under Ind AS 20.

b) The purpose of fertilizer subsidy is to ensure availability of fertilizer at an affordable rate to farmers. Under DBT regime, the Government decides subsidy rate for each season depending on trending of few products like DAP, Urea, MOP and Sulphur which are not having any direct link with cost of production of companies. However, the Government assumes that if above mentioned products are imported today and sold at certain prices, then, the companies require the difference as subsidy to sustain operations. Paragraph 4 of Ind AS 20 reads as, Government assistance takes many forms varying both in the nature of the assistance given and in the conditions which are usually attached to it. The purpose of the assistance may be to encourage an entity to embark on a course of action which it would not normally have taken if the assistance was not provided.

c) DBT regime requires accounting practice which is more aligned to subsidy entitlement under DBT, unlike the earlier scheme where the condition to receive the subsidy was tied to RCF selling the goods, rather than when the goods were ultimately purchased by the farmer. Under DBT regime, subsidy entitlement is final when material is sold to farmer.

d) The volatility on margins would be minimised and matching principle would also be met.

Dissenting View

a) The costs of producing inventories of fertilizers are costs incurred in fulfilling the contract with the customers i.e., dealers, which should be accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 2 and not in accordance with Ind AS 115 (para 9, 10, 34 or Ind AS 2). When such inventories are sold to the dealers, the carrying amount of the same should be expensed in the period in which the related revenue is recognised. No amounts can be recognised or carried forward to be adjusted against subsidy income in future periods.

b) The recognition of subsidy receivable with concurrent recognition of the subsidy income in profit or loss at the time of sale to farmers by the dealers would generally not be appropriate, since the reasonable assurance condition prescribed in paragraph 7 of Ind AS 20 is met when the goods are sold to the dealers, unless proved otherwise. The government is unlikely to renege on its promises and therefore the subsidy income recognition criterion is met at the point in time when the sale to dealers is recognised.

c) Even assuming the reasonable assurance condition that the grant will be received is not met, at the time of sale to dealers, the proportionate cost related to the subsidy cannot be separately treated as an asset. A portion of inventories on goods sold cannot be carried forward (to be adjusted against subsidy income in subsequent periods) and is neither permitted under Ind AS 2 (as discussed above) or Ind AS 20 (see para 12). Neither does Ind AS 115 (see para 98) allows such a cost to be carried forward.

Final recommendation

The correct accounting treatment is set out in View 3 below.

View 3: Recognise the revenue when goods are dispatched to the customer at which time control is transferred in accordance with Ind AS 115. The subsidy is recognized as a grant income in accordance with Ind AS 20. RCF interprets this to mean that the subsidy will be recognised at the time of recognition of the revenue (sale to dealers), basis best estimate, which will then be trued up in subsequent period if necessary (for e.g., if the subsidy rate is revised).

Consequently, the correct accounting treatment is summarised below:
a) Ind AS 115 will apply to sale of fertilizers to dealers and Ind AS 20 (para 3) will apply to subsidy income.

b) The Ind AS 115 revenues will be recognised at the time of transfer of control (see para 31 of Ind AS 115) along with entire cost of inventories (see para 34 of Ind AS 2).

c) The subsidy meets the definition of grant under Ind AS 20 since there is transfer of resources (cash subsidy) from the government to RCF in return for past compliance with a condition i.e., sale of fertilizers to the ultimate customer (viz., farmer) at the rate notified by the government and the grant is a revenue related grant (see para 3 of Ind AS 20).

d) RCF should assess, in its own circumstances, the point of time at which the reasonable assurance condition is met, having regard to factors such as, quantity of non-moving channel stock, if any, past experience in receipt of subsidy etc. In the extant case, the subsidy is intended to either reimburse to RCF a portion of cost of production of goods sold or to compensate RCF for loss of revenue arising on account of sales to the dealers at rates not commensurate with the cost of production. In both the situations, the periods in which the subsidy income should be recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis will be the periods of sale to the dealers, provided the reasonable assurance condition prescribed in paragraph 7 of Ind AS 20 is met.

View 3 offers the most suitable accounting treatment. It establishes a consistent method for recognising revenue and the corresponding subsidy in line with the relevant Indian Accounting Standards, while also requiring adjustments (either upward or downward) to subsidy income when the government announces revised subsidy rates. Although these future subsidy true-ups may introduce volatility, such fluctuations are appropriate as they accurately reflect changes in government subsidy rates in subsequent periods.

Section 144C(5): Document Identification Number [‘DIN’] – Circular No.19/2019 [F.No.225/95/2019-ITA II] dated 14.08.2019 – DIN has to be generated for DRP proceedings :

8 Commissioner of Income Tax, International Taxation vs. M/s. Laserwords US Inc.,

[T.C.A. No. 46 OF 2025 and CMP Nos. 5208 and 5211 of 2025 Dated: 10/06/2025, (Madras) (HC).]

[ Arising out of ITAT: “D” Bench, Chennai, dated 22.12.2023 passed in IT (TP) A.No.44/CHNY/2021 for the AY 2015-16.]

Section 144C(5): Document Identification Number [‘DIN’] – Circular No.19/2019 [F.No.225/95/2019-ITA II] dated 14.08.2019 – DIN has to be generated for DRP proceedings :

The ITAT by impugned order held that the direction issued by the Dispute Resolution Panel [‘DRP‘] under Section 144C(5) of the Act did not contain a Document Identification Number [‘DIN’] as mandated by the Central Board of Direct Taxes by its Circular No.19/2019 [F.No.225/95/2019-ITA II] dated 14.08.2019. The subsequent communication intimating the DIN for DRP proceedings did not satisfy the conditions prescribed in paragraph No.3 of the said circular. Accordingly, the said directions were invalid in law and as a sequitur, the assessment order which was impugned before the ITAT was liable to be quashed. In the instant case, the assessment order also did not contain a DIN.

The counsel for appellant/revenue, submitted that the DRP proceedings had a valid DIN and the DIN was also subsequently communicated to the assessee by another communication. Accordingly, the requirement under the circular has been complied with; and that in any case, the assessee had not challenged the directions issued by DRP. Hence, the impugned assessment order ought not to have been quashed.

The counsel for respondent/assessee submitted that apart from the fact that a DIN was not generated electronically for DRP proceedings, the subsequent communication does not satisfy the requirement in paragraph No.3 of the circular, i.e., to state the reasons in the prescribed format for not generating the DIN. In the instant case, the assessment order also does not contain a DIN; and that therefore, the impugned order by ITAT does not call for any interference.

The Hon. Court observed that it is well-settled that circulars issued by CBDT in exercise of its powers under Section 119 of the Act are binding on the revenue. The consequences of not following the directions issued in the circular are also provided in the circular.

The Court further observed that Paragraph No.4 of the circular makes it clear that any communication which is not in conformity with paragraph No. 2 and 3 of the circular, shall be treated as invalid and shall be deemed to have never been issued.

Further, paragraph No.3 of the circular provides for exceptional circumstances where the mandatory requirement may not be adhered to, but requires that if an order/communication is issued without a DIN, it could be done after recording reasons in writing in the file and with prior written approval of the Chief Commissioner / Director General of Income Tax. Paragraph No.3 also states that if DIN is not generated and quoted in the body of the communication, then reasons for not generating and quoting DIN should be mentioned in a specific format set out in paragraph No.3 of the circular. The argument of the appellant/revenue that, even if the directions of the DRP did not contain a valid DIN, it would not render the said DRP directions invalid because the proceedings of the DRP do not result in an order requiring the generation of DIN as per the circular, cannot hold water.

The Court observed that it is the case of appellant that there was a DIN generated and it was written in hand in the proceedings of DRP and subsequently, communicated to assessee on the same day, i.e., on 12.02.2021. Therefore, appellant conceded that DIN has to be generated for DRP proceedings.

Secondly, the issue was no longer res integra. Relying on a decision of Division Bench of Bombay High Court in Ashok Commercial Enterprises vs. Assistant Commissioner of Income Taxation [2023] 154 taxmann.com 144 (Bombay) it was observed that even a satisfaction note would fall within the scope of paragraph No.2 of the circular. Accordingly, in the view of the Hon. Court, there cannot be any doubt that the directions of the DRP (which consists of a collegium of three Income Tax Commissioners) also would fall within the scope of paragraph No.2 of the circular.

Apart from the fact that the DRP proceedings did not contain a valid DIN and was invalid for the reasons stated above, the assessment order also in this case did not contain a DIN. There was no explanation offered by the appellant for not generating the DIN in the assessment order. Therefore, the Appeal was dismissed.

Section 2(15): Charitable activity – commercial activity – violation of section 13(2) – ITAT is the last fact-finding authority: [section 260A]

7 Commissioner of Income Tax (Exemption) Mumbai vs. Kutchi Sarvodaya Nagar

[ITXA No. 1887 OF 2018, Dated: 11/06/2025; A.Y. 2011-12 (Bom) (HC)]

Section 2(15): Charitable activity – commercial activity – violation of section 13(2) – ITAT is the last fact-finding authority: [section 260A]

The Assessee is a Trust registered with Director of Income Tax (Exemption), Mumbai under Section 12A of the Act. The Assessee filed its Return of Income declaring a total income of ₹NIL. The Assessee, Trust was constructing houses for its members and this was the only activity of the Trust for the last 50 years. The construction of these houses was for deserving vegetarians. For the purpose of construction, the Assessee Trust acquired 51,000 Sq. yards of land from Shri. V. K. Chedda at ₹2.75 Per Sq. yard. 352 persons came forward to participate and contributed ₹501/- as a membership fee and accordingly a sum of ₹1,76,352/- was collected and from that amount the said plot was purchased in the year 1962. It was also observed from the Income and Expenditure Account and the Balance-sheet that the Assessee had collected ₹48.68 crores from its members as instalments, till date, towards construction of flats. Transfer fees to the tune of ₹6.35 crores was also collected by the Assessee till date. For the year under consideration i.e. A.Y. 2011-12, the Assessing Officer observed that the Assessee had collected ₹1.15 crores as transfer fees from new members and the Assessee – Trust was also in receipt of interest on investment amounting to ₹1,07,67,876/-. The Assessing Officer was, therefore, of the view that the Assessee was engaged in a commercial activity by constructing houses on the property of the Assessee Trust and was selling the same to the members. The members and the Assessee Trust were alienating the flat along with the membership, and for this alienation, the Trust had collected a sum of ₹6.35 crores as transfer fees from its members till date. Therefore, the Assessing Officer found that the activity of the Trust was not found charitable in nature and was found commercial in nature. Since the officials of the Assessee Trust were getting the flats for their residence, the activity of the Trust was also found contrary to the provisions of Section 13(2) of the Act and hence, the proposal for cancellation of registration of the Assessee Trust, as a Charitable Trust, was sent to the DIT(E), Mumbai. The activity of the Trust was also not found to be covered under the concept of mutuality. In short, the Assessing Officer, found that the Assessee Trust was not entitled to the exemption as contemplated under Section 11 of the Act.

The CIT(A), after examining the facts and circumstances of the case, inter alia came to the conclusion that in fact, there was no sale of houses to any members, and except for defaulter – members who have nominated / substituted their membership, there was no instance of admitting new members in general. Even though the nominated members had to fulfil the criteria of membership and, therefore, as such no transfer of any asset had taken place in terms of sale/purchase/trading/commerce. The CIT(A) also came to the conclusion that the finding of the Assessing Officer that the ‘activity of the Assessee Trust was a commercial activity’ was arrived at from the error that members are not fixed, that flats were sold for consideration which was received by the old member and which is not known to the Trust. The CIT(A) came to a factual finding that there is no case of sale consideration, or sale of houses in the market, and there is no transaction of sale or purchase in the admission of the new member in place of the defaulting member, who is admitted only after specifying the eligibility conditions in that behalf and confirming the Deed of the Trust and its objects. The CIT(A) also found that admittedly the Assessee Trust is not a party to any transaction between two inter se members and, therefore, the proviso to Section 2(15) of the Act was also not attracted. The CIT(A), therefore, partly allowed the Appeal filed by the Assessee.

The Revenue carried the matter in Appeal before the ITAT. The ITAT too, after examining the facts in detail, came to the conclusion that the CIT(A) had passed the order judiciously and correctly, which required no interference at the appellate stage.

The Hon. High Court observed that the entire case has been decided purely on facts. The ITAT is the last fact-finding authority which had come to the conclusion that the Assessee Trust is not carrying on any commercial activity and, therefore, is entitled to the exemption under Section 11 of the Act. This finding of the ITAT is purely based on the facts of the case, which were also analysed by the CIT(A) before he partly allowed the Appeal of the Assessee Trust.

In these circumstances, as the decision of the ITAT is purely based on facts, the Appeal was accordingly dismissed.

Reassessment — International transactions — Arm’s length price — Condition precedent — Notice after four years — Failure to disclose material facts necessary for assessment — Unless assessee shown to be aware of facts, it cannot be said to have failed to disclose them — Nothing to show assessee was aware of third party prices — Transfer pricing study of assessee accepted by Transfer Pricing Officer and assessment completed on basis thereof — Presumption that query raised was considered in assessment — Assessment on basis of change of opinion — Notice not valid:

23 Sanofi India Ltd. vs. Dy. CIT:

(2025) 474 ITR 114 (Bom):

A. Y. 2007-08: Date of order 29 February 2024:

Ss. 92CA, 143(3) 147 and 148 of ITA 1961:

Reassessment — International transactions — Arm’s length price — Condition precedent — Notice after four years — Failure to disclose material facts necessary for assessment — Unless assessee shown to be aware of facts, it cannot be said to have failed to disclose them — Nothing to show assessee was aware of third party prices — Transfer pricing study of assessee accepted by Transfer Pricing Officer and assessment completed on basis thereof — Presumption that query raised was considered in assessment — Assessment on basis of change of opinion — Notice not valid:

The assessee petitioner filed its return of income for the A. Y. 2007-2008 on October 30, 2007 declaring a total income of ₹2,33,67,08,748. Subsequently, a revised return was filed on March 25, 2009 wherein a claim of additional tax deducted at source of ₹19,86,957 was made. The case was selected for scrutiny and assessment u/s. 143(3) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 was made on December 28, 2010 determining a total income of ₹240,48,78,390.

Subsequently, the petitioner received a notice dated November 11, 2013 u/s. 148 of the Act for the A. Y. 2007-2008, has escaped assessment. By a communication dated December 16, 2013, the petitioner also received the reasons recorded for reopening of the assessment. The petitioner objected to the reopening and the petitioner’s objections were rejected by an order dated March 31, 2015.

The Bombay High Court allowed the writ petition filed by the assessee and held as under:

“i) The revenue contended that the reopening was based on the transfer pricing study of the subsequent assessment year, which is the A. Ys. 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. In our view, that would still not help the Assessing Officer to overcome the condition to reopen, namely, failure to truly and fully disclose material facts.

ii) As held by the apex court in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. vs. ITO [(1961) 41 ITR 191 (SC); 1960 SCC OnLine SC 10.] , the duty of an assessee does not extend beyond the full and truthful disclosure of all primary facts. Once all the primary facts are before the assessing authority, it requires no further assistance by way of disclosure. It is for the Assessing Officer to decide what inferences of facts can reasonably be drawn and what legal inferences have ultimately to be drawn. The duty of the assessee, the court held, is to disclose fully and truly all primary relevant facts, it does not extend beyond that.

iii) In N.D. Bhatt, Inspecting Assistant Commissioner vs. I.B.M. World Trade Corporation [(1995) 216 ITR 811 (Bom); 1993 SCC OnLine Bom 243.], the Division Bench of this court relying on Indian Oil Corporation vs. ITO [(1986) 159 ITR 956 (SC); (1986) 3 SCC 409; 1986 SCC (Tax) 552; 1986 SCC OnLine SC 161.] observed that the assessee is under an obligation to disclose only all basic facts and the assessee cannot be expected to draw any inference or to disclose any inference to be made from these basic facts. The court also observed that the assessee must be aware of those facts, which are not disclosed before it can be said that there is any omission or failure on his part to disclose the same. In this case, there is not even an allegation that the assessee was aware of the prices at which the third-party companies had imported glimepride and analgin. Reasons also do not record how the assessee must have been aware of those facts. The fact is, a transfer pricing study was submitted by the assessee and the Transfer Pricing Officer has accepted it. Based on the order under sub-section (3) of section 92CA of the Act from the Transfer Pricing Officer, the Assessing Officer has proceeded to compute the total income of the assessee under sub-section (4) of section 92C of the Act in conformity with the arm’s length price as determined by the Transfer Pricing Officer.

iv) In the circumstances, there is nothing to indicate that there was any failure on the part of the assessee to truly and fully disclose any material fact. It has also to be noted that once a query is raised during the assessment proceedings and the assessee has replied to it, it follows that the query raised was subject of consideration of the Assessing Officer while completing the assessment. From the reasons recorded, it is rather obvious that reopening of the assessment by the impugned notice is merely on the basis of “change of opinion” and that “change of opinion” does not constitute justification and/or reasons to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment.

v) In the circumstances, rule that was granted on May 8, 2015 is made absolute in terms of prayer clause (a), and the notice dated November 11, 2013 issued under section 148 of the Act to reopen the assessment for the assessment year 2007-2008 together with the order dated March 31, 2015 dealing with the petitioner’s objections, are quashed and set aside.”

Reassessment — Validity — Undisclosed income — Evidentiary value of photocopy of document — Addition on basis of photocopy of sale agreement received by way of complaint for which original document not produced — Burden to prove authenticity of evidence on AO — No evidence of undisclosed income except photocopy of alleged sale agreement of property — Held, addition to income unsustainable and assessment order invalid:

22 Principal CIT vs. Rashmi Rajiv Mehta:

(2025) 474 ITR 97 (Del):

A. Y. 2010-11: Date of order 4 March 2024:

Ss. 69, 143(3) and 147 of ITA 1961:

Reassessment — Validity — Undisclosed income — Evidentiary value of photocopy of document — Addition on basis of photocopy of sale agreement received by way of complaint for which original document not produced — Burden to prove authenticity of evidence on AO — No evidence of undisclosed income except photocopy of alleged sale agreement of property — Held, addition to income unsustainable and assessment order invalid:

The instant appeals relate to the A. Y. 2010-2011. The genesis of the case pertains to receipt of information by the Assessing Officer in the form of a photocopy of an alleged agreement to sell dated March 5, 2010. The said photocopy of the agreement to sell indicated that the land in Ghittorni, Delhi, was to be purchased against a total consideration of ₹11,00,00,000, wherein, the assessee was described to be a co-purchaser. It has been alleged that the assessee paid a sum of ₹2,75,00,000 as advance for purchase of the said land, which amounted to 25 per cent. of the total consideration. Out of the said amount, a sum of ₹1,38,00,000 was stated to have been paid by way of a cheque and the remaining amount, i.e., ₹1,37,00,000 was allegedly paid in the form of cash at the time of the execution of the said agreement to sell.

In view of the above, a notice u/s. 148 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 was issued to the assessee on September 26, 2014. The assessee appears filed the return on November 7, 2014, declaring a total income of ₹44,676 for the A. Y. 2010-2011. Consequently, proceedings u/s. 143(3) read with section 147 of the Act were initiated against the assessee. The Assessing Officer, while relying on the photocopy of the said agreement to sell vide assessment order dated March 28, 2016, inter alia, made an addition of ₹9,00,00,000 to the income of the assessee on account of purchase of the said land from undisclosed sources.

The Commissioner(Appeals) vide order dated December 15, 2017, restricted the addition of ₹9,00,00,000 to ₹1,37,00,000, on the ground that it is only the aforesaid amount which can be attributed to the income of the assessee for the relevant assessment year. However, the veracity of the photocopy of the alleged agreement to sell was not doubted by the Commissioner (Appeals). On cross appeals by the Revenue and the assessee both the Tribunal vide common order dated May 28, 2019 dismissed the appeal preferred by the Revenue and the appeal of the assessee was allowed.

On appeal by the Revenue the Delhi High Court framed the following substantial question of law for consideration.

“A. Whether the photocopy of a document, some part of information/facts recorded on it found to be correct in verification, could be treated as a valid document or not in the absence of the original?”

The High Court confirmed the order of the Tribunal and held as under:

“i) The entire foundation for addition is laid on the basis of the photocopy of the alleged agreement to sell dated March 5, 2010. The original copy of the said document has not seen the light of the day. Further, there is no other evidence to support the veracity of the recitals made in the aforesaid alleged agreement. Therefore, under the facts of the present case, the same cannot be construed to be a sustainable ground for making addition to the income of the assessee.

ii) We, thus, find that these appeals do not raise any substantial question of law. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal has rightly opined that under the facts of the present cases, sustaining an addition on the basis of photocopy of alleged agreement to sell would be completely unwarranted and unjustifiable. The appeals are, therefore, dismissed.”

Reassessment — Procedure for initiation of proceedings — Objections of assessee for re-opening to be disposed of in separate order — Assessing Officer passing consolidated order disposing of objections and completing re-assessment simultaneously — Violation of principles of natural justice — No reasonable opportunity given to assessee to challenge rejection of objections — Writ petition maintainable — Held, notice and order without jurisdiction and hence quashed:

21 Kesar Terminals and Infrastructure Ltd. vs. DCIT:

[2025] 474 ITR 498 (Bom.):

A. Y. 2011-12: Date of order 7 January 2025:

Ss. 147 and 148 of ITA 1961:

Reassessment — Procedure for initiation of proceedings — Objections of assessee for re-opening to be disposed of in separate order — Assessing Officer passing consolidated order disposing of objections and completing re-assessment simultaneously — Violation of principles of natural justice — No reasonable opportunity given to assessee to challenge rejection of objections — Writ petition maintainable — Held, notice and order without jurisdiction and hence quashed:

The Assessee’s return of income for AY 2011-12 was selected for scrutiny and assessment u/s. 143(3) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 was completed after revising the claim u/s. 80-IA of the Act. Subsequently, notice u/s. 148 of the Act was issued on 30.03.2021 proposing to re-open the assessment. In response to the said notice, the Assessee filed return of income 7.04.2021 and on 12.05.2021 requested for reasons for re-opening the assessment. On 6.07.2021, the reasons were furnished to the Assessee. Against the reasons recorded for re-opening of assessment, the Assessee filed objections on 04.08.2021. Thereafter, a notice dated 22.11.2021 was issued u/s. 142(1) of the Act directing the Assessee to justify its claim u/s. 80-IA of the Act. However, the order disposing objections was not passed by the Assessing Officer and directly notice was issued u/s. 142(1) of the Act. In response to the said notice, the Assessee filed its reply requesting the Assessing Officer to dispose of the objections before proceeding further. However, the Assessee’s objections were not disposed of and a consolidated re-assessment order dated 31.03.2022 was passed wherein the objections filed by the Assessee were also disposed.

On writ petition filed by the Assessee against the said order, the Bombay High Court allowed the petition and held as follows:

“i) An Assessing Officer cannot pass a combined or consolidated order simultaneously disposing of objections to reopening of the assessment u/s. 147 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 and completing the reassessment, as it violates principles of natural justice and mandated procedure. The assessee must be given reasonable opportunity to challenge rejection of objections before assessment is completed.

ii) Since the consolidated order warranted interference due to non-compliance with jurisdictional parameters, relegating the assessee to the alternate remedy would not be appropriate. This court has interfered with consolidated orders in identical circumstances, making assessments and disposing of objections. Therefore, the Department’s objection based on exhaustion of alternate remedy was unsustainable. The assessee had clarified that it had instituted a statutory appeal u/s. 246A after the filing of the writ petition only to protect from the bar of limitation. Its statement to withdraw the appeal was accepted. The notice and the consolidated order were set aside, stating that apart from the fact that the making of such consolidated or combined orders was not approved in decided cases, such a procedure involved breaching the principles of natural justice and fair play.

iii) For all the above reasons, we allow this petition and make the rule absolute in terms of prayer clause (a) and quash, cancel and set aside the impugned notice dated March 30, 2021 and impugned order dated March 31, 2022”.

Penalty — Share Application Money — Share application money otherwise than by account payee cheque or bank draft — Neither loan nor deposit but for participation in capital of company — Share application money is neither repayable after notice nor repayable after a period of time — Provisions of s. 269SS or s. 269T or consequential penalty provisions u/s. 271D or s. 271E not applicable:

20 CIT vs.Vamshi Chemicals Ltd:

[2025] 474 ITR 422 (Cal.):

A. Ys. 2004-05 to 2007-08: Date of order 6 May 2024:

Ss. 269SS, 269T, 271D and 271E of ITA 1961

Penalty — Share Application Money — Share application money otherwise than by account payee cheque or bank draft — Neither loan nor deposit but for participation in capital of company — Share application money is neither repayable after notice nor repayable after a period of time — Provisions of s. 269SS or s. 269T or consequential penalty provisions u/s. 271D or s. 271E not applicable:

During the assessment years under appeal, the assessee received share application money for issue of preference shares amounting to ₹20,000 or more from persons otherwise than by an account payee cheque or account payee bank draft. The Assessing Officer issued a show cause notice for penalty u/s. 271D / 271E of the Income-tax Act, 1961 on the ground that the Assessee violated the provisions of section 269SS. The Additional Commissioner imposed penalty u/s. 217D for A.Y.s 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08 and imposed penalty u/s/ 271E for A.Y.s 2004-05, 2005-06, 2006-07 and 2007-08.

The Tribunal held that share application money or its repayment is neither a loan nor a deposit and as such provisions of section 269SS or 269T were not attracted and consequently no penalty could be imposed u/s. 271D or 271E of the Act.

The Calcutta High Court dismissed the appeal of the Department and held as follows:

“i) The words “loan or deposit” has been defined in Explanation (iii) to section 269T of the Income-tax Act, 1961 which is not an expansive definition. It provides that “loan or deposit” means any loan or deposit of money which is repayable after notice or repayable after a period and, in case of a person other than a company including loan or deposit of any nature. Share application money is neither repayable after notice nor repayable after a period. It is for participation in the capital of the company. Share application money is for participation in capital of a company which is neither a loan nor a deposit. Therefore, neither under the definition of the words “loan or deposit” as given in Explanation (iii) to section 269T of the Act, 1961 nor in ordinary sense, share application money can be said to be a loan or deposit. Once share application money is neither loan nor deposit, then neither section 269SS nor section 269T shall attract. Consequently, no penalty either u/s. 271D or u/s. 271E could be imposed.

ii) Looking into the objects and purpose of sections 269SS and 269T read with Explanation defining the words “loan and deposit”, the share application money received could neither be said to be loan nor a deposit, and was for participation in capital of the assessee which was neither a loan nor a deposit and, therefore, the provisions of these sections would not be attracted. Consequently, no penalty u/s. 271D or section 271E could be imposed.

iii) Hence, there was no illegality in the order of the Tribunal holding that the receipt of share application money or its repayment was neither a loan nor a deposit and as such, the provisions of section 269SS or 269T were not attracted and consequently no penalty could be imposed u/s. 271D or section 271E.”

Income — Interest — Capital or revenue receipt — Precedents — Purchase of property in auction paying full consideration — Auction subsequently nullified by Court order — Interest received on amount by direction of Court not compensation — Amount Bonafide receipt by Assessee as successful auction bidder and not as compensation from order of Court — Held, interest receipt capital in nature and not assessable as income from other sources:

19 Pr. CIT vs. INS Finance and Investment Pvt. Ltd.:

[2025] 475 ITR 83 (Del):

A. Y. 2011-12: Date of order 30 May 2024:

S. 56(2)(viii) of ITA 1961:

Income — Interest — Capital or revenue receipt — Precedents — Purchase of property in auction paying full consideration — Auction subsequently nullified by Court order — Interest received on amount by direction of Court not compensation — Amount Bonafide receipt by Assessee as successful auction bidder and not as compensation from order of Court — Held, interest receipt capital in nature and not assessable as income from other sources:

The Assessee had acquired a right to purchase a property through an auction carried out by Punjab National Bank (PNB) and thereafter paid the entire purchase price. However, subsequently, the auction came to be annulled and the Punjab and Haryana High Court, vide order dated 21 September 2010 directed for refund of the whole amount deposited by the Assessee along with interest accrued thereon.

The Assessee added an amount of ₹3,19,07,676 to the Capital Reserve in the Balance Sheet. The Assessee also claimed TDS credit of ₹54,41,122. In the scrutiny assessment for AY 2011-12, the Assessing Officer was of the view that the interest so received along with the refund of amount deposited by the Assessee was not a capital receipt and thus made addition of ₹3,19,07,676 to the total income of the Assessee.

The CIT(A) affirmed the order of the Assessing Officer. However, for the purpose of computation, the CIT(A) directed that ₹3,19,07,676 should be offered as income by dispersing it over a period concerning other relevant AYs. Against this order of the CIT(A), both the Assessee as well as the Assessing Officer filed rectification application u/s. 154 of the Act. The Assessee contended that the amount should be considered as capital receipt and the Assessing Officer contended that the apportionment of the amount over the other AYs was contrary to the provisions of section 145A(b) and therefore should not be apportioned. However, the CIT(A) allowed the application of the Assessee and modified its earlier order and held that the amount received was in the nature of a capital receipt not chargeable to tax. The Tribunal held that the interest received by the Assessee was capital receipt not chargeable to tax.

The Delhi High Court, dismissed the appeal filed by the Department and held as follows:

“i) It is crystal clear that the interest accrued on the compensation received herein can be termed as a capital receipt and thus, the same is not chargeable to tax. In the present case, the amount in question was received due to the order passed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 1470/2010 on account of cancellation of the auction.

ii) The Tribunal had appropriately characterised the interest on the amount received by the assessee under the court order as capital receipt and rightly held that it was not chargeable to tax. It was ex facie evident from the order of the Tribunal that it had considered the aspect that the amount received by the assessee was not in the nature of debt but was received on account of cancellation of the auction of the property.

iii) However, it is pertinent to point out that this amount cannot be characterised as compensation granted by the Court on account of cancellation of the auction. Rather, such an amount was a bonafide amount of the successful auction bidder, which he had deposited against the purchase of the land. The amount so received by the assessee was the entitlement of the successful bidder which was given back to the assessee vide an order of the Court. Thus, when the amount in question was not in the nature of compensation, then, as a natural corollary, the interest accrued on the said amount cannot tantamount to revenue receipts and hence, the same cannot be subjected to tax as per Section 56(2)(viii) of the Act.”

Income — Valuation of shares — Shares allotted as part of employee stock purchase scheme — Lock-in period during which shares could not be transferred — Valuation of shares taking into account restrictive condition:

18 Ravi Kumar Sinha vs. CIT:

[2025] 474 ITR 594 (Del.):

A.Ys.: 1997-98 to 1999-00: Date of order 14 August 2024:

S. 17 of ITA 1961

Income — Valuation of shares — Shares allotted as part of employee stock purchase scheme — Lock-in period during which shares could not be transferred — Valuation of shares taking into account restrictive condition:

The Assessee was allotted 11,50,500 shares at ₹15 per share under the Employees Stock Purchase Scheme (ESPS). Out of these, 25% of the shares were subject to lock-in period of 12 months and the balance 75% of the shares were subject to lock in period of 18 months. During the previous financial year, the Assessee paid only ₹10.50 per share against the issue price of ₹15 per share. The employer company obtained independent valuation report in respect of the shares in question, the value of which was determined at ₹22.50 per share. In the return of income filed by the Assessee, the Assessee took the position that due to lock-in period, the shares were not marketable and therefore the Fair Market Value (FMV) of the shares could not exceed the face value of the shares. Thus, the Assessee did not offer any income in respect of the shares. The Assessing Officer held that the market price of the shares was ₹49.45 per share and the Assessee was allotted shares at a concessional rate of ₹15 per share and therefore the difference of ₹34.45 was liable to be taxed as perquisite u/s. 17(2)(iiia) of the Act. Accordingly, the Assessing Officer made an addition of ₹3,96,34,725.

The CIT(A) held that since the shares were subject to a lock-in and therefore not available for trade, it would be inappropriate to take the quoted price appearing on the Stock Exchange for the purpose of determining FMV. However, keeping in mind the valuation report, the CIT(A) held that the FMV should be taken at ₹22.50 per share. Against the said order of the CIT(A), both the Assessee as well as the Department filed appeals before the Tribunal. The Tribunal upheld the order of the CIT(A).

The Delhi High Court allowed the appeal filed by the Assessee, and held as follows:

“i) In DY. CGT vs. BPL LTD. [2022] 448 ITR 739 (SC); 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1405 , the Supreme Court observed that equity shares which are quoted and transferable in the stock exchange are to be valued on the basis of the current transactions and quotations in the open market. The market quotations would reflect the market value of the equity shares that are transferable in a stock exchange, but this market price would not reflect the true and correct market price of shares suffering restrictions and bar on their transferability. It is a fact that the market price fluctuates, and the share prices can move up and down. Share prices do not remain static. Equally, the restriction or bar on transferability has an effect on the value/price of the shares. Easy and unrestricted marketability are important considerations that would normally impact valuation/price of a share. The expression “if sold in the open market” does not alter the nature of the property. What the expression postulates is to permit the assessee or the authorities to assume a sale in the open market, which is to limit the property to be valued at the price that a person would be prepared to pay in the open market with all rights and obligations. The value would not exceed the sum, which a willing purchaser would pay, given the fact that the right to purchase is restricted or barred. This does not imply that the valuation of the shares can be made artificially and by ignoring the restrictions on the property. Valuation cannot ignore the limitations attached to the shares.

ii) The shares in question would become transferable post the lock-in-period. In the light of the restriction with respect to marketability and tradeability of the stock in question, the fair market value could not have been recognised to exceed the face value of the shares and thus the determinative being ₹15. The valuation report was at best a medium adopted by the employer in order to broadly ascertain its obligations for the purposes of withholding tax. It could not have consequently been taken into consideration for the purposes of determining the fair market value. The face value alone would be conclusive for purposes of taxation.

iii) Well-settled position in law is that the Act does not contemplate a tax being levied on notional income.”

ICAI and Its Members

Editor’s Note:

We are pleased to restart this Feature w.e.f. July 2025, after a long break, to keep our readers abreast of the latest developments at the ICAI and important announcements of the ICAI for its members. In the past, this Feature was contributed by the past presidents of the BCAS, Late CA P. N. Shah and CA Harish Motiwala. We are happy to inform you that CA Paras Savla has agreed to contribute this Feature. We thank CA Paras Savla and wish you a happy reading.

I OPINION

Accounting treatment of salary paid to the Company Secretary of the Company having a single unit project under construction, under the Ind AS framework.

Summary

The EAC opinion evaluates the appropriate accounting treatment for salary payments made to the Company Secretary during the construction phase of a single-unit project, in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS). The focus is on determining whether such costs should be capitalised as part of the project cost or recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

Context and Facts of the Case

  •  Nature of the Company:

The company is currently in the project development phase, with a single unit under construction, which has not yet commenced commercial operations.

  •  Status of the Project:

The ongoing project qualifies as a “Qualifying Asset” under the provisions of Ind AS 16 (Property, Plant and Equipment) and potentially under Ind AS 23 (Borrowing Costs).

  •  Role of the Company Secretary (CS):

The Company Secretary is employed on a full-time basis during the construction phase, primarily undertaking:

♦ Statutory and compliance-related duties (e.g., Board meetings, ROC filings, maintaining statutory registers).

♦ Project-related legal and governance tasks are necessary for operational readiness.

  •  Cost Consideration:

The company incurs regular salary payments to the CS. However, there is no systematic time allocation maintained to segregate time spent between project-specific activities and routine corporate compliance functions.

  •  Financial Reporting Framework:

The company prepares its financial statements under the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) framework.

Technical Query:

Is the company’s practice of capitalising the salary paid to the Company Secretary, considering it has a single-unit project (where tariff is determined based on the approved project cost), in line with the requirements of Ind AS? If not, what is the correct accounting treatment?

Key Observations & Technical Analysis

1. Principles of Capitalisation – Ind AS 16

  •  As per Para 16(b) of Ind AS 16, “directly attributable costs” necessary to bring an asset to the location and condition for it to be capable of operating as intended should be capitalised.
  •  However, Para 19 specifically excludes general administrative and overhead costs from capitalisation unless they are directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the asset.

2. Role of Company Secretary – Nature of Duties

  •  The CS primarily undertakes:

♦ Statutory compliance

♦ Board governance

♦ Regulatory filings

These are entity-level governance functions and are not directly linked to the physical construction or technical development of the asset.

  •  In the absence of a clear, auditable time allocation, it is impractical to distinguish any portion of the salary as being directly attributable to the project.

3. Tariff Linked to Project Cost – Not a Determinant

  •  While the tariff determination may be based on the approved project cost (common in regulated sectors such as power, infrastructure, etc.), the accounting principles under Ind AS take precedence over regulatory pricing mechanisms.
  •  Regulatory approvals of cost do not override the recognition and measurement criteria prescribed under Ind AS. Only costs that meet the test of “directly attributable” under Ind AS 16 are eligible for capitalisation.

Conclusion and EAC’s Viewpoint

The salary paid to the Company Secretary does not qualify for capitalisation under Ind AS 16, since the duties performed are not directly attributable to the construction or physical development of the asset. Accordingly, this expense should be charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which it is incurred.

(Refer to Pages 1631-1635 of C.A. Journal-June, 2025)

II CPE HOURS OF MEMBERS – CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE

The ICAI has notified that members who failed to complete their mandatory CPE hours for the calendar year 2024 are being granted a final opportunity to complete them by June 30, 2025.

This falls under Level I of the Consequential Provisions, which is part of the disciplinary/monitoring framework for non-compliance with Continuing Professional Education (CPE) requirements.

Who is Affected:

  •  Members in Practice and Industry who have not completed the minimum CPE hours for 2024.

Implications of Non-Compliance of CPE for 2024:

  •  Members who do not comply by June 30, 2025,
    may face:
    ♦ Further consequences under Level II or III, or IV
    ♦ Ineligibility for certain ICAI positions or panels,
    ♦ Public disclosure of non-compliance in records.

 

  •  Level II Consequences (1-07-2025 to 31-12-2025) – From 1st July 2025, the non-compliance status for the year 2024 of the member would be displayed on the CPE Portal of the ICAI under his login till he has complied with the CPE requirement of twice the shortfall of CPE hours for that year.
  • Level III Consequences (1-01-2026 to 30-06-2026)- From 1st January 2026, a Member holding Certificate of Practice (COP) is required to disclose the status of non-compliance of CPE hours requirement for the year 2024 in Multipurpose Empanelment Form (MEF) of ICAI (+) List of non-compliant members shall also be provided to Professional Development Committee (PDC) of the ICAI by CPE Committee of ICAI.
  •  Level IV Consequences (1-07-2026 to 31-12-2026) – if the individual or the firm is otherwise eligible for the issuance of a Peer Review Certificate, only a Provisional Peer Review Certificate would be issued to such Individual, if he has not complied with the CPE requirement for the year 2024. Level – IV 1st July 2026 to 31st December 2026 Firm, if any partner has not complied with the CPE requirement for the year 2024.
  •  Final consequences 1-01-2027 – If the member has not complied with CPE requirement for the year 2024 by 31st December 2026, then the CPE Committee may refer the matter to the Disciplinary Directorate for action as deemed fit for the violation of these guidelines. (Refer to Page 1639 of C.A. Journal-June, 2025)

III EXPOSURE DRAFT ON PROPOSED GUIDELINES FOR OVERSEAS NETWORK FOR PUBLIC COMMENTS

ICAI Seeks Public Comments on Draft Guidelines for Overseas Networks

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has taken a significant step towards modernising the regulatory framework for Chartered Accountant firms through the establishment of the Committee for Aggregation of CA Firms (CACAF) in 2024-25. This specialised committee has been tasked with undertaking comprehensive studies, reviews, and revisions of various guidelines pertaining to CA firms, marking a crucial development in the profession’s regulatory landscape.

Background and Context

The formation of CACAF represents ICAI’s commitment to enhancing the operational framework for CA firms in an increasingly globalised business environment. As Indian businesses expand their international presence and foreign entities seek professional services from Indian CA firms, the need for clear, comprehensive guidelines governing overseas networks has become paramount.

The committee’s mandate encompasses a broad spectrum of activities aimed at strengthening the CA profession’s infrastructure, with particular emphasis on facilitating effective collaboration and maintaining professional standards across borders.

Key Development: Draft Guidelines for Overseas Networks

Following extensive deliberations and research, CACAF has developed draft Guidelines for Overseas Networks, which were presented to the ICAI Council during its 442nd meeting. Recognising the importance of stakeholder input in the regulatory process, the Council has approved the exposure of these guidelines for public consultation.

The draft guidelines address critical aspects of overseas network operations, including:

  •  Regulatory compliance requirements for international collaborations
  •  Professional standards and quality control measures
  •  Risk management frameworks for cross-border operations
  •  Ethical considerations in overseas network arrangements
  • Documentation and reporting requirements

Public Consultation Process

ICAI has initiated a comprehensive public consultation process to ensure that the final guidelines reflect the diverse perspectives and practical insights of the profession’s stakeholders. The institute has made the exposure draft readily accessible to all interested parties.

Document Access: The complete Exposure Draft is available for download at: https://resource.cdn.icai.org/86376ed-cacaf-dgon.pdf

Submission Deadline: Recognising the importance of thorough stakeholder engagement, ICAI has extended the deadline for submitting comments to July 16, 2025 (Wednesday).

Multiple Submission Channels

To ensure maximum accessibility and convenience, ICAI has established multiple channels for submitting comments:

1. Online Submission: The most convenient option is through the dedicated Google Form available at: https://forms.gle/aNbDXFYJJWZ11Q8K7

2. Email Submission: Comments can be sent directly to the committee’s dedicated email address: cacaf@icai.in

3. Postal Submission: For those preferring traditional correspondence, written comments can be mailed to:

Secretary, Committee for Aggregation of CA Firms

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

ICAI Bhawan, Post Box No. 7100

Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi 110 002

IV INVITATION FOR EMPANELMENT AS EXAMINERS FOR CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS EXAMINATIONS

Who Can Apply

  •  Chartered Accountants: Minimum 5 years in practice or service.
  •  University Lecturers/Professors: Minimum 5 years of teaching experience.
  •  Must not exceed 65 years of age.
  •  Not eligible: those in CA coaching currently (5-year cooling-off period applicable), visually impaired, or previously rejected without serving the waiting period.

How to Apply

  1.  Online submission via ICAI’s examiners panel portal.
  2.  Print, sign & attach photo, then post with required documents to:
  • CA Anand Kumar Chaturvedi, Joint Secretary (Exams), ICAI Bhawan, New Delhi

Selection Process

  •  Must pass a Computer-Based Qualifying Test:

♦ Part A: 25 MCQs in 30 minutes
♦ Part B: Evaluation of 5 sample answers in 2½ hours

Remuneration

  •  Foundation Papers 1 & 2: ₹160 per answer book
  •  Intermediate Papers: ₹200 each (for Paper 1,2,4,5)
  •  Final Papers: ₹250 per answer book
    (Refer to Page 1641 of C.A. Journal-June, 2025)

V DISCIPLINARY CASES OF THE BOARD OF DISCIPLINE

1) Board of Discipline Case No. BOD/692/2023 dated 10-Feb-2025

Background:

  •  The complainant, owner of M/s M (later converted to a Section 8 company), accused CA of colluding with the Trust Secretary, leading to alleged misappropriation of over ₹18 crore.
  •  Allegations included failure to comply with Income Tax and ROC filings, causing penalties and disqualification of directors; ₹1.3 crore transferred to CA XYZ from the Trust Secretary’s account on the day of an alleged ₹7 crore theft from the Trust, CA allegedly issued a cheque for ₹3.7 crore as a settlement for misappropriated funds.

Board’s Observations:

  •  The complainant failed to provide credible evidence to prove theft or fraud.
  •  ₹1.3 crore received by the Respondent was explained as legitimate dues for professional services, supported by documents.
  •  The cheque for ₹3.7 crore was neither encashed nor supported by evidence suggesting it was related to fraud; the Respondent claimed it was issued under coercion.
  •  Several FIRs filed by the complainant against the CA were quashed or stayed by the High Court, citing them as baseless or filed under political pressure.
  •  Investigations by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and other authorities revealed that the claim of theft itself was false and misleading.

Conclusion:

  •  The Board of Discipline (ICAI) held that CA is NOT GUILTY of other misconduct under Item (2) of Part IV of the First Schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.

2) Case No.: BOD/655/2022 Date of Order: 10th February 2025

Background:

This case arose from a complaint filed by A against CA, the former auditor of M/s B. The allegation centered around the Respondent’s refusal to issue a No Objection Certificate (NOC) to the incoming auditor, allegedly causing hardship to the company in appointing a new auditor. The complainant alleged that the Respondent acted with mala fide intent and deliberately delayed or denied the NOC, which was unethical and unprofessional.

Board’s Observations:

  •  The Complainant lacked locus standi, as he was neither a director nor an authorised officer of the company. The authorisation provided was incomplete and not supported by proper board resolutions.
  •  The dispute arose solely between two professionals (the Respondent and the incoming auditor) regarding procedural compliance for auditor change and pending audit fees.
  •  The Respondent cited non-payment of his legitimate audit fees as the reason for withholding the NOC initially. The NOC was subsequently issued after payment.
  •  The Board noted that the Complainant failed to appear before it, despite being served notice.

Conclusion:

  •  The Board of Discipline held the Respondent ‘Not Guilty’ of ‘Other Misconduct’ under Item (2) of Part IV of the First Schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.

3) Case No.: BOD/317/2017 | Date of Order: February 10 2025

Background:

This case was in connection with the widely publicised 2G Spectrum Case. The case was initiated based on CBI press releases, charge sheets, and media reports from 2011 alleging involvement in financial structuring and fund transfers aimed at circumventing Department of Telecommunications (DoT) regulations regarding license eligibility.

Key Allegations:

  •  Colluding with other accused persons, to structure companies in a manner that misrepresented the ownership of S to secure telecom licenses.
  •  Facilitating fund transfers of ₹95.51 crore and ₹3 crore to associated companies, allegedly to conceal the controlling interests.
  • Supplying false information to the DoT regarding shareholding patterns to misrepresent eligibility.

Board’s Observations:

  •  The Board noted that the Special CBI Court (2G Spectrum Cases) had thoroughly adjudicated the matter and acquitted all accused, including the Respondent, citing a complete lack of evidence.
  •  The Special Court highlighted that the charge sheet was based on misreading, selective reading, and out-of-context interpretation of official records.
  • The Court categorically stated that there was no evidence of criminality, no manipulation of policies, and no fraudulent intent proven.
  •  The Board recognised that the funding structures through debt instruments (like preference shares and debentures) did not violate DoT guidelines, which only restricted equity cross-holdings beyond 10%.
  •  The Board found that the Respondent acted within his professional role as an employee of the company, and no evidence substantiated any professional misconduct.

Conclusion:

The Board of Discipline held the Respondent ‘Not Guilty’ of ‘Other Misconduct’ under Item (2) of Part IV of the First Schedule to the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, read with Section 22. Accordingly, the case was ordered to be closed under Rule 15(2) of the Chartered Accountants (Procedure of Investigations of Professional and Other Misconduct and Conduct of Cases) Rules, 2007

Glimpses of Supreme Court Rulings

4 Shital Fibers Limited vs. Commissioner of Income Tax

[2025] 174 Taxmann.com 807 – SC

Industrial Undertaking – Special Deduction – Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA, does not provide that when a deduction is allowed under Section 80-IA, while considering the claim for deduction under any of the provision under heading ‘C’, the deduction allowed under Section 80-IA should be deducted from the gross total income – The restriction under Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA is not on computing the total gross income.

A group of appeals / petitions had been referred to a Bench of three Judges in view of the Order dated 10th December, 2015 in Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax, Bangalore vs. Micro Labs Limited (2015) 17 SCC 96 [(2015) 64 Taxmann.com 199-SC] which recorded the difference of opinion between two Hon’ble Judges of the Supreme Court.

For the sake of convenience, the Supreme Court referred to the facts of the case in Civil Appeal No. 14318 of 2015.

The Appellant was a company which filed a return declaring net taxable income at ₹46,99,293 for the Assessment Year 2002-03. The Appellant claimed deductions under Section 80-HHC and 80-IA of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (for short ‘the IT Act’). The return was accepted on 31st October, 2002.

Reassessment proceedings under Section 147 of the IT Act were initiated in respect of the said Assessment Year by a notice dated 10th December 2008 by the Assistant Commissioner of Income-Tax, Range II, Jalandhar, based on the judgment dated 17th July, 2008 of the jurisdictional ITAT, in ITA Nos. 320 and 321, Amritsar Bench in respect of Appellant’s case for the assessment year 2003-04 and 2004-05. In the said notice dated 10th December, 2008, under Section 147 of the IT Act, it was observed that a deduction of ₹90,43,347 was claimed by the Appellant under Section 80-IB on the total profit of ₹4,19,40,609. The Appellant claimed a deduction of ₹1,76,90,799 under Section 80-HHC. Reliance was placed by the Revenue on the decision of Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (for short ‘ITAT’), Chennai (Special Bench) in the case of ACIT vs. Rogini Garments 108 ITD 49.

In the case of ACIT vs. Rogini Garments (supra), ITAT held that in order to prevent the taxpayers from taking undue advantage of existing provisions of the IT Act by claiming repeated deductions in respect of the same amount of eligible income, in-built restriction was introduced by enacting sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA with effect from 1st April, 1999.

The Appellant filed response to the notice under Section 143(2). The Appellant relied upon the decision of Madras High Court in the case of SCM Creations vs. ACIT 304 ITR 319 wherein it was held that sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA does not bar computation of deductions provided under different provisions of the IT Act. But, it merely restricts the allowability of deductions to the extent of profits and gains of business. However, by the Order dated 12th March, 2009, Additional Commissioner of the Income Tax rejected the argument of the Appellant and deductions claimed by the Appellant under Section 80-IA and 80-HHC were disallowed.

The appeal preferred by the Appellant against the said Order was dismissed by Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals). In appeal preferred by the Appellant before the ITAT, the Appellant was unsuccessful.

Thereafter, an appeal was preferred before the Punjab and Haryana High Court which came to be dismissed by the impugned judgement and order. The High Court relied upon its own decision in the case of Friends Casting (P) Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax (2011) 50 DTR Judgments 61. The High Court took the view that sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA bars claim for deduction under any other provision of Chapter VI-A, if deduction under Section 80-IA has been allowed. In fact, a decision of Bombay High Court in the case of Associated Capsules (P) Ltd. vs. Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax and Anr. (2011) 332 ITR 42 (Bom) was also referred. However, the High Court did not agree with the view taken by Bombay High Court. In addition, the High Court relied upon a decision of Delhi High Court in the case of Great Eastern Exports vs. Commissioner of Income Tax (2011) 332 ITR 14 (Del).

The Supreme Court noted that section 80-HHC provides for a deduction in respect of profits retained for export business. The provision is applicable to a company or a person engaged in business of export out of India of any goods or mercantile to which the Section applies. In computing the total income, the Assessee is entitled to deduction to the extent of percentage of profits set out in Sub-section (1B) of Section 80-HHC.

Section 80-IA deals with deductions in respect of profits and gains from industrial undertakings or enterprises engaged in infrastructure development etc. Sub-section (1) provides that when the gross total income of an Assessee includes any profits and gains derived by an undertaking or an enterprise from any business referred to in Sub-section (4), in computing total income, the Assessee will be entitled to deduction of an amount equal to hundred per cent of profits and gains derived from such business for ten consecutive years.

Section 80-IB deals with deductions in respect of profits and gains from certain industrial undertakings other than infrastructure development undertakings. The deduction under said provision is applicable when gross total income of an Assessee includes any profit or gain derived from any business mentioned in various Sub-sections of Section 80-IB. An Assessee is entitled to a deduction from such profits and gains of an amount equal to such percentage and for such number of assessment years as specified in the Section.

According to the Supreme Court, the provision of Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA must be considered, in this context. The Supreme Court upon analysis of sub-section (9) observed that, it is applicable where any amount of profits and gains of an undertaking or enterprise is claimed and allowed under Section 80-IA. The deduction is to the extent of percentage of profits and gains derived from certain category of businesses. Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA provides that the deduction to the extent of profit or gain shall not be allowed under any other provisions under heading ‘C’ of Chapter VI-A. It is further provided in Sub-section (9) that in no case, the deduction allowed under any other provision of Chapter VI-A under the heading ‘C’ shall exceed profits and gains of such eligible business of undertakings or enterprises, as the case may be.

Therefore, on plain reading of Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA, the Supreme Court held that if a deduction of profits and gains under Section 80-IA is claimed and allowed, the deduction to the extent of such profits and gains in any other provision under the heading ‘C’ is not allowed. The deduction to the extent allowed under Section 80-IA cannot be allowed under any other provision under heading ‘C’. Therefore, if deduction to the extent of ‘X’ is claimed and allowed out of gross total income of ‘Y’ under Section 80-IA and the Assessee wants to claim deduction under any other provision under the heading ‘C’, though he may be entitled to deduction ‘Y’ under the said provision, he will get deduction under the other provisions to the extent of (Y-X) and in no case total deductions under heading ‘C’ can exceed the profits and gains of such eligible business of undertaking or enterprise.

Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA, on its plain reading, does not provide that when a deduction is allowed under Section 80-IA, while considering the claim for deduction under any of the provision under heading ‘C’, the deduction allowed under Section 80-IA should be deducted from the gross total income. The restriction under Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA is not on computing the total gross income. It restricts deduction under any other provision under heading ‘C’ to the extent of the deduction claimed under Section 80-IA.

According to the Supreme Court, the view taken by the Bombay High Court, in the case of Associated Capsules (P) Ltd. vs. Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax and Anr. (supra) was correct.

The Supreme Court further noted that Shri Dipak Misra, J (as he then was), in paragraphs 47 and 48 of the decision in the case of Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax, Bangalore vs. Micro Labs Limited (2015) 17 SCC 96 had approved the view taken by Bombay High Court. The Supreme Court referred to the following relevant paras –

“Paragraphs 47 and 48 read thus:

47. It is in the context of Section 80-HHC that Sub-section (9) of Section 80-I has come up for interpretation. There is no dispute that Sub-section (9) of Section 80-I would be applicable as the Assessee would be entitled to deduction Under Section 80-IA as well as under Section 80-HHC. The contention of the Revenue is that the said sub-section mandates that deduction under Section 80-HHC has to be computed not only on the profits of business as reduced by the amounts specified in Clause (baa) and Sub-section (4-B) of Section 80-HHC but by also reducing the amount of profit and gains allowed as a deduction under Section 80-IA(1) of the Act. In other words, the gross total income eligible for deduction under Section 80-HHC would be less or reduced by the deduction already allowed under Section 80-IA. Thus, the gross total income eligible for deduction would not be the gross total income as defined in Sub-section (5) of Section 80-B read with Section 80-B, but would be the gross total income computed under Sub-section (5) of Section 80-B read with Section 80-AB less the deduction Under Section 80-IA. An example will make the position clear. Supposing an Assessee has gross total income of ₹1000 and is entitled to deduction under Sections 80-IA and 80-HHC and the deduction under Section 80-IA is ₹300, then the gross total income of which deduction under Section 80-HHC is to be computed would be ₹700, and not ₹1000.

48. On the other hand, the case of the Assessee is that the gross total income would not undergo a change or reduction for the purpose of Section 80-HHC. The two deductions will be computed separately, without the deduction allowed under Section 80-IA being reduced from the gross total income for computing the deduction under Section 80-HHC. The reason being that Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA does not affect computation of deduction under Section 80-HHC, but postulates that the deduction computed under Section 80-HHC so aggregated with the deduction under Section 80-IA does not exceed the profits of the business.

In paragraphs 53 and 54 of the same decision, it is held thus:

53. The first part of Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA refers to the computation of profits and gains of an undertaking or enterprise allowed under Section 80-IA in any assessment year and the amount so calculated shall not be allowed as a deduction under any other provisions of this Chapter. It is in this context that the Bombay High Court has rightly pointed out that there is a difference between allowing a deduction and computation of deduction. The two have separate and distinct meanings. Computation of deduction is a stage prior and helps in quantifying the amount, which is eligible for deduction. Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA does not bar or prohibit the deduction allowed under Section 80-IA from being included in the gross total income, when deduction under Section 80-HHC(3) of the Act is computed. In this context it has been held that the expression “shall not be allowed” cannot be equated with the words “shall not qualify” or “shall not be allowed in computing deduction”. The effect thereof would be that while computing deduction under Section 80-HHC, the gross total income would mean the gross total income before allowing any deduction Under Section 80-IA or other Sections of Part C of Chapter VI-A of the Act. But once the deduction Under Section 80-HHC has been calculated, it will be allowed, ensuring that the deduction Under Sections 80-HHC and 80-IA when aggregated do not exceed profits and gains of such eligible business of undertaking and enterprise.

54. As I find, the legislature has used the expression “shall not qualify” in Sections 80-HHB(5) and 80-HHD(7), but the said expression has not been used in Sub-section (9) of Section 80-IA. The formula prescribed in Sub-section (3) of Section 80-HHC is a complete code for the purpose of the said computation of eligible profits and gains of business from exports of mercantiles and goods. It has reference to total turnover, turnover from exports in proportion to profits and gains from business in Clause (a) and so forth under Clauses (b) and (c) of Section 80-HHC(3) of the Act. In case the gross total income is reduced or modified taking into account the deduction allowed under Section 80-IA, it would lead to absurd and unintended consequences. It would render the formula under Sub-section (3) of Section 80-HHC ineffective and unworkable as highlighted in para 30 of the decision in Associated Capsules (P) Ltd. [Associated Capsules (P) Ltd. vs. CIT, (2011) 332 ITR 42 (Bom)] with reference to Clause (b) of Section 80-HHC(3). Even when I apply Clause (a) and calculate eligible deduction under Section 80-HHC, it would give an odd and anomalous figure. To illustrate, I would like to expound on the earlier example after recording that the gross total income of ₹1000 was on assumed total turnover of ₹10,000 which includes export turnover of ₹5000 and the deduction allowable under Section 80-IA was 30% and the deduction allowable under Section 80-HHC was 80% of the eligible profits as computed under Section 80-HHC(3). The stand of the Revenue is that without alteration or modification of the figures of total turnover and the export turnover, the gross total income would undergo a reduction from ₹1000 to ₹ 700 as ₹300 has been allowed as a deduction under Section 80-IA. This would result in anomaly for the said figure would not be the actual and true figure or the true gross total income or profit earned on the total turnover including export turnover and, therefore, would give a somewhat unusual and unacceptable result. There is no logic or rationale for making the calculation in the said impracticable and unintelligible manner.”

The Supreme Court accordingly, answered the reference and directed the Registry to place the appeals / petitions before appropriate Bench.

From The President

July, the seventh month of the year named after Julius Caesar, is on average the warmest month in the northern hemisphere and the coldest month in most parts of the southern hemisphere. This month holds significant importance for our profession and our Society. We commemorate CA Day in July and also celebrate the founding day of our Society during this month.

It also signifies the beginning of the busy assurance and compliance season, as well as the transition of BCAS leadership with the commencement of the new academic year at our Society. The BCAS leadership model functions similarly to a ‘relay marathon’, where each year the leadership baton is passed forward to continue to expand the scope, reach, depth and prestige of BCAS.

It is my honour to announce CA Zubin Billimoria as the President and CA Kinjal Shah as the Vice President of our Society for the academic year 2025-26. Zubinbhai, a seasoned professional who has been associated with BCAS for many years, brings immense energy, leadership, and meticulousness to our Society. Kinjalbhai, a technology-savvy administrator and detail-oriented professional, has volunteered at BCAS for over two decades, contributing fresh ideas and initiatives.

Alongside them, CA Mandar Telang, CA Kinjal Bhuta, and CA Mrinal Mehta form a well-rounded team of office-bearers who are prepared to continue advancing the ‘1st 5-year Strategic Plan’ into its third year of implementation.

Over the past year, whilst we consistently propagated high-quality learning, advocacy and professional development, our Society has undertaken various new initiatives aligned with the six pillars under the 1st 5-year Strategic Plan, aimed at addressing the needs of our community and fostering professional development.

1. Reach

  •  Membership growth: Your Society has significantly enhanced its reach by increasing its membership and subscribership to an all-time high of 11,650 members and subscribers, thanks to Project ‘Mount 11,000’ and other membership-focused initiatives.
  • Audience expansion: Non-member participation in events, access to self-paced online courses, and social media followers hit record highs: 70,000+ followers, 800+ YouTube videos crossing 1.1 million views.
  •  Media presence: 200+ mentions across print, radio, television, podcasts, and articles—boosting BCAS’s visibility and engagement.
  • Local engagement: Enhanced reach with strengthening of the ‘Sherpa’ initiative by conducting events and town halls outside Bombay (Coimbatore, Kolkata and Hyderabad).
  • Global outreach: First joint webinar with the American Accounting Association on ESG, webinar with Oman officials and UN Tax Cooperation conference participation.
  • WhatsApp engagement: WhatsApp chatbot and WhatsApp channel launched with 2,200+ subscribers, enabling non-intrusive yet quick dissemination of information and updates.
  • Publications distribution through flipkart.com: BCAS secured ISBNs for all its publications and began distributing through Flipkart.com.

2. Professional Development

  •  Member survey: Started the academic year with a membership survey, which guided focus for this year’s programming based on this member feedback.
  • Lecture series: Held 16 (sixteen) open-access lectures, resulting in 50,000+ additional YouTube views.
  • Publications: Released new/updated editions (‘Laws & Business, ‘Gita for Professionals’, ‘Thought-Mailer compilation’, etc.) in addition to BCAS Referencer, BCAS Diary and BCA Journal.
  • BCAS Academy: Launched a digital learning and networking platform offering courses, journals, forums, and resources. BCAS Academy promises to change the way our community consumes BCAS content and can go a long way in enhancing the breadth and reach of our Society.
  • Innovative pedagogy: Introduced contemporary topics such as AIFs, AI, ESG, supply-chain, geopolitics and more; DTAA course celebrated its 25th year.
  • Journal reach: Expanded BCAS Journal’s audience significantly through targeted efforts, adding many new subscribers.
  • Digital credentials: Introduced e-certification for BCAS certificate courses with verifiable digital badges.
  • Podcast & self-paced content: Conducted various Podcasts, self-paced content-series like ‘Are You Aware,’ ‘GST Bytes,’ and ‘Tax Gurucool’.
  • Guest lectures & training for managing committee and staff: Hosted experts and organised staff workshops on AI, yoga, management, etc. for the managing committee and BCAS staff.
  • Communication improvements: Standardised BCAS namestyle and bi-monthly updates through ‘BCAS Broadcast newsletter; office premises branding refurbished.

3. Networking

  •  MOU with IIM-M: During the year, we entered into a research-focussed MoU with IIM-M to enhance the academia-professional engagement.
  •  MOU with NISM: During the year, we entered into a capability-development MoU with NISM to build enhanced skill-sets on avenues connected with securities markets.
  •  MOU with BIA: We entered into an industry-professional MOU with Bombay Industries Association and further built-upon our existing arrangements with IMC, CTC, WIRC, GSTPAM, MCTC and others.
  •  CA Thon marathon: BCAS powered India’s first “run for cause” CA marathon with 1,600+ participants; supported women’s economic empowerment.
  •  Cricket tournament: First BCAS Turf Cricket Tournament in January 2025 with wide CA participation.

4. Advocacy

  •  Research: Published blue-sky research paper on ‘group taxation’ in collaboration with IIM Mumbai; to be shared with policymakers.
  • Regulatory engagement: Interacted with multiple regulators, including NFRA, ICAI, RBI, SEBI, CBEC, IFSCA, IBBI, CBDT and others.
  • Representations: Provided feedback on various regulatory changes, e.g. Budget 2024, ITR utility, FEMA drafts, SA 600 revisions, fraud reporting guidelines, overseas networking guidelines, etc.
  • Parliamentary input: Presented recommendations on the Income Tax Bill, 2025, to the Parliamentary Select Committee.
  • Policy roundtables: Hosted “Viksit Bharat” and “Profession @ 2047” discussions; curated a SEBI AIF white paper to be presented to the securities market regulator.
  • Niti Aayog collaboration: Partnered to perform a focused research on tax policy reforms with Niti Aayog through its Consultative Group on Tax Policy.

5. Yuva Shakti

  • Younger members: Notable increase from under 35 members; BCAS managing committee average age is 42 years.
  • Student platform: A for-by-of Students platform, aka, ‘BCAS Nxt’ launched with bootcamps conducted for CA students.
  • Tarang 2025: Student festival with ~350 participants, showcasing diverse skills concluded with zeal, enthusiasm and camaraderie.
  • Mentoring programs: CAMBA and आDaan Daan mentoring expanded across 20+ locations, including reverse mentoring.
  • Endowment fund: Shri P. N. Shah CA Students’ Endowment Fund established a ₹5 million corpus for financial aid to needy CA students.

6. Chartereds for Change

  •  Environmental projects: Planted 200+ native saplings in Mumbai (Miyawaki Forest) with BCAS Foundation partners.
  • Educational support: Modernised MM High School in Gujarat with e-classrooms, labs, library, and upcoming sports infrastructure.
  •  Inspirational publications: Released 4 (four) books, including Gita for Professionals 7th Edition and a Thought Mailers compilation.
  •  BCAS Foundation initiatives: Carried out e-learning, blood drives, tree-planting, sewing-machine donations, and collaborated on social causes.
  •  Solar support: Installed solar power at Vraj Hostel via Sparsh Foundation for sustainable benefit.

Year after year, our Society has flourished and expanded its influence and contributions due to its strong ethical foundation and the dedicated efforts of its selfless volunteers. I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to the selfless volunteers of the BCAS Core Group, who uphold the values and principles of BCAS with utmost integrity. I also express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to Dr. CA Mayur Nayak, editor of the BCAJ, for his invaluable contribution to the BCAJ and our community over the last many years.

To celebrate our founding legacy, we will have the privilege of hearing valuable insights from our distinguished guests: (i) Shri Tuhin Kanta Pandey, Chairperson of SEBI, and (ii) Shri Nithin Kamath, Founder and CEO of Zerodha.

As we end another year of selfless contribution, a reflection of true ‘success’ in the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson guides us:

“To laugh often and much: To win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children, to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends; to appreciate beauty, to find the best in others, to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a garden patch, or a redeemed social condition; to know even one life has breathed easier because you lived. This is to have succeeded”

Thank you for allowing me an opportunity to serve you and our community.

CA Anand Bathiya

President

From Published Accounts

COMPILER’S NOTE

In the last few weeks, a large bank in India was in the news for several accounting lapses resulting in a discrepancy in its derivatives portfolio, interest income and other matters. The regulators were also actively monitoring the developments for the same. Given below are the relevant disclosures in the financial results of the Bank for the quarter and year ended 31st March, 2025.

INDUSIND BANK LIMITED

From Independent Auditors’ Report on Standalone Financial Results pursuant to Regulation 33 and Regulation 52 of SEBI (LODR) (extracts)

Emphasis of Matters

4. We draw attention to Notes 12 to 16 to the Statement, which explain that the Board commissioned an investigation/review into the alleged discrepancies, covering the following significant matters:

a. Internal Trades Derivative Accounting under the head “Other Assets” amounting to ₹1,959.98 crores being accumulated notional profits since FY 2015-16 have been written off as a prior period item in the current financial year.

b. Incorrect accounting and subsequent reversal of cumulative interest income of ₹673.82 crore and Fee Income of ₹172.58 crores within the current financial year.

c. Certain incorrect Manual Entries posted in the “Other Assets” and “Other Liabilities” pertaining to prior years amounting to ₹595 crores has been set off during the current financial year.

The resultant findings from the investigation / reviews reports, in summary, revealed an involvement of senior Bank officials, including former Key Management Personnel (KMP), in overriding key internal controls across the aforesaid functions/areas, and a concealment from the Board and the statutory auditors of the wrongful accounting practices adopted, over such period of time, as indicated in the respective investigation/ review reports.

Basis our evaluation of the findings in the above reports, in particular the likely involvement of senior management in the above matters, we have reason to believe that suspected offences involving fraud may have been committed and thereby we have reported these to the Central Government under Section 143 (12) of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Companies (Audit and Auditors Rules), 2014.

5. We draw attention to Note 18 to the Statement, which explains that in light of the findings and adjustments noted above, in particular the override of management controls by KMPs, the Board of Directors initiated an internal review of material financial statement account captions and directed the Management and the Internal Audit Department to perform additional procedures such as reconciliations of system reports and listings with balances reflected in general ledger, test checks over such items in the listing and certain digital procedures over and above. Based on the above review, rectifications/ reclassifications including those relating to prior-period items were made to the accompanying Statement.

6. We draw attention to Notes 17 and 18 to the Statement which states that the Bank is currently in the process of determining the accountability of the persons involved in the discrepancies and irregularities mentioned in paragraph 4 above and assessing the resultant legal or penal implications, if any, that may arise thereon.

Our opinion on the Statement is not modified with respect to these matters.

From Notes to Standalone Financial results (extracts)

12. On March 10, 2025, the Bank filed a disclosure under Regulation 30 of SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 stating that it had, during an internal review of process relating to other assets and other liabilities of derivative portfolio, noted discrepancies in these account balances and that an external firm appointed by the management
was carried out an independent review to validate its internal findings.

On March 20, 2025, the Board decided to appoint another independent professional firm to conduct a comprehensive investigation amongst others to identify the root causes of discrepancies, assess correctness and impact of accounting treatment, identify any lapses and establish accountability of persons involved.

The Bank has since received reports from both the firms. The investigation indicated that from FY 2016 to FY 2024, the Bank entered into several derivative transactions referred to as internal trades wherein the accounting followed was improper and not in consonance with the accounting guidelines. This incorrect accounting resulted in recognition of notional income in the Profit and Loss Account with corresponding balance in assets account over the years till FY 2023-2024.

Based on quantification of accounting discrepancies that were identified and confirmed in investigation report, other assets amounting to ₹1,959.98 crores being accumulated notional profits since FY2016 have been written-off as prior period item in the current financial year.

13. During the review of other assets and liabilities by the Internal Audit Department (IAD), it was noted that certain incorrect manual entries resulted in an unsubstantiated increase in other assets and other liabilities amounting to ₹595.00 crores. The Bank has determined that these assets need to be set off against corresponding other liabilities. The rectification of these have been carried out. This has no impact on the results of the Bank for the year ended March 31, 2025.

14. In conducting a review of the Bank’s microfinance portfolio for the period ended December 31, 2024, the IAD of the Bank noted incorrect recording of cumulative interest income of ₹673.82 crores and fee income of ₹172.58 crores. Reversal of this incorrect recording (net of an interim provision of ₹322.43 crores and actual interest income for this period of ₹101.41 crores) has resulted in an adverse impact of ₹422.56 crores during the quarter ended March 31, 2025.

In respect of the above matters mentioned in note 12, 13 and 14 above, the joint auditors have filed letter u/s 143(12) of the Companies Act, 2013 for suspected offense involving fraud.

15. The Bank during its internal review noted misclassification of certain microfinance loans as ‘standard assets’ along with accrual of interest income. The Bank corrected this classification resulting in an additional recognition of Non-Performing Advances aggregating to ₹1,885.19 crores. The Bank provided for these at a rate of 95% aggregating to ₹1,791.08 crores. This provision together with a reversal of interest income of ₹178.12 crores resulted in an adverse impact of ₹1,969.20 crores to the Profit and Loss Account of the Bank for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025.

16. Through its internal financial review, the Bank also identified other instances of incorrect accounting that required rectification and have been rectified during the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025. These include the following:

  •  Interest payment of ₹99.97 crores on certain borrowing instruments was not recognised in the Profit & Loss Account in earlier years.
  •  A provision of ₹133.25 crores in respect of balances in Other Assets that are not expected to be realised.
  •  Prior period operating expenses of ₹206.00 crores and income of ₹126.75 crores.

The Bank reviewed groupings and classification of the Profit & Loss items to assess compliance with prevailing guidelines. Based on the review, the Bank reclassified the following for the financial year ended March 31, 2025.

  •  ₹760.82 crores from interest income to other income.
  •  ₹157.90 crores from Provision (other than tax) & Contingencies to Other Operating Expense.

17. As a result of the above matters mentioned in note 12 to 16, any financial implications arising from past inaccurate regulatory submissions, including those to SEBI, Income Tax authorities, and the RBI, are currently unascertainable.

18. The Board of Directors has taken necessary steps in addressing all the areas of concerns and disclosing transparently at the appropriate stage. The Board of Directors initiated a comprehensive internal financial review of all the material financial statement balances. In this regard, the Bank has received recommendations from various internal and external agencies involved. These recommendations include strengthening policy and procedures, preparation and approval of accounting analysis, control and discipline over reconciliations, minimising manual accounting entries, automating processes, addressing manual overrides of control, etc. These shall be reviewed and implemented under oversight of the Board.

Also, the Bank is in the process of taking necessary steps to assess roles and responsibilities and fix accountability for persons involved in any of these lapses. The Bank is fully committed towards
taking these matters to their conclusion under applicable laws.

19. As per regulation 33(3)(i) of the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, the aggregate effect of material adjustments made for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025 which pertains to earlier periods, amounted to ₹2,601.94 crores.

Editorial – One Last Time… ADIEU.. SAYONARA.. PHIR MILENGE..

The month of June 2025 has been quite eventful. There were numerous global upheavals. The tragic plane crash at Ahmedabad left us dumbstruck and disconsolate. This incident raised serious concerns about safety in the aviation industry. The 12 day Israel-Iran conflict and ongoing Russia-Ukraine war along with other developments have had a severe impact on the world trade and economy.

THEME OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE – JULY 2025

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the order of the day. Machines are taking over human tasks faster than we thought. The use and success of AI in recent wars and various areas of life have not only proven its utility but also its essentiality. The CA profession is no exception to the impact of AI. My recent certification course on AI revealed that it is enthralling, empowering, engrossing, and encompassing, yet also scary and overwhelming. Considering its importance and essentiality, this year’s special issue of BCAJ is based on the theme – “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – ITS IMPACT ON CA PROFESSION.”

The issue features an interview with CA Ninad Karpe and five articles covering various aspects of AI’s impact on the CA profession. The issue also carries a poem by CA Divya Jokhakar on AI titled “Humanity in the Machines”, two cartoons on AI by Anirudh Parthasarathy and also the column of CA C.N. Vaze on “Light Elements” assisted by AI.

We hope readers will appreciate and enjoy reading them. However, the real crux of AI lies in its implementation, not merely in reading. So, readers are well advised to adopt and implement AI in their practice.

THE END OF THE JOURNEY

I have mixed emotions as I write my last Editorial. On the one hand, I have the satisfaction of completing three years of my tenure and doing my duty diligently, whereas on the other hand, the sadness of no longer being able to communicate with all of you through this medium. All good things must come to an end, and this is also true so far as my association with the BCAJ as editor is concerned. When I took over from Raman, I had the daunting task of maintaining the quality and reputation of this great journal, which it has had for decades, thanks to the tremendous contributions and hard work of my predecessors. Raman did a stupendous job during his tenure and elevated the journal to new heights. He had the privilege of heading it in its 50th year.

When I took over the baton from him in 2022, India was celebrating its 75th year of independence, and two years later, BCAS celebrated its 75th year. God has been very kind in blessing me with the role of Editor of this prestigious journal during these two important years of its illustrious 56-year history. In a couple of issues, we published QR Codes of articles with an option to listen to them as a podcast.

My association with BCAJ dates back to my student and articleship days, when I would read BCAJ to stay updated on Direct Tax Case Laws, as there was limited or no internet access in the late 1980s. At that time, I had never imagined that one day, I would head this prestigious journal. My esteem for the journal has increased by the day, as I have witnessed numerous individuals selflessly contribute and share their knowledge. It is indeed a privilege to serve the profession through a knowledge-enriched publication. I thank God and my Gurus for this honour.

I am grateful to CA Ninad Karpe, who invited me to serve as the Editor of Touch Down India Magazine in the 1990s. This gave me exposure and experience in heading a professional Journal quite early in my life.

I am lucky to have been born to a journalist father, the late Dr. Bhanukumar Nayak. I believe I have inherited some of my father’s qualities as a journalist. My PhD studies further developed my academic skills and qualities. I express my gratitude and thanks to the seniors in the BCAS for entrusting me to head this prestigious publication. Not only that, but they also continuously supported, guided, and contributed to the journal. This makes BCAS a unique and distinct organisation.

Like many of my predecessors, I also faced my share of challenges during my three-year stint. Working past midnight to meet deadlines, finalising and editing during travel at odd hours and in odd places is perhaps a common challenge to all editors. Meeting the postal deadline while facing challenges at the printer’s end is also equally daunting.

However, such challenges test our strength and help us grow. Fortunately, the support of the Editorial Board members comes to the rescue of the editor at BCAS. But when one sees his fellow members and colleagues benefited and enriched, then one has the satisfaction that all that trouble and effort was worth it. Some readers express their gratitude through e-mails; others silently appreciate it. I thank all of you who have thanked BCAJ expressly or silently.

Writing an Editorial is a growth journey. It is challenging and, at times, overwhelming. Selecting a topic, conducting research, and articulating it to meet readers’ expectations (without AI’s help) is a herculean task for any Editor. However, it is equally satisfying when readers appreciate Editorials. I had the fortune of communicating with you through my Editorials month after month, which I shall be truly missing. I was fortunate to have received valuable contributions to my Editorials from CA Gautam Nayak, CA Tarun Kumar Singhal, CA Anil Doshi, CA Raman Jokhakar, Adv. R.K. Sinha, IRS and Ex-DIT, and many others. I am grateful to all of them.

My sincere thanks to all authors, contributors, feature writers, advertisers and readers for their continuous support, encouragement, and contributions in making BCAJ a world-class publication. I thank many luminaries who readily gave interviews and shared their valuable insights on important topics, their life journeys and gave tips to succeed in life. This year, we organised a successful Writers’ Workshop, and we had some enthusiastic writers as well. I appeal to all budding writers to write for BCAJ, as writing is a means of expressing oneself.

I thank CA Mihir Sheth, CA Chirag Doshi, and CA Anand Bathiya for inviting me to join their team as Chairman of the Journal Committee and other Office Bearers for their support in this role. I thank every member of the Editorial Board, the Journal Committee, Ms. Navina Perarasan and my convenors, CA Jagdish Punjabi, CA Abbas Jaorawala, CA Rohit Jethani, and CA Vinayak Pai, for their support and valuable contributions. I thank Mr. Davar of Spenta Multimedia, his entire team and various coordinators for their support and help. I thank my family for their sacrifices in many ways and for their encouragement to accomplish my tasks. My thanks to CA Uday Padia, my partner, and the other staff members of my firm who assisted me in various ways. My special thanks to my co-chairman, CA Raman Jokhakar and CA Gautam Nayak for their solid support and for being my sounding boards in various matters. Thanks to Raman for giving me one month’s break during my daughter’s wedding.

I am happy to hand over the baton of the BCAJ to my able colleague and a dear friend, CA Sunil Gabhawala, an accomplished professional, author, speaker, and writer. I am sure BCAJ will scale new heights in his tenure. I wish him good luck.

In Gujarati, we don’t say goodbye, we say Aavjoઆવજો (Means do come next time). In Marathi, it is said, Bara Yeu Me बरं येऊ मी (Meaning I will come back). In Hindi it is said, Phir Milenge… फिर मिलेंगे.

I prefer to say goodbye in local languages, which expresses a hope to meet again, perhaps in a different role, at a different place, for a different purpose.

Let me end by saying…

धन्यवाद दिल से अदा करता हूं

अब मैं आपसे विदा लेता हूं

लेकिन प्यार भरा यह संदेश भूल न जाना

आपसे फिर कभी मिलने का वादा करता हूं!

Best Regards,

 

Dr CA Mayur Nayak,

Editor

To ERR Is Human, To Forgive Divine

Despite automation in GST, errors in tax filing have been a norm for business enterprises. They arise from voluminous data, manual interventions, technical intricacies and frequent amendments. The errors are noticed during internal reviews, statutory audits, annual filings or eventually through departmental actions.

The Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) system is founded on a complex fiscal architecture involving multiple stake holders whose compliance is unified on a single platform and settlement system. Errors may have an impact on the inter-government settlement of revenue. Taking cognizance of this, the GST law has not permitted rectification of previously filed returns as it would lead to frequent disturbance in such settlements.

Though many errors were addressed at early stages, some disputed cases reached higher legal fora. The judiciary played a pivotal role in clarifying the statutory framework governing such errors, while balancing the need for tax certainty with fairness to taxpayers. In this article, we highlight the array of errors committed in the prominent forms, with legal resolutions provided by the Courts. Specific focus would be made on the errors committed in Forms GSTR-1/3B in the later part of the article.

TRANSITION RETURNS – SUPREME COURT’S INTERVENTION

One of the most prominent judicial interventions concerned the transition returns, where taxpayers’ errors triggered a torrent of litigation. During trial-and-error phase of GST development, taxpayers committed bona-fide errors due to requirement of complex data inputs. Being a one-time exercise and lack of prior experience, many taxpayers failed to report required supporting data resulting in legal disputes over credit entitlement. Moreover, the said return had the peculiarity of the original due date coinciding with the revised return date, leaving the taxpayer perplexed. High Courts were flooded with grievance over errors committed by taxpayers. Grievance redressal committees were formed by the tax administration which addressed case-specific issues. Acknowledging the procedural confusion and inexperience, the Supreme Court (in Filco Trade Centre’s case1) directed reopening of transition return filings for a limited period, enabling taxpayers to correct their mistakes. This intervention was conditional – the CBIC issued circulars and guidelines, mandating officer verification before any credit could be recorded in the Electronic Credit Ledger. Genuine claimants ultimately received their credits, though only after enduring lengthy litigation and verification procedures (Article published in January 2021 may be referred).


1 2022 (63) G.S.T.L. 162 (S.C.)

E-WAY BILL – PROPORTIONALITY AND INTENT

E-way bills were generally backed by supporting invoices which ensured that the taxes due on the consignment would be duly paid. Though E-way bills were documents for movements, many officers placed excessive importance and treated it on par with a tax-invoice. For example, despite the tax invoice reporting the correct data and tax liability, incorrect reporting of delivery address in e-way bill was treated as a ‘contravention’ resulting in potential tax loss. A tug of war took place between the taxpayer and intercepting officers with the former generally relenting due to commercial compulsions. Simple bona-fide errors faced harsh penalties along with demurrages and damage to goods. Courts have emphasized that mere technical mistakes — such as an incorrect vehicle number or typographical errors — should not automatically trigger hefty penalties or confiscation of goods, provided there is no evasion of tax. The judiciary2 has consistently ruled that the presence of tax evasion is a necessary precondition for imposing such harsh penalties (Article published in January 2021 may be referred).


2  2022 (57) G.S.T.L. 97 (S.C.) Asst. Comm. vs. Satyam Shivam Papers Pvt. Ltd.

EXPORT DOCUMENTATION – ADMINISTRATIVE APATHY

Integration of customs and GSTN system for export refunds raised multiple data entry discrepancies forcing the Government to issue Circulars3 on the type of errors and the manual redressal by Customs officers (such as incorrect shipping bill number in GSTR-1, IGST amount paid on exports in GSTR-3B and not matching with customs data, exports not appropriately reported in GSTR-1/3B though rectified in GSTR-9, etc). Errors which were rectified in subsequent returns were also not being auto-populated for matching with customs data. In many cases, the errors could not be addressed on account of the limited purview of customs officials and lack of coordination with GST authorities. Obviously, courts frowned upon the revenue’s plea that the IT systems did not permit them to resolve the errors.4 High Courts compelled tax authorities to consider genuine representations on merits, rather than hide behind the limitations of IT systems. The judiciary’s stance was clear: administrative shortcomings should not defeat the substantive rights of taxpayers.


3  Circular 42/2017-Cus., dated 7-11-2017 , No. 5/2018-Cus., dated 23-2-2018, etc

4  [2023] 152 taxmann.com 247 (Bombay) Sunlight Cable Industries vs. 
Commissioner of Customs; 2024 (91) G.S.T.L. 145 (Guj.) BAJAJ HERBALS PVT. LTD. vs.
 Dy. Comm. of Customs, etc

REFUND APPLICATION – UNDERCLAIMING REFUNDS

The complexities of the GST framework also extended to the domain of refund applications, where procedural missteps and inadvertent omissions have often resulted in taxpayers underclaiming their rightful refunds. Given the intricate eligibility computations and the voluminous data required — from invoice-wise details to correlation with returns and shipping documents — errors are not uncommon. Applicants have found themselves short-claiming refund amounts due to misreporting of figures, incorrect selection of tax periods, or failure to include all eligible invoices or export documents. Moreover, in the absence of a mechanism for filing an additional refund claim in the same category, taxpayers resorted to filing refund in the residual ‘any other category’. Authorities claimed that having filed a refund claim for ITC once, another/supplementary application for differential amount of refund could not be filed. Judicial forums5 in numerous instances, directed authorities to permit rectification or additional refund claims—provided the error did not result in unjust enrichment or affect revenue interests. Where the portal’s technical limitations prevented additional claims, the judiciary has emphasised that substantive rights should not be defeated on mere technicalities, and that taxpayers should be allowed to present supporting documentation to substantiate their claims.


5 2023 (78) G.S.T.L. 324 (Guj.) SHREE RENUKA SUGARS LTD.vs. STATE OF GUJARAT

DRC-03 ERRORS – NAIL IN THE COFFIN

This simple document was also not immune to errors and inconsistencies. Taxpayers, while attempting to voluntarily discharge additional tax liabilities or rectify inadvertent errors through DRC-03 filings, often encountered further complications. Instances abounded where the particulars entered in DRC-03 were incorrectly mapped to the wrong tax period, tax head, or nature of liability—sometimes as a result of system’s rigid architecture or human oversight. Such mistakes led to confusion and, in several cases, double payments or misallocation of credits. Taxpayers faced arduous processes in seeking rectification before the Courts, as the GST portal does not provide for amending DRC-03 submissions6. As a result, what was intended as a means of self-compliance frequently became a source of technical and administrative frustration, occasionally culminating in protracted disputes. Such issue will also crop up when taxpayers would attempt mapping the DRC-03 with the electronic liability register through submission of DRC-03A forms.


6  (2024) 16 Centax 156 (Bom.) Rajesh Real Estate Developers Pvt. Ltd. vs. UOI

GSTR1/3B – OPPORTUNITY FOR CORRECTION

GST law envisioned a self-correcting system of GSTR-1, 2 and 3, where any data error at the supplier’s end could be identified and communicated at an invoice level by the recipient through GSTR-1A/2A. The adjustments/ rectifications were tabulated separately in GSTR-3 and necessary tax impact could be provided. Unfortunately, this two-way system was not operationalised and ultimately abandoned by the Government. As an alternative, a partial system of GSTR-1 and GSTR3B was introduced wherein the recipient was a mute spectator to the data uploaded and had to communicate through offline channels. Unless the supplier rectified the data in subsequent returns, the error persisted on the common portal.

Typically, errors involve incorrect reporting under appropriate heads – such as ITC under reverse charge / import of goods incorrectly reported as ‘All other ITC’; exempt values reported along with taxable supplies, outward supplies reported as B2C or with incorrect GSTIN, incorrect tax-type, incorrect POS for supplies, export transactions missed to be reported, credit notes reported as input tax credit, etc. Even-though net tax payable by the taxpayer was correct these errors caused significant confusion during assessments. The adjustments in subsequent returns were clubbed/netted with the respective tax period data. Since the GST form did not contain a separate tab or attachment for reporting tax adjustments of prior period errors, it was an onerous task for the taxpayers to explain these errors and equally challenging for the officer to verify them from the books of accounts.

STATUTORY PROVISIONS ON ERRORS IN GSTR1/3B

Section 37(4) (GSTR-1) and 39(9) (GSTR-3B) deal with such errors (omission or furnishing of incorrect particulars) in the GSTR returns. It specifically provides for appropriate adjustments in subsequent returns, subject to certain timelines. But there is a fine distinction between section 37(4) and 39(9) which leads to an interesting analysis.

Section 37(4) provides for adjustment of errors in GSTR-1 before 30th November of the relevant financial year to which the details ‘pertain’. On the other hand, section 39(9) states that a person who discovers any omission or incorrect particulars (other than as a result of scrutiny, audit, inspection or enforcement activity) would be permitted to rectify the same in the return in which such error is ‘noticed’. The said section originally contained a proviso which permitted rectification in the return of September following the end of the financial year. What was the ‘relevant financial year’ (year of committing the error or noticing error) was unclear from the proviso. While the provisions for GSTR-1 specifically linked the amendment to the year to which such details pertain, the provisions for GSTR-3B were silent over it.

Conjoined reading of the proviso and section 39(9) indicates that since rectification is to be performed in the return in which it is noticed, the relevant financial year would be the one in which such error was noticed. Subtly this gives ample liberty to the taxpayer to rectify the data with an open-ended time frame (subject to departmental action) by claiming that he/she noticed such error in a particular month and not before. To address this lacuna, the proviso was amended vide CGST (Amendment) Act, 2018 by specifically linking the financial year to the month to which the details pertain. This amendment implies that the taxpayer is obliged to rectify the error latest by 30th November following the financial year in which such error was committed. However, the said amendment has not seen the light of day as it is yet to be notified and hence does not have legal force.

Interestingly, the proviso which places a restriction on the adjustment has not fixed the outer time limit for such amendment (specifically the relevant financial year). This table will amplify the lacuna in section 39(9):


7 Substituted vide Finance Act, 2022 w.e.f. 01-10-2022 before it was read as, "the due date for furnishing of return for the month of September or second quarter

The ambiguity which was present in the original section continues to persist despite the legislation of this provision. Even during 2022, where the due date was shifted to 30th November of the financial year, the proviso failed to specify the relevant base year to decide the outer time limit for rectification of errors. Yet as a matter of practice both taxpayers and administration have limited themselves to rectifying errors latest by 30th November following the financial year in which the error was committed. Certainly, courts would take notice of the difference in wording in section 37(4) and the amended (but unnotified) wordings to arrive at the true purport of the section.

CIRCULARS ON ERROR HANDLING

Under the GSTR-1/2/3 system, the Board issued Circular No. 7/7/2017-GST, dated 1-9-2017 during the introductory phase of GST. Recognising that GSTR-3B has been introduced as a stop-gap measure, the Circular provided for recording the adjustments in liabilities (short ‘payment of output’ or ‘claim of input’, excess ‘claim of input’ or ‘payment of output’) between GSTR-1/2 and 3B into the final reconciliation table of GSTR-3. Essentially, the amendments at invoice level in GSTR-1/2 poured into GSTR-3 leading into the net tax liability. But on account of suspension of GSTR2/3, another Circular 26/26/2017-GST, dated 29-12-2017 was issued directing adjustments in GSTR3B (on net basis) and removing references to GSTR-3. The underlying philosophy was to discharge the net-short payment of tax or claim the excess payment of tax in subsequent GSTR-3B returns. But nowhere did the provisions provide for rectification of the original return itself.

BHARTI AIRTEL’S CASE

The above issue was taken by the Supreme Court in the famous Bharti Airtel’s case8, wherein the taxpayer had made an excess payment of INR 934 crores (in cash) on account of short availment of ITC in GSTR-3B. The Delhi High court observed that the said short claim of ITC was on account of non-operationalisation of GSTR-2A restricting the taxpayer from knowing the actual ITC. The Court read down the Circular and permitted taxpayer to rectify the original return by availing the said credit. Consequentially it would result in excess payment of output and a refund of excess cash paid. On appeal to Supreme Court, revenue argued that under a self-assessment scheme, the taxpayer is under a duty to examine its accounting records and need not await the implementation of GSTR-2A for availment of credit. The Court concluded that self-assessment should be performed based on the accounting records and GSTR data on the portal is only a facilitator. The express provisions of section 39(9) clearly direct adjustments of errors in the month in which it is noticed and hence the circular is in consonance with the said prescription. Since any rectification of original return would have cascading effect on revenue settlements, the provisions of section 39(9) directing adjustment in subsequent periods should be enforced completely. This judgement gave a thrust to the Government to enforce adjustment in subsequent returns rather than seeking correction in the original return.


8. Union of India vs. Bharti Airtel Ltd - 2021 (54) G.S.T.L.257(S.C.)
 reversing 2020 (38) G.S.T.L.145(Del)

ABERDARE TECHNOLOGIES’ CASE

In the meanwhile, the Bombay High Court in Star Engineers (I) Pvt. Ltd9 permitted the taxpayer to amend the GSTIN incorrectly reported in GSTR-1 on the premise of being a bona-fide error without revenue impact. The court held that if any rectification is not permitted it would amount to accepting incorrect particulars leading to an incorrect cascading impact.

But there were adverse rulings on this subject as well. In Bar Code India Ltd10 taxpayer’s plea for amendment in POS/ GSTN of recipient was rejected despite reference to the said decision. It held that a taxpayer should be aware of his legal responsibilities and merely because a loss is caused to its customer it cannot be resolved by seeking a rectification in GST return. In another decision in Yokohama India private Limited11, the Telangana High Court rejected the plea of rectification after statutory timelines on account of the specific verdict in Bharti Airtel’s case.


9  2024 (81) G.S.T.L. 460 (Bom.)

10  2025 (93) G.S.T.L. 56 (P & H) BAR CODE INDIA LTD. v UOI

11   [2022] 145 taxmann.com 130/[2023] 108 GSTR 115 (Telangana)

In a twist of events, in another decision of Bombay High Court in Aberdare Technologies12, the taxpayer sought rectification of the returns after the statutory deadline. The court directed the revenue to open the portal to rectify/amend the return data or alternatively permit a manual return. At the Supreme Court, the revenue’s SLP was dismissed with an observation that the right to rectify an error is embedded in the right to doing business. Accordingly, a taxpayer cannot be deprived of such right in terms of Article 14 of the Constitution. Denial of the right to rectify would cause double payment by taxpayer and hence the Court directed the CBIC to examine a more realistic timeline for correcting bona-fide errors. Despite being rendered at SLP stage, the reasoning providing in the decision would have the effect of a declaration of law in terms of Article 141 of Indian Constitution (extracted below):

“Right to correct mistakes in the nature of clerical or arithmetical error is a right that flows from right to do business and should not be denied unless there is a good justification and reason to deny benefit of correction. Software limitation itself cannot be a good justification, as software are meant ease compliance and can be configured. Therefore, we exercise our discretion and dismiss the special leave petition.”


12  2024 (89) G.S.T.L. 6 (Bom.) SLP dismissed in [2025] 172 taxmann.com 724 (SC)

RECONCILIATION OF BOTH DECISIONS13

Bharti Airtel’s case pertained to an error committed in GSTR-3B and the Aberdare Technologies’ case pertained to an error committed in GSTR-1. Though both contain similar provisions, the answer seems to be patently different. On the one hand, in Bharti Airtel’s case the plea for rectification (swapping of payment between electronic cash ledger with electronic credit ledger) was rejected u/s 39(9) as the section only permitted subsequent period adjustments (in the month the error is noticed), but on the other hand in Aberdare’s case, a rectification of the original GSTR-1 was directed on account of the error being revenue neutral. How do we reconcile these decisions?


13 Both decisions will fall under consideration in Brij Systems Ltd [2025] 
172 taxmann.com 722 (SC) case where an Amicus Curie has been appointed.  
But we have attempted to reconcile both decisions pending the Court’s verdict

On a finer reading, it appears that Bharti Airtel’s case is a declaration u/s 39(9) for cases where the taxpayer wishes to alter its self-assessment right (despite being revenue neutral). The tax payable under GSTR-3B was sought to be swapped from electronic cash ledger with electronic credit ledger. This was held as being impermissible u/s 39(9). Whereas the decision of Aberdare Technologies involved amendment of the details furnished in GSTR-1 (without alteration of the tax payable in GSTR-3B). There was no alteration of any legal right but merely a substitution of incorrect data fed into the GSTR-1. This difference leads us to the following classification and analysis:

  •  Errors leading to alteration of legal rights (Legal errors) : such as replacement of cash payment with credit, reporting of credit notes under the head input tax credit, etc. These are errors can be said under exercise of a legal right and permitted only way of adjustment within due date prescribed in section 39(9), in terms of the Bharti Airtel’s case.
  •  Errors of mere disclosure (Disclosure errors): such as incorrect reporting of GSTIN/POS, reporting of export sales under domestic tab, incorrect reporting of B2B as B2C supplies, etc. Such errors are merely incorrect data entry. Such errors fall under the domain of a fundamental right to do business in terms of Article 14 of the Constitution and permissible to be performed at any stage, in terms of Aberdare’s case.

SAMPLE CASE STUDY

Let’s take a case study to further appreciate the difference between the said errors. Mr A classifies a transaction as an inter-state supply and reports the same as IGST in the invoice/ GSTR-1 and the GSTR-3B. On noticing that that the said transaction is correctly classifiable as an intra-state supply, the taxpayer would be permitted to adjust this excess payment of IGST and the short payment of CGST/SGST accordingly in their subsequent period GSTR-1/3B. This would be legal error which has arisen from the exercise of a legal right which was subsequently overturned. Bharti Airtel’s case would operate in such a situation and the time-limits specified in section 39(9) would be applicable for such adjustments. The taxpayer would not be permitted to have the return reopened for this rectification.

Whereas, lets also take a slightly contrasting case where Mr A correctly classifies the transaction as intra-state supply in its invoice and GSTR-1, but inadvertently reports the same as inter-state supply in its 3B resulting in incorrect discharge of tax. Going by Aberdare’s case, this is a pure disclosure error which should be permitted to be rectified as its fundamental right to do business and not be governed by strict time limitations. No legal right was incorrectly exercised in such a situation and hence the Bharti Airtel’s case should not apply. A step further, the taxpayer should in fact be permitted to have the Form GSTR-3B reopened and replace the same with the appropriate tax entries and accordingly redrawn. Certainly, there would be technical challenges for the GSTN to implement, but such challenges should not hamper the fundamental right of the taxpayer to report the correct figures on the portal.

The Karnataka High Court in Orient Traders14 case stated that an incorrect reporting of the ITC in a wrong head cannot be subject to the rigours of section 39(9) and distinguished the Bharti Airtel case. Being a disclosure error, the court ultimately directed rectification of the GSTR-3B return through online or physical mode. Though the court stated that this decision does not have precedential value, it underpins the thought process of the judiciary over fundamental taxpayer rights.


14  WRIT PETITION No.2911 OF 2022 (T-RES)

ERROR VS. TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS

Many a times the vivid line between an ‘inadvertent error’ and a ‘technical limitation’ seems to be blurred by the tax officers. In a case involving transition credit15, the taxpayer originally reported the transitional credit claim under a wrong head of TRAN-1 and consequently was unable to file the TRAN-2. Despite the direction of the Supreme Court in Filco’s Trade Centre to reopen the portal, the taxpayer was unable to file TRAN-2 in the reopened form as well and filed grievances before the relevant authorities. Now in this case, the entire thrust of the argument of the revenue was that claim of transition credit under 140(3) – Table 7A is different from the credit under Table 7B. Accordingly, the claim is inadmissible. The High Court took consideration of the technical limitation even in the re-opened form and directed the officer to permit the claim of refund.


15  2024 (88) G.S.T.L. 166 (Guj.) NIKHIL NAVINCHANDRA MEHTA vs. UOI

Similar would be a case where a taxpayer issued a credit note in a particular month and did not have sufficient positive turnover as output for adjustment. The taxpayer crossed the time limit specified u/s 39(9) for adjustment of the credit note. But what needs to be delved into is whether this credit note adjustment arises on account of a ‘technical limitation’ or a ‘human error’. CBIC Circular No. 26/26/2017 (supra) acknowledged that since the GSTR-3B is not equipped to record negative entries, the adjustments in output tax should be performed in subsequent months and wherever this is not feasible a refund may be sought. If the adjustment is arising from a technical limitation to report a negative liability in GSTR-3B, it would be incorrect to classify this as an ‘omission’ or ‘incorrect particular’ as specified in section 39(9). Consequently, the provisions of section 39(9) and its time limitations would not apply for adjustment of credit notes arising on account of negative entries. Advance adjustments which are not permitted to be reported in GSTR-3B on account of negative entries may also be treated accordingly. These adjustments should be permitted as part of fundamental rights of the taxpayer.

WAY FORWARD – BALANCING EQUITY AND TAX CERTAINTY

Courts have granted relief where taxpayers demonstrated bona fide intent and sought to rectify mistakes within the timelines prescribed by law. Judicial scrutiny in such cases often revolves around whether the taxpayer acted in good faith and whether the error resulted in any real loss to the revenue. High Courts frowned upon revenue masquerading behind technical limitations on the reasoning that the portal is only a facilitator and not the driver of the GST law. Accordingly, revenue has been directed to allow corrections either online or manually for assessment purposes.

Ultimately, legal principles in this domain revolve around distinguishing between legal errors (exercise of legal rights) and disclosure errors (data entry omissions or mistakes in reporting). The principle of equity underpins most judicial interventions: corrections are permissible, but only after due verification, and not via unchecked self-correction that could undermine the scrutiny and integrity built into the system. This approach seeks to ensure that the GST regime is not only robust and reliable, but also fair and responsive to practical realities faced by taxpayers. The Government may consider constituting a judicious panel (comprising technocrats and legally reputed personnel) to resolve past and future disputes. As famously said by the English Poet Alexander Pope, that to err is human and to forgive is divine…!!!

Part A | Company Law

8. In the Matter of Vaishali Proficient Nidhi Limited

Registrar of Companies, Bihar

Adjudication Order: ROC/PAT/ Sec 158 / 013895/ 200 to 208

Date of Order: 30th May, 2025

Adjudication order for violation of section 158 of the Companies Act 2013 (CA 2013):

FACTS

  •  It was observed from the financial statements (filed for financial year ended 31st March, 2015 to 31st March, 2019) that they did not consist of Director’s Identification Number (DIN) in the annexure attached to the e- forms thereby leading to the violation of Section 158 of CA 2013.
  •  Notices were issued to the company seeking details as well explanation.
  •  In response, directors appeared in person but did not make any submissions.
  •  Hence, it was concluded that provisions of Section 158 of CA 2013 have been contravened by the company and its directors and therefore they are liable for penalty under section 172 of CA 2013.

THE PROVISIONS OF THE ACT IN BRIEF

Section 158: Every person or company, while furnishing any return, information or particulars as are required to be furnished under this Act, shall mention the Director Identification Number in such return, information or particulars in case such return, information or particulars relate to the director or contain any reference of any director.

Section 172: If a company is in default in complying with any of the provisions of this Chapter and for which no specific penalty or punishment is provided therein, the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of fifty thousand rupees, and in case of continuing failure, with a further penalty of five hundred rupees for each day during which such failure continues, subject to a maximum of three lakh rupees in case of a company and one lakh rupees in case of an officer who is in default.

FINDINGS AND ORDER

  •  The company being a Nidhi Company, does not fall in the definition of a small company u/s 2(85) of CA 2013 and as such the provisions of Section 446B of CA 2013 imposing lesser penalty shall not be applicable.
  •  After taking into account all the factors, and having considered all the facts and circumstances of the case, penalty was imposed on the company and directors as per details given below:
  •  On company for each of 5 years @ ₹50,000 per year = ₹2,50,000.
  •  On 6 directors who were directors at the time of respective defaults ranging from ₹50,000 to ₹2,00,000. Aggregate penalty on all the directors subject to Rs ₹50,000 per year = ₹7,50,000.

9 In the Matter of M/s ORIENTAL INDIA KISANSHAKTI NIDHI LIMITED

Registrar of Companies, Uttar Pradesh

Adjudication Order No – 07/23/ADJ/2024/ORIENTAL INDIA/1525

Date of Order – 04th September, 2024

Adjudication order issued against the Company and its Director for not regularising the Additional Director in the subsequent Annual General Meeting which was contravention of provisions of Section 161 of the Companies Act, 2013.

FACTS

During the inquiry, it was observed that Mr. KB was appointed as an additional director of the company w.e.f. 25th February, 2017. However, he was not regularised in the subsequent Annual General Meeting of the M/s OIKNL.

As per Section 161(1) of the Companies Act, 2013, an additional director shall hold office up to the next annual general meeting. Thus, accordingly, it was evident that the company and its Directors had failed to comply with the provisions of Section 161(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 and are liable for penal action under Section 172 of the Companies Act, 2013.

Thereafter, a Show Cause Notice (SCN) was issued to M/s OIKNL and its directors on 11th June, 2024 under section 161 of the Companies Act, 2013. M/s OIKNL and its directors had not furnished any reply to the said SCN, hence no hearing was fixed for this matter.

PROVISIONS

Section 161 (Appointment of Additional Director, Alternate Director and Nominee Director)

“(1) The articles of a company may confer on its Board of Directors the power to appoint any person, other than a person who fails to get appointed as a director in a general meeting, as an Additional Director at any time who shall hold office up to the date of the next annual general meeting or the last date on which the annual general meeting should have been held, whichever is earlier.”

Section 172 (Penalty)

“If a company is in default in complying with any of the provisions of this Chapter and for which no specific penalty or punishment is provided therein, the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be liable to a penalty of fifty thousand rupees, and in case of continuing failure, with a further penalty of five hundred rupees for each day during which such failure continues, subject to a maximum of three lakh rupees in case of a company and one lakh rupees in case of an officer who is in default.””

ORDER:

Adjudicating Officer (AO) after consideration of the facts and circumstances of the case concluded that M/s OIKNL and its directors have failed to comply with the provisions of section 161 of the Companies Act, 2013 thereby attracting the penal provisions mentioned under Section 172 of the Act.

AO, therefore imposed the total penalty of ₹6,00,000/- i.e. maximum ₹3,00,000/- on M/s OIKNL and maximum ₹1,00,000/- each on each of its directors.

Applicability Of Section 56(2)(X) To Receipt Of Rural Agricultural Land

ISSUE FOR CONSIDERATION

Section 56(2)(x) provides for the taxability of certain receipts, which inter alia include the receipt of any immovable property as well as receipt of any other property, either without consideration or for a consideration which is less than its stamp duty value. Earlier, a similar provision was contained in section 56(2)(vii). For this purpose, the term ‘property’ is defined in clause (d) of the Explanation to section 56(2)(vii) as the capital asset of the assessee as specified therein, which, inter alia, includes immovable property, being land or building or both.

The issue has arisen as to whether the receipt of agricultural land, which does not fall within the definition of the term ‘capital asset’ under section 2(14), is covered within the ambit of section 56(2)(x) or not. The Jaipur bench of the tribunal has held that in order to apply the provisions of section 56(2)(x) to agricultural land, it must fall within the definition of “capital asset”. As against this, the Ahmedabad bench of the tribunal has held that all types of immovable property would get covered within the ambit of section 56(2)(x), irrespective of whether it falls within the definition of capital asset or not.

PREM CHAND JAIN’S CASE

The issue had earlier come up for consideration of the Jaipur bench of the tribunal in the case of Prem Chand Jain vs. ACIT [2020] 183 ITD 372.

In this case, during the previous year relevant to assessment year 2014-15, the assessee had purchased two pieces of agricultural land for an aggregate consideration of ₹5,50,000, which were valued by the Sub-Registrar at ₹8,53,636. On this basis, the Assessing Officer made an addition of the difference of ₹3,03,596 u/s. 56(2)(vii)(b) in the hands of the assessee under the head “Income from other sources”.

Before the CIT (A), the assessee contended that since the purchased land was agricultural, his case was not covered u/s. 56(2)(vii)(b). However, the CIT (A) rejected this argument of the assessee on the ground that no express exclusion was provided for agricultural land from the said section. Accordingly, the CIT (A) confirmed the addition made by the Assessing Officer.

In the appeal before the tribunal, the assessee invited the attention to the amendment brought in by the Finance Act, 2010 whereby clause (d) of the Explanation to Section 56(2)(vii), which provided the definition of the term ‘property’, was amended. In the opening portion of the definition of the term ‘property’, for the word “means – ”, the words “means the following capital asset of the assessee, namely:–“ were substituted with retrospective effect from 1-10-2009.

It was submitted that in section 56(2), an explanation has been provided to clause (vii) to explain the meaning and intendment of the Act itself. As the word “property” has been used in sub-clause (b) and (c) of clause (vii), and the Explanation was for the purpose of this clause, i.e. for clause (vii), the Explanation removed all doubts, obscurity or vagueness of the main enactment and clarified the property to be covered in its ambit, so as to make it consistent with the dominant objective, which it seemed to subserve.

The assessee fairly pointed out that what had been defined was the term ‘property’ and not the term ‘immovable property’ for the purpose of Section 56(2). However, the term ‘property’ was defined to mean the following capital asset of the assessee, namely immovable property being land or building or both, shares and securities, jewellery, archaeological collections, drawings, paintings, sculptures, any work of an art or bullion. From the above definition, it was evident that ‘property’ covered only the immovable properties which were in the nature of ‘capital asset’.

However, Section 56(2)(vii) has used the word ‘any immovable property’ while fixing the charge of taxation. Therefore, the challenge was whether the phrase ‘any’ should be interpreted in light of ‘capital asset’ or in its normal meaning. If the former interpretation is adopted, then only such immovable properties which were in nature of capital assets were getting covered in the ambit of Section 56(2). If the latter interpretation is adopted, then any kind of immovable property was covered, and there was no necessity to go and examine whether such immovable property would fit under the definition of capital asset.

The assessee contended that as per the rules of interpretation, where the language of the Act was clear, the former interpretation was more accurate, keeping the intent of the legislature in the background. Further, the phrase ‘capital asset’ as defined vide Section 2(14) was not only for the purposes of capital gains, but for the entire purposes of the Act, and hence the immovable property which was not in the nature of capital asset was not taxable under section 56(2). On the basis of this, and more particularly in view of the specific amendment made in this regard, the assessee contended that the intention of the legislature was very clear that the deeming provision of section 56(2)(vii)(b) would apply if and only if the asset received was a capital asset.

Since the impugned property purchased by the assessee was not a capital asset as defined in section 2(14), it was submitted that it was not taxable as income from other sources u/s. 56(2)(vii)(b). Without prejudice, it was submitted that the matter should have been referred to the DVO for determination of the fair market value since the assessee had objected to the DLC value adopted by the Assessing Officer.

On the other hand, the revenue contended that the provisions of section 56(2)(vii)(b) were clearly attracted in the instant case. Further, no proof had been submitted before the AO that agriculture land so purchased was not a capital asset. Further, it was also submitted that the assessee had not made any specific request for reference of the matter to the DVO. Therefore, in absence thereof, the Assessing Officer was not required to refer the matter to the DVO.

Referring to the provisions of section 56(2)(vii), the tribunal held that provisions of section 56(2)(vii)(b) referred to any immovable property. The provisions of section 56(2)(vii)(c) referred to any property other than an immovable property. The meaning of the term “property” has been provided in Explanation (d) to section 56(2)(vii) where the term “property” has been defined to mean capital asset of the assessee, namely immovable property being land or building or both. Where the term “property” has been defined to mean a capital asset as so specified, and where an immovable property as so specified being land, building or both was not held as a capital asset, it would not be subject to the provisions of section 56(2)(vii)(b). Therefore, where the agricultural land did not qualify as falling in the definition of capital asset, provisions of section 56(2)(vii)(b) could not be invoked.

However, in the instant case, since there were no findings of the lower authorities with regard to whether the agriculture land acquired by the assessee fell in the definition of capital asset or not, the tribunal set-aside the matter to the file of the AO for the limited purposes of examining whether the two plots of agricultural land so acquired fell within the definition of capital asset or not.

A similar view has been taken by the tribunal in the case of Ramnarayan vs. ITO (ITA No. 767/Del/2024 – order dated 14-6-2024), Yogesh Maheshwari vs. DCIT 187 ITD 618 (Jaipur), Dipti Garg vs. ITO 162 taxmann.com 347 (Jaipur), Mubarak Gafur Korabu vs. ITO 117 taxmann.com 828 (Pune), Ram Prasad Meena vs. ITO 119 taxmann.com 217 (Jaipur).

CLAYKING MINERALS LLP’S CASE

The issue, recently, came up for consideration before the Ahmedabad bench of the tribunal in the case of Clayking Minerals LLP vs. Income-tax Officer [2025] 174 taxmann.com 1111 (Ahmedabad – Trib.).

In this case, for the assessment year 2018-19, the assessee filed its income tax return on 30.08.2018, declaring a loss of ₹1,24,010/-. Subsequently, the case was selected for ‘Limited Scrutiny’ through CASS to examine whether the purchase value of a property was less than the value determined by the stamp valuation authority under section 56(2)(x) of the Act.

During the course of assessment proceedings, the Assessing Officer noted that the assessee purchased a property during the relevant year for ₹42,72,000/, whereas the stamp duty value of the same was ₹1,15,62,880/-. The assessee contended that the land in question, located at Ghanshyam Nagar Sosa, Kundal, Mahesana, was agricultural at the time of purchase on 21.09.2017. The land was later converted to non-agricultural use after obtaining permission from the Collector on 23.10.2017, and the property was registered on 26.03.2018. The assessee submitted that since the property was agricultural land at the time of purchase, it did not qualify as a “capital asset” as per section 2(14), and therefore, section 56(2)(x) was not applicable.

However, the Assessing Officer held that although the land was purchased as agricultural, the assessee’s intention was always to use it for non-agricultural purposes, as evident from the early application and subsequent conversion. The Assessing Officer placed reliance on the Supreme Court’s decision in Smt. Sarifabibi Mohmed Ibrahim v. CIT [1993] 204 ITR 631 in which it was held that agricultural status depends on actual use and intention, and not merely on classification in revenue records. Since the land was not used for agricultural purposes and was bought with a clear intention to convert it, the AO was of the view that it did not qualify as a capital asset. Accordingly, the Assessing Officer held that the provisions of section 56(2)(x) of the Act were attracted, and the difference of ₹72,90,880/- between the purchase consideration and the stamp duty value was liable to be taxed as “income from other sources”.

The CIT (A) dismissed the appeal filed by the assessee against the assessment order on the ground that the impugned land had been purchased by the assessee for industrial purpose and this fact was mentioned in the certificate of the District Collector, Surendra Nagar. It was held by him that the decisions relied upon by the assessee wherein it was held that if agricultural land is transferred to a non-agriculturist, it will not cease to be agricultural land were not applicable to the facts of the assessee’s case.

Before the tribunal, the assessee contended that the CIT(A) had erred in law and on facts by upholding the action of the Assessing Officer in failing to refer the matter to the Departmental Valuation Officer (DVO), despite specific requests made by the assessee. The assessee submitted that the addition made without such reference renders the assessment order void and legally untenable, for which it placed reliance upon several decisions. The assessee also submitted that the addition made under section 56(2)(x) was not sustainable since the land in question was rural agricultural land when it was purchased on 21.09.2017 for ₹42,72,000/-. Although the land was subsequently permitted for use for bona fide industrial purposes, such conversion was post-purchase, and therefore, the nature of the land at the time of acquisition remained agricultural.

With respect to the issue of the applicability of the provisions of section 56(2)(x) to the agricultural land, the tribunal proceeded to deal with it on the assumption for argument’s sake that the land in question qualified as an “agricultural land”. After referring to section 56(2)(x), the tribunal observed that it referred to the term “any immovable property”. The term “immovable property” has not been defined in section 56(2)(x) of the Act or in any other section in the Income Tax Act. Therefore, in the opinion of the tribunal, the term “immovable property” was required to be interpreted in general parlance. In general understanding of the term, the word “Immovable Property” meant an asset which could not be moved without destroying or altering it. Therefore, going by the general definition, the tribunal held that “immovable property” would include any rural agricultural land, in absence of any specific exclusion in section 56(2)(x) of the Act. The tribunal observed that section 56(2)(x) of the Act did not use the word “capital asset”. The sale of rural agricultural land was exempt in the hands of the seller since the word “capital asset” has been specifically defined to exclude agricultural land in rural areas under section 2(14). Thus, sale of rural agricultural land did not give rise to any capital gains in the hands of the seller as it was not considered as a capital asset itself.  However, from the point of view of the “purchaser” of immovable property, as stated, section 56(2)(x) mentioned “any immovable property” which, going by the plain words of the Statute, did not specifically exclude “agricultural land”.

Therefore, the tribunal held that the agricultural land could not be taken out of the purview of section 56(2)(x) of the Act.

A similar view had been taken by the Jaipur bench of the Tribunal in the case of ITO vs. Trilok Chand Sain 174 ITD 729. According to the Tribunal, the reference to “immovable property” was not circumscribed or limited to any particular nature of immovable property. It referred to any immovable property which by its grammatical meaning would mean all and any property which is immovable in nature, i.e., attached to or forming part of the earth surface. Importantly, this decision was rectified by the tribunal, itself, on a Miscellaneous Application by Trilok Chand Sain by holding that the scope of s 56(2)(vii) did not cover the receipt of an agricultural land. In between, the Rajasthan High Court has admitted the appeal of the assessee on 1st July, 2020 against the first order of the tribunal.

OBSERVATIONS

Clause (x) of section 56(2) (as well as the other clauses which were in effect prior to 1-4-2017) has three sub-clauses under which the receipt as specified in the respective sub-clause becomes taxable. The first sub-clause (a) refers to the receipt of any sum of money without consideration. The next sub-clause (b) refers to the receipt of ‘any immovable property’ either without consideration or for an inadequate consideration. The last sub-clause (c) refers to the receipt of ‘any property, other than immovable property’, either without consideration or for an inadequate consideration.

The Explanation to section 56(2)(vii) defines the meaning of certain terms which have been used in the above referred clause (x). Clause (d) of the Explanation defines the term ‘property’ and its definition is reproduced below –

(d) “property” means the following capital asset of the assessee, namely:-

(i) immovable property being land or building or both;

(ii) shares and securities;

(iii) jewellery;

(iv) archaeological collections;

(v) drawings;

(vi) paintings;

(vii) sculptures;

(viii) any work of art;

(ix) bullion;

The Explanation inserted w-e.f. 1.10.2009 has the effect of defining the term ‘property’ for the purposes of the main provision contained in clause (vii) and now clause(x). The main clause deals with the property as well as immovable property. For reasons best known, the term immovable property is defined in a roundabout manner; instead of defining the term directly and independently, the same is defined while defining the term ‘property’. The possible reason could be that the legislature wanted to limit the meaning of the term to the ‘capital asset’ only besides for the term ‘property’. Be that it may be, it is clear to us that the meaning of the term is to be gathered from the Explanation to the clause (vii). There does not seem to be any other way for gathering the meaning of the term ‘immovable property’’; any attempt to confer the meaning independent of the Explanation, would make entry (i) of sub-item(d) of the Explanation otiose and therefore such an interpretation that makes some part of the law redundant should be avoided. On acceptance of this important rule of interpretation, the next step is to give meaning to the term ‘capital asset’ used in the opening part of sub-item (d) of the Explanation. It is clear that the opening part of the Explanation is meant to relate to all the entries (i) to (ix) in the said sub-item that included an ‘immovable property” besides many other entries. Where each of the entries, in order for it to be covered by the Explanation and the main provision, has to be a capital asset in the hands of the recipient; taking any other view is very difficult (if not impossible) and might lead to violation of the provision and the intention of the legislature.

By no means can it be said that the definition as provided above does not apply to sub-clause (b) of section 56(2)(x), which deals with the taxability in respect of the receipt of an immovable property. Therefore, the observation of the Ahmedabad bench of the tribunal in the case of Clayking Minerals LLP (supra) that the term ‘immovable property’ has not been defined in section 56(2) does not appear to be correct.

Having said that, the definition of the term ‘property’ as given in clause (d) of Explanation is required to be taken into consideration while interpreting sub-clause (b) of section 56(2)(x). The inevitable conclusion would be that the relevant portion of that definition, referring to ‘the following capital asset of the assessee’, would also apply in so far as the immovable property is concerned. Therefore, in order to create the charge of tax u/s. 56(2)(x) upon the receipt of the immovable property, it should first be in the nature of the capital asset of the assessee. The immovable property, which is not in the nature of the capital asset of the assessee, therefore will not come within the purview of section 56(2)(x). This position has been made clear by Chaturvedi & Pithisaria’s Income-tax Law, Volume 4 (sixth edition) p. 4796.

Now, the crux of the issue is whether the term ‘capital asset’ used here would be interpreted as defined in section 2(14) of the Act. Here, it would be worthwhile to refer to the Memorandum explaining the provisions of the Finance Bill, 2010 by which the concerned amendment was made, inserting the reference to the term ‘capital asset’. The relevant extract is reproduced below for reference –

The provisions of section 56(2)(vii) were introduced as a counter evasion mechanism to prevent laundering of unaccounted income under the garb of gifts, particularly after abolition of the Gift Tax Act. The provisions were intended to extend the tax net to such transactions in kind. The intent is not to tax the transactions entered into in the normal course of business or trade, the profits of which are taxable under specific head of income. It is, therefore, proposed to amend the definition of property so as to provide that section 56(2)(vii) will have application to the ‘property’ which is in the nature of a capital asset of the recipient and therefore would not apply to stock-in-trade, raw material and consumable stores of any business of such recipient.

It can be observed that the objective of the making the amendment was to exclude the transactions entered into in the normal course of business or trade i.e. transactions of stock-in-trade etc. from the purview of the taxability u/s. 56(2). It is with this intention that the amendment was made providing that the ‘property’ should be in the nature of a capital asset for applying the provisions of clause(vii) or (x).

Since the language of the provision is very clear and unambiguous and so is the intention spelt out by the memorandum, it is correct to cover only such immovable property that qualifies as a ‘capital asset’ while applying the provisions of clause (vii) or (x) of s.56(2) and in doing so the meaning of the term ‘capital asset’ should be gathered from s.2(14) as that is the only provision of the Act that defined the term for the purposes of the Act. The said term so defined in s.2(14) excludes an agricultural land and therefore the Jaipur bench was right in applying the provisions of s.2(14) while holding that the provisions of s.56(2)(vii) were not attracted on receipt of the agricultural land. Needless to say, the assessee is under onus to conclusively establish that the nature of the land was agricultural as held by the Ahmedabad bench of the tribunal.

Also, this provision is an anti-avoidance measure to check under-statement of consideration. Normally, under-statement of consideration is resorted to in order to avoid capital gains tax. Since capital gains on sale of agricultural land is not chargeable to tax, there is therefore no incentive to under-state the consideration. In a sense, therefore, applying this provision to the purchase of agricultural land may not have been intended. Please see Fitwell Logic Pvt. Ltd. 1 ITR(T) 286(Del.) and Ashok Soni, 102 TTJ (Del) 964; Navneet Kumar Thakkar, 112 TTJ (Jd) 76 : 298 ITR 42 (Jd) (AT) ; Kishan Kumar , 215 CTR (Raj) 181 and 315 ITR 204 (Raj) .

The Jaipur bench of the tribunal in the case of Yogesh Maheshwari vs. DCIT 187 ITD 618 (Jaipur), in paragraph 11 observed “Now, coming to the decision of Jaipur Bench of Tribunal in Trilok Chand Sain (supra), wherein provisions of cl. (b) of s. 56(2)(vii) of the Act were considered. However, they have failed to take into cognizance the provisions of cl. (c) of said section, which talks of property other than immovable property. The Tribunal in para 6 refers only to the definition of ‘immovable property’ and hold that it is not circumscribed or limited to any particular nature of property. However, cl. (c) very clearly talks of property other than immovable property and the word ‘property’ has further been defined under cl. (d) of Explanation thereunder. In the totality of the above said facts and circumstances, there is no merit in reliance placed upon by the learned Departmental Representative for the Revenue on the ratio laid down by Jaipur Bench of Tribunal in ITO vs. Trilok Chand Sain (supra). In view of clear-cut provisions of the Act, we find no merit in the orders of authorities below in making the aforesaid addition in the hands of assessee. The ground of appeal No.1 raised by assessee is thus, allowed.”

Therefore, the view taken by the Jaipur bench of the Tribunal in Prem Chand Jain’s case, and followed in numerous other ITAT decisions, seems to be the better view of the matter, that the provisions of section 56(2)(x) do not apply to receipt of agricultural land.

Announcement of Award Winners – BCA Journal

We are pleased to announce the recipients of the prestigious awards for the year 2024-2025 as follows:

I. JAL ERACH DASTUR AWARD FOR BEST ARTICLE

• Adv. Pankaj R. Toprani

Title: “Chamber Research by the Judges Post Conclusion of Hearing –Whether Justified?”

[This Article Published on page 39 of November 2024 issue of the BCAJ]

Please scan the QR code to access the PDF copy of this Article.

II. S. V. GHATALIA FOUNDATION FUND AWARD FOR BEST AUDIT ARTICLE

(1) CA Anand Paurana

Title: “Audit Trail Compliance in Accounting Software

[This Article Published on page 11 of December 2024 issue of the BCAJ]

Please scan the QR code to access the PDF copy of this Article.

(2) CA Kishor M. Parikh and Ms. Divya A. Khaire

Title: “Climate Change & Its Impact on Financial Statement”

[This Article Published on page 11 of Januaryy 2025 issue of the BCAJ]

Please scan the QR code to access the PDF copy of this Article.

III. JAL ERACH DASTUR AWARD FOR BEST FEATURE

CA Chandrashekar Vaze

Three Features Contributed by CA Vaze are as follows:

“Namaskaar”, “Ethics and You” and “Light Elements”

We congratulate all winners and appreciate their outstanding contributions and commitment.

BCA Journal Editorial Team

The AI Revolution in Indian Accounting: A Landscape Analysis and Future Trends

Authors’ note: Reference has been made to certain software/tools/websites in this article only to highlight what is happening in the world in the context of AI. We have no intention of marketing or promoting any of these software/tools/websites.

INTRODUCTION

The world is on the brink of an AI revolution, with artificial intelligence reshaping industries by automating decisions, optimising workflows, and learning new things from data more effectively than before. From healthcare and logistics to finance and education, AI is transforming traditional systems, and accounting is no exception. What was once a field dominated by meticulous, manual work is now being rapidly redefined by AI-driven automation and real-time insights. And it’s not just in big firms or flashy start-ups. From CA offices in Mumbai and Delhi to practitioners in Surat or Bhopal, AI is becoming a part of daily life.

Also, this isn’t just about using a new tool. It’s about learning a new way to think, work, and grow as professionals.

Accounting, by its very nature, is rule-based, repetitive, and highly structured, making it uniquely suited for AI disruption. Tasks like ledger reconciliations, invoice processing, and compliance checks, which once took hours, are now completed in seconds. Modern AI systems can not only automate these functions but also interpret complex data, flag anomalies, and provide strategic insights. India, with initiatives like Digital India, GSTN, and MCA 21 V3, is uniquely poised to lead this AI-driven transformation in accounting.

In the last 10 years, we have already seen how the government has taken giant leaps in terms of digitisation of various services. With AI, all these would be taken to a completely different level in the days to come.

With the increasing role of AI in our daily professional and personal lives, we Chartered Accountants need to understand the disruption that is taking place, accept it and adapt it in our practices. All of us must understand the fact that AI is here to stay and that merely knowing this fact would not be enough. We need to not only have knowledge about AI but also learn how to use it in our daily professional practice.

In the other articles that are carried in this special issue of BCAJ, specific issues are dealt with by the respective authors. In this article, we look at the ways in which AI is impacting accounting and accountants in general and how, because of that, our traditional CA practice areas would also be affected.

INSTITUTIONAL PUSH AND EMERGENCE OF CA GPT

Recognising this shift, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has actively supported the integration of AI in accounting. From recommending platforms like Quadratic AI and EasyRecon to supporting Smart GST AI Summarizer, ICAI is paving the way for AI adoption in practice. A landmark development is the emergence of CA GPT a generative AI model tailored for the Indian Chartered Accountancy domain. It can interpret tax laws, generate audit documentation, and provide client-friendly summaries, showcasing the transformative potential of AI for professionals. At the same time, like any other AI tool, the CA GPT will also need to be used with moderation and care. Data privacy of our clients must be protected at all costs. It may also be appropriate and/or necessary to disclose to our client(s) that we have used an AI tool while rendering a particular service to that client.
Further, the ICAI is also conducting certificate courses on AI. It is only a matter of time before which other professional bodies too follow suit and start offering such courses to their members.

AI-POWERED ACCOUNTING PLATFORMS

Platforms like Zoho Books and TallyPrime are revolutionising financial management. They learn patterns, spot errors, and keep your ledgers neat.

Zoho Books, for example, offers powerful automation features:

  •  Automates recurring tasks such as expense entries, invoice generation, and payment reminders.
  •  Enables custom workflows to update, notify, or validate data, improving day-to-day operational efficiency.
  •  Enhances payment collection through auto-charging mechanisms and smart follow-ups.TallyPrime is evolving with smart capabilities:
  •  Automates routine processes like invoice generation, bank reconciliation, and compliance reporting.
  •  Supports integration with procurement systems and e-commerce platforms for seamless data flow.
  •  Offers built-in smart assistants and extensibility via TDL (Tally definition language) code generation, empowering businesses to tailor workflows efficiently.

One compelling example lies in the reimagining of data entry within TallyPrime. Traditional manual data input, especially from invoices, is being phased out in favour of AI-powered automation. Whether invoices are received digitally or as paper copies, intelligent systems can now extract, validate, and enter
data directly into Tally, eliminating human error and saving time.

There are other software that read data from bank statements and then provide ready-made entries that can be imported into Tally along with narrations. Edit facility is obviously available before the actual import of data into Tally. And the efficiency of this software improves as it gets more experience of how you carry out the edits. Thus, mundane and repetitive tasks like accounting are slowly but steadily being taken over by intuitive AI tools.

AI is also transforming compliance. Tools for e-invoicing and GST reconciliation now automate invoice validation, data matching, and error detection, minimising compliance risks and enhancing accuracy. These systems are not just making tax filing easier; they are fundamentally redefining the role of financial professionals by shifting their focus from data handling to strategic decision-making.

AI-DRIVEN ANALYTICS AND SaaS INNOVATIONS

Beyond automation, AI helps us not only to predict what might happen in the future but also to suggest the best actions to take.

These tools help businesses anticipate cash flow needs, detect fraud, and make proactive financial decisions. SaaS-based platforms like RazorpayX, Credgenics, and ClearTax are pushing the boundaries even further:

  •  RazorpayX offers integrations with Zoho Books and Tally, enabling seamless syncing of accounting data.
  •  ClearTax has launched AI-assisted tax filing tools that provide real-time insights and automate compliance.
  •  Credgenics leverages AI for credit risk analysis and intelligent collections, streamlining financial operations.

GOVERNMENT AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

The CBDT has embraced data analytics to enhance tax enforcement and compliance. A notable initiative includes a comprehensive review of approximately 40,000 taxpayers to identify discrepancies in Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) filings for the financial years 2022-23 and 2023-24. This effort involves a detailed 16-step strategy leveraging data analytics to pinpoint irregularities and ensure tax compliance.

The MCA’s rollout of MCA21 Version 3.0 marks a significant step towards leveraging AI for corporate compliance and fraud detection. This upgraded portal incorporates advanced features such as e-Adjudication, e-Consultation, and Compliance Management, all aimed at strengthening enforcement and promoting ease of doing business. By integrating AI and machine learning capabilities, MCA21 Version 3.0 enhances the ministry’s ability to detect anomalies, monitor compliance, and facilitate real-time data analysis.

THE FUTURE OF AI IN ACCOUNTING

AI-Powered Virtual CFOs are reshaping SME finance by offering intelligent financial planning, budgeting, cash flow optimisation, and real-time forecasting—services once exclusive to large firms with full-time teams. Integrated with platforms like Zoho Books and TallyPrime, they provide live dashboards, alerts, and compliance updates, helping Indian SMEs make informed decisions at a fraction of the traditional cost.

Building on this, AI and Blockchain-enabled Smart Contracts are transforming financial transactions and audits. These contracts self-execute terms, reduce errors and fraud, and, with AI, can learn from past data, detect anomalies, and adapt dynamically—streamlining compliance and taxation workflows.

Meanwhile, predictive and prescriptive analytics are enabling precise forecasting of cash flows, tax risks, and fraud while recommending strategic actions. This shift is moving accountants from record-keepers to real-time advisors.

Finally, AI-powered audit tools like MindBridge AI and Deloitte’s Argus are revolutionising risk detection, using machine learning to uncover anomalies and fraud, fundamentally changing how audits are conducted.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to automate repetitive tasks such as data entry, reconciliations, and compliance checks, the role of Chartered Accountants (CAs) is undergoing a fundamental transformation. Traditional responsibilities are increasingly being handled by machines, compelling CAs to evolve from transactional number crunchers to strategic, tech-savvy professionals. Every traditional practice area of a CA is already and would be further impacted by the use of AI.

GST and compliances made easier

Whether it’s checking for ITC mismatches or sending reminders for upcoming filings, AI tools from platforms like ClearTax have become silent assistants for many mid-sized firms—even in smaller cities like Indore and Pune.

Audits are getting an upgrade

Instead of relying only on sampling, tools like MindBridge scans all the data, flagging unusual entries and helping us focus on where it really matters. It’s like having a microscope for your audit file.

Tax filing with a twist

Some platforms now auto-read your Form 26AS, AIS, and bank statements—and even suggest what deductions might apply. And yes, some can draft replies to scrutiny notices based on past cases. Scary or smart? Maybe both.

Smarter client conversations

Firms are building chatbots trained on their own advice and old case files. These bots answer common queries so that the team can focus on complex, value-added work.

In these very interesting and challenging times, to remain relevant, CAs must upskill in emerging areas such as Python, data analytics, and visualisation tools like Power BI, while also developing a working knowledge of AI and machine learning concepts.

This technological shift brings with it a new set of ethical challenges, including concerns around data privacy, algorithmic bias, and accountability for decisions made by AI systems. As a result, CAs will not only need to navigate these complexities but also advise clients on the responsible use of AI. In this regard, readers may read up on the recent news item about recalling of an ITAT order because it was passed based on submissions made by the DR who relied on AI tools to come up with case laws that never existed. Anyone who relies on AI must take proper care to recheck the facts / figures and verify whether what the AI tool is suggesting is factually correct or not.

Moreover, the profession is seeing the rise of new hybrid roles such as AI implementation consultants, forensic auditors using machine learning, and cyber risk advisors that combine financial expertise with technological fluency. Client expectations are also changing, with a growing demand for real-time insights, predictive analytics, and strategic financial advice. In this evolving landscape, CAs must adopt a forward-thinking mindset, repositioning themselves as financial strategists and trusted advisors who can bridge the gap between finance and technology.

Rise of Strategic Roles

CAs are moving from being ‘compliance experts’ to ‘financial interpreters’—drawing insights, foreseeing risks, and helping clients navigate financial futures rather than just recording the past.

Faster Turnarounds

With AI-enabled data entry and verification, turnaround time is dropping. Clients now expect real-time insights, not month-end reconciliations.

Democratisation of Expertise

AI tools are empowering even solo practitioners in small towns to offer insights once limited to Big 4 firms.

Cultural Shift: How Indian CAs Are Responding

The adoption of AI is uneven—but growing.

  •  Gen Z Articles and Young Partners are embracing tools like ChatGPT, Notion AI, Python scripts, and Airtable automation to optimise their workflows.
  •  Senior Partners are cautiously optimistic. While some see it as an opportunity, others worry about quality control, liability, and client trust.
  •  Training and ICAI Curriculum need to evolve faster. AI literacy must now be as foundational as Ind AS.

Interestingly, the firms leading this revolution are those that build cross-functional teams—pairing accountants with data scientists or assigning articles to innovation pods.

FUTURE TRENDS: WHAT THE NEXT 5 YEARS MAY HOLD

The AI wave is not cresting—it is still rising. Here’s what the future might look like:

1. Real-Time AI-Powered Audits

Blockchains and integrated ERP-AI models could enable continuous auditing—where anomalies are flagged the moment they occur.

2. Client-facing AI Tax Assistants

Imagine a WhatsApp bot that helps a small trader plan taxes, track invoices, and even file returns—all trained by a CA firm.

3. Algorithm Assurance Services

As businesses start relying on AI for decision-making, they will need CAs to audit the AI itself—ensuring it is fair, compliant, and explainable.

4. AI Co-pilots in Litigation & Representation

Drafting responses to show-cause notices or appeal memos with AI support will soon become standard.

5. Compliance-as-a-Service

Entire back offices for SMEs and start-ups may be run on AI-backed systems, with CAs providing periodic strategic oversight.

Ethical and Regulatory Considerations

This transformation must be accompanied by responsibility.

  •  Who is liable if AI makes a mistake?
  •  Should clients be informed when AI is used in their work?
  •  What regulatory framework is needed for AI audit tools?

As guardians of ethical practice, CAs must shape—not just follow—this debate. The ICAI should lead with a Code of Conduct for AI usage in the profession.

Conclusion

The AI revolution in Indian accounting is not a distant prospect; it is unfolding in real-time. While automation is changing the operational core of accounting, the real shift is strategic from compliance to insight, from recording history to predicting the future. CAs who embrace this shift and reinvent themselves will not just remain relevant they’ll lead.

AI is not the end of our profession. It is the rebirth of its most powerful version yet. This is not about man versus machine. It is about a man with a machine, serving better, faster, and with deeper insight.

Firms that embrace AI will not just survive—they will lead. CAs who upskill and reimagine their roles will not be replaced—they will redefine the profession.

And as we stand here, at this incredible intersection of tradition and transformation, we must ask ourselves:

“What kind of CA do I want to be by 2030?”


1 Assisted by Chaitanya Vora and Pranav Nargale, Articled Students

LLMs in Audit – A Double-Edged Algorithm

INTRODUCTION

The exuberance associated with artificial intelligence (“AI”) has seamlessly transcended the practice of auditing. Large Language Models (“LLMs”) are heralded as a transformative solution due to their apparent ability to infer and reason both structured and unstructured data. Traditional auditing applications, constrained by rules and structures, are inherently rigid and complex, requiring intricate coding skills to derive substantive insights. In contrast, LLMs appear to be sentient, with their ability to interpret simple natural language instructions. Their ability to perform various tasks, from complex data analysis to code generation, makes them a versatile, unified tool. A simple instruction can now accomplish what previously required multiple applications and data analysis expertise.

This apparent ease of use and accessibility has made LLMs attractive to auditors seeking efficiency and potentially offers smaller audit firms an economical means to bridge their technology gap with larger competitors. As such, it is not surprising that most auditors intend to use LLMs1. However, the use of LLMs for audits may be fraught with risks, particularly when they are used in relation to matters that involve professional judgement. This article seeks to explore these issues.


1 “Audit Survey 2024”, Thomson Reuters Institute, https://www.thomsonreuters.com
/en-us/posts/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/06/2024-Audit-Survey.pdf, 
Last Accessed on April 7, 2025.

BEYOND RULES: THE PROBABILISTIC NATURE OF LLMs

AI encompasses a wide range of technologies, including robotic process automation and machine learning (“RPA/ML”), which auditors have long leveraged. However, LLMs represent a fundamental shift in this landscape. Unlike RPA/ML systems, which are deterministic and bound by rules programmed by humans, LLMs are probabilistic – a feature enabling them to generate unique content. To use an analogy, RPA/ML is comparable to agreed-upon procedures where specific predetermined steps are undertaken within a tightly structured framework. LLMs function more like a statutory audit by operating within a broad framework with significant discretion in execution.

Unlike human auditors, who rely on professional judgment developed through education, experience, and reasoning, LLMs operate fundamentally as sophisticated pattern recognition systems. At their core, LLMs are probabilistic prediction engines that determine the most statistically likely response based on patterns observed in their training data rather than genuine understanding or reasoning.

When an auditor prompts an LLM with a question or instruction, it calculates probability distributions across its vocabulary, essentially “guessing” which words should follow based on the observed statistical patterns. This process fundamentally differs from human cognitive thinking, which involves causal reasoning, domain expertise, professional skepticism, and ethical judgment. Their ability to produce coherent text arises from identifying and encoding textual patterns as numerical “weights,” parameters reflecting statistical relationships among words, sentences, and broader textual contexts. Think of a parameter as something that demonstrates a connection between two facets of a word, concept, or idea. Recent LLMs have hundreds of billions of parameters. For example, the DeepSeek V3 model has 671 billion parameters2.


 2 “DeepSeek explained: Everything you need to know”, February 6, 2025, 
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/DeepSeek-explained-Everything-you-need-to-know, 
Last Accessed on April 7, 2025.

LLMs derive their knowledge from the data on which they have been trained. General purpose LLMs like ChatGPT and DeepSeek are trained on generalised information (primarily sourced from the Internet) and possess broad knowledge across various topics. Specialised LLMs, in contrast, are trained on specific data sets, making them more reliable in those particular domains. For instance, LLMs trained on legal material demonstrate greater accuracy on legal topics compared to general-purpose models like ChatGPT3. This distinction holds critical implications for auditing, where domain-specific knowledge of accounting standards, regulatory requirements, and industry practices is essential for practical professional judgement.


3  “AI on Trial: Legal Models Hallucinate in 1 out of 6 (or More) Benchmarking Queries”, May 23, 2024, 
https://hai.stanford.edu/news/ai-trial-legal-models-hallucinate-1-out-6-or-more-benchmarking-queries, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2024

CONVERGENCE OF LLMs AND AUDIT PROCEDURES

The foundation of auditing rests on the pillars of professional judgement.4 and skepticism5, where auditors are required to apply requisite skills and knowledge in decisions related to an audit while being wary of factors that could lead to misstatement. Standards on Auditing (“SA”) mandate the application of these principles throughout the audit process.6 with particular emphasis on critical stages such as risk assessment7, determining materiality8 and conducting substantive audit procedures9. Contrary to the widespread notion that auditors primarily focus on financial metrics, the SAs require consideration of non-financial elements, such as governance structures, economic conditions, enterprise risks, and internal controls, as may be relevant while applying professional judgement.


4  Paragraph 13(k) of SA 200 - Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and 
the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards on Auditing (“SA 200”)

5 Paragraph 13(j) of SA 200 - Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and 
the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards on Auditing (“SA 200”)

6 Paragraph 15 and 16 of SA 200 - Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and 
the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards on Auditing (“SA 200”)

7 Paragraph A1 of SA 315 - Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement 
Through Understanding the Entity and its Environment (“SA 315”)

8 Paragraph 4 read with Paragraph A2 of SA 320 – Materiality in Planning
 and Performing an Audit (“SA 320”)

9 Paragraph 4 SA 520 – Analytical Procedures (“SA 520”)

LLMs seem attractive in this context, as they can process and analyse numeric and textual data, potentially enabling auditors to adopt a more rigorous and comprehensive approach. ICAI-led initiatives10 and use cases hosted on the ICAI website suggest that LLMs can be utilised for tasks such as risk assessments11, formulating audit procedures12, analytical procedures, fraud detection, and reporting (“LLM Use Cases”), where professional judgment and skepticism are crucial.


10 “Inviting AI Research Paper Submission at AI Innovation Summit 2025,”
 https://ai.icai.org/ais2025/research_paper.php, Last Accessed on April 7, 2025.

11 “Grand Finale AI Hackathon (S1) UC-5 | AI in Auditing”, September 23, 2024,
 https://ai.icai.org/video_details.php?id=348, Last Accessed on April 7, 2025.

12 “Enhancing Auditing Through AI: A Comprehensive Use Case of AI, Audit and
 Governance with ChatGPT Plus (4o)”, https://ai.icai.org/usecases_details.php?id=4, Last Accessed on April 7, 2025.

CONFIDENTIALITY IN LLMs: A MIRAGE

However, an LLM’s output not informed by confidential and/or unpublished information (“Classified Data”) risks being irrelevant as SAs mandate that auditors should consider non-Classified Data. For instance, decisions relating to risk assessment, materiality, and corresponding audit procedures must be made in conjunction with analysing unpublished financials. However, providing Classified Data to LLMs could potentially breach the auditor’s confidentiality obligations under the ICAI’s Code of Ethics13 and SEBI’s Prohibition of Insider Trading Regulations14 (“PIT”).


13  Refer Section 100.4(d) of ICAI’s Code of Ethics.

14  Refer Clause 3(1) of SEBI’s Prohibition of Insider Trading Regulations, 2015,

This risk is accentuated as the Classified Data may be accessible to other users by design.15 (i.e. used by the LLM to train itself) or inadvertently16 (e.g. data breaches), thereby broadening the exposure. Notably, Samsung has banned the use of LLMs after its employees uploaded sensitive data.17 While these risks can be mitigated by instituting curated access controls or using a secure offline LLM, such solutions are costly and complex.18 And would be infeasible for smaller audit firms who may default to general-purpose LLMs like ChatGPT.


15 “How your data is used to improve model performance”, 
Open AI, https://help.openai.com/en/articles/
5722486-how-your-data-is-used-to-improve-model-performance, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2025

16 “Hundreds of LLM Servers Expose Corporate, Health & Other Online Data”,
 August 28, 2024, https://www.darkreading.com/application-security/
hundreds-of-llm-servers-expose-corporate-health-and-other-online-data,
 Last Accessed on April 4, 2025.

17 "Samsung bans staff’s AI use after spotting ChatGPT data leak”, November 21, 2024,
 https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/samsung-bans-staff-s-ai-use-after-spotting-chatgpt-data-leak, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2025

18 “Should You Use a Local LLM? 9 Pros and Cons”, October 24, 2023, 
https://www.makeuseof.com/should-you-use-local-llms/, Last Accessed on April 8, 2025

Consequently, auditors face an untenable choice: rely on generic and formulaic LLM outputs that exclude critical Classified Data or risk violating professional and regulatory standards by sharing Classified Data with LLMs.

EXPLAINING LLMs’ DECISIONS: A SISYPHEAN TASK

Assuming an auditor has instituted sufficient guardrails to negate the risk of leakage of Classified Data, LLMs pose another challenge. With their billions of parameters, LLMs lack explainability. Unlike traditional audit methodologies, where each step can be documented and justified, it is impossible to analyse the computational steps of an LLM and, therefore, understand the underlying correlation, accuracy, and relevancy between a prompt and the output. For example, an LLM cannot explain why it recommended a particular work procedure or course of action. While one can comprehend the logical accuracy of a response through one’s knowledge and experience, this approach will be infeasible in intricate problems that involve consideration of multiple complex factors.
SA 230—Audit Documentation underscores the importance of articulating the basis for professional judgment, which requires auditors to document the rationale and basis for significant audit matters19.


19 Refer Paragraph 8(c.) of SA 230 – Audit Documentation

Their probabilistic nature compounds this issue. LLMs provide different responses for the same instruction, bias, and their propensity to “hallucinate,” i.e., generate incorrect responses, is well documented. To illustrate these fallacies in an audit context, we queried20 ICAI’s AASB GPT regarding an auditor’s obligations when informed about an established fraud exceeding ₹1 Crore in a ‘limited company”. While superficially accurate, the response contained critical errors.


20 https://chatgpt.com/g/g-QpYe5htDG-icai-aasb-gpt/c/67f91b6b-82bc-8008-abbd-b82ea27a8a43
  •  It universally mandated reporting the fraud to the Central Government under Section 143(12) of the Companies Act, 2013, directly contradicting ICAI’s guidance21 that reporting obligations do not arise when management identifies the fraud. This recommendation would only be correct for listed companies (per NFRA’s 2023 circular22), but the query didn’t specify the company type. By failing to reference the NFRA circular while recommending universal reporting, AASB GPT effectively contradicted ICAI’s official position.
  •  The response incorrectly enumerated “Guidance Note on Audit of Banks (2025 Edition)” as the source document.
    This combination of explainability and output inconsistency creates a fundamental conflict with audit standards that demand transparency, consistency, and justifiable professional judgment. ICAI23 as well as general-purpose LLMs like ChatGPT24, explicitly disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy or correctness of the LLM’s output or the consequences arising therefrom, underscoring this technology’s inherent frailty. As such, attributing an audit error to an LLM would amplify the grounds for professional negligence, as this would be akin to a surgeon blaming their scalpel for a surgical error, or more precisely, blaming an untested experimental medical device that came with explicit warnings against relying on it for critical procedures. The auditor’s decision to delegate professional judgment to a technology explicitly designed without accountability mechanisms represents not merely an error in professional practice but a conscious circumvention of established standards designed to protect the integrity of the audit process.

21 Paragraph V of Part A of ICAI’s Guidance Note on Reporting on Fraud 
under Section 143(12) of the Companies Act, 2013 (Revised 2016),
 https://resource.cdn.icai.org/41297aasb-gn-fraud-revised.pdf,

22  NFRA’s circular dated June 26, 2023, 
https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ad76f2326fbc6b56a45a56c59fafdb/uploads/2023/06/2023062673.pdf,
 Last Accessed on April 8, 2025

23 Disclaimer on ICAI’s GPT, https://ai.icai.org/cagpt/gptlist.php, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2025.

24 Open AI – Terms of Use, December 11, 2024, https://openai.com/policies/row-terms-of-use/, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2025.

LLM DEPENDENCY – A SLIPPERY SLOPE

While technology has ushered in a range of benefits, overuse and overreliance on technology are common outcomes, leading to issues such as a decline in cognitive abilities25. This cognitive offloading, where we increasingly rely on technology to perform mental tasks, has become so pervasive that many can no longer function without it. Consider how few people today can recall phone numbers from memory, having delegated this cognitive function entirely to their devices. This dependency manifests gradually and results in unconscious self-reinforcing dependency.


25 “The impact of digital technology, 
social media, and artificial intelligence on cognitive functions: 
a review”. November 24, 2023, 
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cognition/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1203077/full, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2025.

The risk of over-reliance on LLMs is significantly higher, that humans may subconsciously defer to LLMs. Compared to conventional technology tools based on data analytics or RPA/ML, which are bound by rules and need human oversight, LLMs provide a comprehensive solution for nearly any query or task in a simple interface. This ease of use and all-around functionality amplify the risk of cognitive offloading, and research supports this assertion26. A study conducted across different age groups suggests that an increase in AI usage is correlated with a decline in critical thinking skills, and this decline was markedly increased in young participants. In a recent case, a bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal passed an order based on cases that did not exist, suggesting that the underlying submissions were generated using ChatGPT27.


26 “Increased AI use linked to eroding critical thinking skills”, January 13, 2025,
https://phys.org/news/2025-01-ai-linked-eroding-critical-skills.html, Last Accessed on April 8, 2025.

27 “Bengaluru Tax Tribunal issued order based on ChatGPT research on cases that didn’t exist, 
recalls after finding out”, February 26, 2025, 
https://www.opindia.com/2025/02/bengaluru-tax-tribunal-issued-order-based-on-chatgpt-research-on-cases-that-didnt-exist/, 
Last Accessed on April 8, 2025.

While LLMs project an aura of omniscience, their responses, particularly from general-purpose models like ChatGPT, are inherently generalised answers derived primarily from publicly available data. This statistical approach fundamentally differs from the targeted domain expertise that SAs require auditors to apply28. For instance, an auditor evaluating a pharmaceutical company’s research and development capitalisation policy needs specialised knowledge of industry practices and applicable accounting standards. LLMs may generate plausible-sounding responses that miss crucial industry-specific considerations or regulatory nuances that would be evident to a seasoned professional.


28 Refer Paragraph A24 of SA 200 - Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor 
and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards on Auditing

This has profound implications as auditors may become complacent and overly dependent on LLM-generated insights without applying their professional judgment. When auditors rely on an LLM’s output without understanding its derivation, they effectively delegate their professional judgment to an opaque system that cannot be interrogated about its methodology or assumptions. This delegation potentially undermines the very essence of SAs. In other words, blindly relying on an LLM’s output without critically assessing its relevance, reliability, and appropriateness for the specific audit context would be a failure to exercise professional judgment.

CONCLUSION:

It is undisputed that LLMs can enhance and supplement auditing. Their demonstrated use across different specialised domains, such as finance and medicine, suggests that LLMs can be equally deployed for auditing. However, the emergence of LLMs in auditing represents a double-edged sword that demands careful consideration.

While they offer unprecedented capabilities in processing diverse data, their usage in context may be fundamentally inconsistent with core auditing principles. The inability to incorporate Classified Data without confidentiality risks and their inherent lack of explainability and consistency creates significant tensions with professional standards requiring documented, transparent judgment. Auditors who over-rely on LLMs risk compromising audit quality and potentially breaching their professional obligations under SAs and regulatory frameworks. The distinction between leveraging LLMs as supplementary tools versus delegating professional judgment to them will likely become a critical benchmark in determining professional negligence.

While regulators strive to define rules and guidelines on this vexing issue, maintaining and demonstrating the primacy of human judgement, particularly at critical junctures requiring skepticism and professional expertise, is paramount. Auditors must approach LLM adoption with clear guardrails that preserve their ultimate judgement, documentation, and compliance with SAs.

Challenges and Considerations of AI Adoption (Issues in Ethics, Privacy, Dependency)

AI tools are gradually finding a place in audits, tax work, and compliance reviews. Their appeal lies in speed and automation — but the risks, if ignored, can be operationally and reputationally damaging. This article examines the real-world challenges of AI in professional practice and argues for a disciplined, evidence-based adoption strategy — emphasising human supervision and strong procedural checks.

In June 2024, the ICAI published the results of an online survey on the use of AI within CA firms. Results showed that adoption is still limited, with most respondents expressing concerns about the cost of tools, unclear benefits, and a lack of AI knowledge. The response trend clearly indicates that the profession remains cautious—not because of resistance to technology, but due to practical concerns about reliability and control.

Consider this: an AI tool can scan and index over 1,000 judicial tax rulings in under five minutes. But if it confidently misapplies a case law and uses it in the wrong context for a client matter, the repercussions are real and potentially damaging. This is not just a technical flaw—it’s a professional liability.

The idea isn’t to avoid using AI, but to use it with clear limits and constant human oversight. It shouldn’t be a trial-and-error approach—AI must be handled like any high-risk tool, with proper checks and controls in place.

A January 2025 study by Wolters Kluwer1 based on insights from 2300 global participants revealed that :

  •  57% of accounting professionals view AI advancements as a significant industry influencer.
  • 27% of firms have integrated generative AI into their workflows, with an additional 22% planning adoption within the next 12 to 18 months.
  •  Only 25% have established AI policies, and concerns about data security, accuracy, and implementation costs persist.

[1] 1 https://www.theaccountant-online.com/news/wolters-kluwer-releases-study/?cf-view

The survey indicates that although there is significant global interest in AI technology, its adoption remains limited, with most taking a cautious approach.

Against this backdrop, the article delves into the primary ethical, privacy, and dependency challenges of AI—and highlights what every forward-thinking CA should consider before embracing it.

HALLUCINATION CHALLENGE

AI hallucinations—where AI tools produce seemingly credible but false information—present serious risks in our work. These errors can lead to incorrect financial analyses, misguided tax advice, and flawed audit conclusions.

Case Study: ITAT Bengaluru’s Erroneous Order2

In December 2024, the Bengaluru bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) issued an order in the case of Buckeye Trust vs. PCIT, which cited three Supreme Court judgments and one Madras High Court ruling. Subsequent scrutiny revealed that these citations / judgements were non-existent, raising concerns about the possible use of AI tools like ChatGPT in drafting the order. The ITAT revoked the order within a week, citing “inadvertent errors,” and scheduled a fresh hearing.

This incident highlights the biggest challenge of AI adoption: accuracy and reliability. AI tools can hallucinate information, generating details or facts that seem convincing but are entirely fabricated.

However, despite these inherent limitations, several scientific approaches can significantly reduce hallucination. For example, using well-crafted prompts, connecting the model to verified external information sources, i.e. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). Additionally, custom-trained models can be developed for specific domains to improve performance in specialised areas.


2 https://counselvise.com/blogs/ai-hallucination-itat-buckeye-trust

ACCURACY CHALLENGE

When we use traditional accounting or tax software, the results are predictable. The same input always gives the same output—this is called a deterministic system. For example, if you enter income and deductions into a trusted tax filing software, it will compute the same tax every single time.

But AI systems don’t work like that. Most large language models (LLMs), like those used in AI assistants, are probabilistic. This means the output can vary slightly each time, even for the same question, depending on how it interprets the context. This makes it difficult to guarantee accuracy—especially for tasks like tax calculations, legal interpretations, or audit reporting.

So, how do we know if an AI model is reliable enough to be used in CA practice?

How AI Accuracy is Measured: Benchmarking

AI benchmarking is like a test or exam for AI models. Experts feed the model a large set of carefully designed questions and see how well it performs. These tests help us compare different models and understand where they are strong—or weak.

One of the most relevant benchmarks for our profession is Tax Eval V2, released in May 2025. It includes over 1,500 questions prepared by tax and law experts, covering:

  •  Tax compliance,
  •  Case law reasoning,
  •  Critical thinking in tax scenarios,
  •  Interpretation of tax statutes.

Each model is scored based on whether the final answer is correct and whether the reasoning steps are sound. Here’s how the top AI models performed:

These are top-tier models—and yet, they still get about 20% of tax questions wrong. That’s not acceptable if you’re relying on them for filings, opinions, or representations before authorities.

Source: https://www.vals.ai/benchmarks/tax_eval_v2-05-30-2025

How AI Stacks Up Against Humans

Another interesting study3, compared AI tools with human lawyers across seven real-world legal tasks. The findings help us understand where AI shines—and where it still struggles

This tells us something important: AI is very good at fast, structured tasks. But when precision, legal nuance, or contextual interpretation is needed, human judgment still outperforms.


3 https://www.vals.ai/vlair

What This Means for CAs

Accuracy is not optional in our profession—it’s mandatory. Whether it’s for audit work, return filings, or drafting submissions, we are responsible for what goes out with our name on it. If you’re using AI, ask:

  •  Has this tool been tested for CA use cases?
  •  Is the output verifiable and consistent? What is the source of output?
  •  Is a CA reviewing the output before it’s final?

AI can assist—but not replace—your professional judgment. Not until it can consistently hit 100% accuracy. And as of now, no model comes close.

ETHICAL CHALLENGES

Transparency and Explainability

AI systems must earn the trust of professionals. That starts with transparency—knowing what data the model learned from and how it arrives at a particular conclusion. But transparency alone isn’t enough. What we also need is explainability: the ability of the AI to justify its answer in a way that’s understandable and logical.

If an AI model behaves like a black box—giving you an answer without showing how it got there—it becomes impossible to audit or rely on it. This is especially dangerous in regulated fields like tax, audit, and financial reporting.

Example: Capital Gains Query

Query:

What is the rate of capital gains tax on equity shares purchased 15 months ago and sold on NSE?

Answer A (Black Box Response):

“The rate is 12.5% on gains exceeding ₹1,25,000 per financial year.”

No section is cited. No explanation of other relevant conditions.

Answer B (Explainable Response):

“As per the Income Tax Act, listed equity shares held for more than 12 months qualify as long-term capital assets. Since these were held for 15 months, gains are long-term. Under Section 112A, if STT was paid on both purchase and sale, LTCG on such equity shares is taxed at 12.5% for transfers on or after July 23, 2024 (Finance Act 2024). LTCG up to ₹1,25,000 is exempt. Indexation under Section 48 is not allowed. Surcharge and 4% HEC are additionally applicable.”

While giving Answer A, LLM models behaved as a black box, i.e. did not disclose sources and provide explanations for output. Answer B, on the other hand, gave a step-by-step explanation and cited proper Sections. So, Answer B passes the test of Explainable AI.

This is the kind of explanation a CA would expect. Step-by-step reasoning, proper references, conditionality, and full scope of implications.

Bias and Fairness in Algorithms

AI bias is not always visible—but it can have real-world consequences. If the data used to train an AI model reflects past discrimination or blind spots, the model will carry that forward. This is especially dangerous when used for decisions involving people—like fraud detection or internal audit flags.

Example

A company created an AI system to detect fraudulent expense claims by employees. The model was trained on past incidences of such claims.

Same expense. Different scores. Why?
The model had learned from a biased audit history—where scrutiny was disproportionately applied to junior employees from Tier 2/3 cities. The result: the AI repeated and amplified that bias.
Such systemic errors aren’t just unfair—they can damage employee trust, expose firms to HR and legal risk, and weaken the credibility of internal control systems.

Professional Integrity

Professionals are trusted and respected for their high standards of accountability, independence and judgement. This is the result of their intensive training and knowledge. However, when AI tools are used for generating advice, interpreting laws or drafting legal submissions without sufficient oversight, there is a risk of diluting this trust by delegating the core tasks to machines.

A Utah lawyer was sanctioned by the state Court of Appeals after filing a legal brief containing false case citation that were fabricated by ChatGPT. The brief was authored by one of the law clerks. Hence, the lawyer took full responsibility, acknowledging he neglected his duty to verify the AI-generated research before submission. This serves as a reminder that professional accountability in law remains human.5


5 https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/31/utah-lawyer-chatgpt-ai-court-brief

PRIVACY CHALLENGES

Privacy with AI tools is a major worry, especially for jobs that deal with private client information, financial records, or legal documents. When you use AI, your sensitive data often gets processed or stored on internet servers, which creates risks of hackers accessing it, misuse, or information leaks. Many AI tools—particularly free ones—might keep and use your data to improve their systems unless you specifically tell them not to. Organisations need to make sure any AI tool they use follows privacy laws like GDPR in Europe, India’s data protection rules, or specific confidentiality requirements for their industry.

Case Study: Sage Group’s AI Assistant Mishap4

In early 2025, Sage Group, a UK-based accounting software provider, faced issues with its AI assistant, Sage Copilot. The tool inadvertently disclosed business information related to other clients during routine invoice lookups. Although no sensitive data was exposed, the incident highlighted deficiencies in access controls and data isolation, emphasising the need for robust safeguards in AI deployments within accounting systems.


4 https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/20/sage_copilot_data_issue/

Case Study: DeepSeek AI

DeepSeek – a Chinese AI company, rose to sudden fame when they launched their model DeepSeek-R1 in Jan 2025. The company claimed to cost 95% cheaper than OpenAI’s ChatGPT and required 1/10 of computing power as compared to META, yet offers a similar quality of response. However, within a short period, the Government and corporates of several countries (Italy, South Korea, the US and Australia) blocked, prohibited or advised against using DeepSeek. The ban was based on data privacy and security risks associated with the model’s origin and usage.

Data Collection and Consent

Before you upload a file or data to an AI tool, you must clearly understand

  •  Is your data stored permanently on their servers? If not, then what is the retention period?
  •  Is the uploaded data accessible to any support staff in their organisation?
  •  Is your data used for training the model?

Here is a comparison of two commonly used AI Chatbots

ORGANISATIONAL CHALLENGES

Accountability and Professional Liability

AI technologies serve as valuable support tools for tasks like drafting and analysis, but ultimate accountability belongs to the qualified professional who validates and endorses the results. AI technologies cannot face legal consequences, leaving humans fully responsible for mistakes and omissions.

In Nov 2022, Jake Moffatt used Chatbot on the Air Canada website and sought information about bereavement fares for a last-minute trip to attend his grandmother’s funeral. The airline’s chatbot informed him that he could apply for a bereavement fare refund within 90 days of ticket issuance, even after travel had occurred. Later, the airlines rejected the claim, citing the actual rule mentioned on the website that requires bereavement fare requests to be made prior to travel. British Columbia Civil Resolution Tribunal rejected these arguments, stating that the airline is responsible for all information given by the Chatbot.6


6 https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240222-air-canada-chatbot-misinformation-what-travellers-should-know

This and many such cases emphasise that companies and professionals are responsible for the output given by their AI systems.

HUMAN CHALLENGES

Skills Gap and Upskilling Needs

Adopting AI requires a basic understanding of

  •  How LLMs are created and how they generate response
  •  Selecting the right AI tools
  •  Identifying and mitigating risks associated with AI responses
  •  Adhering to data privacy regulations

AI tools have existed for more than two years. Even though chartered accountants and their teams are very aware of this technology and the many tools available, they still need to improve their skills. ICAI has been regularly conducting a Certificate Course on AI ( AICA-Level-1). As per estimates, about 20,000 CAs have taken this course so far, which is just 5% of the total number.

Addressing these skill gaps through structured training, certification programs, workshops, and continuous professional education can significantly enhance AI adoption.

Resistance to Change and Fear of Job Displacement

Leaders across the world are divided about the impact of AI on jobs. While some warn that AI could eliminate substantial white-collar jobs in the near future, others are optimistic about the technology transforming current jobs rather than eliminating them.

The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 indicates that 40% of employers anticipate workforce reductions in areas where AI can automate tasks. This trend is particularly affecting entry-level positions, as AI increasingly handles tasks traditionally assigned to junior staff, potentially limiting early career opportunities.7


7 https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/

There are regular news stories about lay-offs by tech companies across the world, partially driven by AI adoption. This is causing anxiety among people, and they tend to avoid AI tools.

DEPENDENCY CHALLENGES

When AI tools become more powerful and user-friendly, there’s a danger that professionals will depend on them too heavily. This could lead to machines handling critical thinking and ethical choices that humans should make, potentially weakening professional abilities.

Several taxpayers in Ontario received tax demands and penalties from the Canada Revenue Authority for incorrect Child Tax Care Credit. They had relied on TurboTax software to file their tax returns and relied on its computation. No CPA cared to verify the calculation.8


8 https://globalnews.ca/news/11128974/turbotax-ontario-cra-audits/

Skill Atrophy

This refers to the gradual loss of human skills due to over reliance on automation and now on AI tools. There are fears that the professionals will stop practising key tasks requiring analytical or decision-making skills, thereby deferring human judgements to machines.

A pertinent example of skill atrophy is about commercial pilots – who heavily rely on flight autopilot systems. It has been regularly reported that over-reliance on automation has led to atrophy in manual flying skills. The regulators are now emphasising the importance of manual flying skills.
In the context of tax practice, drafting is considered as an intellectual craft among tax practitioners. Several lawyers and CAs are known for their distinguished style of legal drafting, where each clause reflects careful anticipation of risk, future disputes and the nuanced intent of the parties involved.

As AI tools make drafting a routine automated task, younger professionals may never be able to develop the instinct and depth required for sophisticated legal drafting.

Loss of Institutional Memory

Even now, senior legal counsels pass down case strategies, negotiation skills and interpretation of complex legal clauses through hands-on mentorship and formal/ informal internal notes. This process forms the backbone of consistent standing in the market across years and throughout leadership changes. Over-reliance on AI tools may disconnect and harm a firm’s legal heritage.

AI ADOPTION

With all these challenges outlined above, should a CA firm stay away from AI tools altogether or embrace them? Staying away is no option at all. As AI technology evolves and makes strides, it will be impossible to stay away and remain competitive.

Balanced adoption: Human + AI = Augmented Intelligence

The ideal approach for any firm is to strike a balance between AI capabilities and human judgment. AI tools should be considered valuable for augmenting human expertise. For example, during the audit, an AI tool may flag unusual journal entries or patterns in financial data across multiple subsidiaries within seconds—but it takes an experienced auditor to determine whether those anomalies are due to fraud, error, or legitimate business reasons.

Phased Implementation and Clear Objectives

Jumping into full-scale automation without a defined purpose often leads to inefficiencies, employee resistance, and misaligned outcomes.

There are certain areas where AI tools can bring speed and reasonable amounts of precision; such areas should be the first to be implemented. Later, more complex areas can be considered. Each phase should have measurable goals, like reducing turnaround time, and must include feedback loops for refinement. This approach not only builds internal confidence and capability but also allows teams to adapt culturally and technically.

Investing in People and Culture

For AI adoption to succeed sustainably, investing in people and culture is as important as investing in technology. Even the most advanced AI tools will fail to deliver value if the workforce is not prepared, engaged, and aligned with the transformation.

Employees should be encouraged to upskill themselves to utilise the power and understand limitations of the AI technology.

Strategic Tool Selection

The selection of a proper tool is very important for AI adoption to work smoothly.

  1.  Ensure that the tool fits the functional requirements and performs accurately on real-world test cases. Example: A Tax research tool should be able to present a comprehensive note on a given question, considering all relevant legal provisions, case laws and expert commentaries.
  2.  Verify that the tool offers clear reasoning and citations for the output i.e. should follow explainable AI principles. In the above example, in the output, the response must contain specific references to the sections, rules, notifications and citations used for generating the response.
  3.  Data Protection and Privacy: Check the tools provide strong encryption during data transmission. Do not use data for model training / other purposes without consent and compliance with data protection laws.
  4.  The ROI can be justified with measured success criteria, e.g. time-saving.

CONCLUSION

Looking at this comprehensive analysis of AI adoption challenges in professional practice, the path forward is clear: cautious optimism paired with strategic implementation. While AI tools present significant risks around accuracy, bias, privacy, and over-dependence, completely avoiding them is not a viable competitive strategy.

The key lies in treating AI as an intelligent assistant rather than a replacement for professional judgment, maintaining human oversight at every critical decision point, and investing equally in technology and people.

Success requires a phased approach that begins with lower-risk applications, establishes robust verification processes, and builds organisational capability through continuous learning and cultural adaptation.

Paradigm Shift in Drafting of Various Documents in Chartered Accountants’ Office Using Artificial Intelligence

“Tools maketh man. With tools he is everything, without tools he is nothing.” Thomas Carlyle, in Sartor Resartus, circa 1834

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, tools equipped with generative and assistive AI technologies have moved from the fringes into mainstream professional services. Chartered Accountants (CAs) are increasingly leveraging AI to transform how they draft, review, and finalise critical documents—from audit reports to tax opinions. This shift is not merely technological; it represents a fundamental change in workflows, skill sets, and value propositions for CA firms. This article explores that paradigm shift, drawing on industry surveys, flagship initiatives by major firms, and practical implementation guidance. Most importantly, it also identifies the AI edge and shortcomings when such AI technologies are used as tools in drafting, reinventing the drafting process flow.

CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO DOCUMENT DRAFTING

Traditionally, drafting financial statements, audit opinions, limited review reports, tax submissions, board minutes, etc. has been mostly manual; a mix of labour and skill intensive process. CAs and their teams spend countless hours researching regulations, formatting disclosures, ensuring consistency, and tailoring wording to each client’s facts. Key steps included:

  •  Manual Template Updates: Maintaining Word/Excel templates with standardised language.
  •  Regulation Research: Manually searching for the latest standards or tax provisions.
  •  Drafting and Review: Repeated back-and-forth between juniors and seniors for completeness, accuracy and tone.
  •  Compliance Checks: Ensuring all disclosures meet statutory and professional requirements.

While this approach has served the profession for decades, it often led to bottlenecks, inconsistencies, mistakes and high costs—particularly during peak season. Enter AI.

OVERVIEW OF AI TECHNOLOGIES

Modern drafting tools have evolved to address challenges and limitations of conventional approach. These tools are built on one or more technologies that are Key AI components; these include:

  •  Natural Language Processing (NLP)
    Enables machines to understand and generate human-like text, improving grammar, tone, and context.
  •  Generative AI / Large Language Models (LLMs)
    Models such as GPT-4 can produce full-length narratives—like audit report sections—based on prompts.
  •  Machine Learning (ML)
    Learns from past document versions to suggest consistent phrasing and identify anomalies.
  •  Advanced Search & Knowledge Graphs
    Allow quick retrieval of relevant regulations or precedent documents.
  •  Conversational AI / Chatbots
    Provide on-demand assistance, summarise complex guidance, and automate routine queries.

With these capabilities, AI can draft first drafts, propose edits, extract key data, and even format entire documents—all under human oversight. Besides the popular and general-purpose AI tools like ChatGPT and Perplexity, some AI tools that have particularly found adoption for drafting include Claude, Gemini, Legalfly, and Gavel. Although most of these offer both free and subscribed versions, readers are encouraged to use subscribed version in order to harness their full capabilities.

AI IN DRAFTING: CORE APPLICATIONS

Audit Proposals, Observations and Reports

AI tools can generate complete proposals for Internal / Special purpose audits, given the financial statements or other relevant documents as inputs. It can also suggest fees for the proposed engagement, by identifying and comparing fees for similar engagements that may have been used in its training.

Feed an AI with data from Purchase or Sales register and it can identify an exhaustive list of high-risk transactions along with possible control deficiencies in client’s internal control system. Your audit observations are ready for management comments!

AI tools can generate sections of audit reports—such as Qualified Opinion, Emphasis of Matter, and Key Audit Matters—by analysing trial balance data, risk assessments, and fixed-asset registers. Similarly, AI tools can draft the “Basis for Opinion” section, reducing manual write-ups by up to 50%.

Financial Statements and Notes

Disclosures (e.g., related party transactions, impending litigation, asset impairments) often require standardised wording. AI can fill templates with client-specific numbers, adjust narratives based on materiality thresholds, and update references when accounting standards change.

Tax Returns and Schedules

From populating Schedule AL (Asset/Liability) of income tax returns to drafting TDS certificates, AI can extract figures from ERP systems, apply relevant sections (e.g., 194H, 44AD), and flag inconsistencies such as missing Form 16 entries.

Management Letters and Client Memos

Writing management letters after audit findings may also involve drafting recommendations to address each observed deficiency. AI-driven summarisation can convert bullet points—like control deficiencies—into coherent corrective action points. Chatbots can draft reminder emails or follow-ups, akin to the mail templates used by your firm in data-submission reminders.

Board Minutes and Corporate Filings

AI templates comply with Companies Act requirements for board resolutions, share allotments, and annual filings. A few prompts (e.g., “record today’s meeting approval of financial statements”) generate complete minutes, ready for partner review.

Routine Correspondence

Letters for engagement terms, appointment letters, and client onboarding can be drafted with minimal edits. AI ensures consistent tone and up-to-date compliance references, saving administrative staff over two hours per letter on average.

Tax scrutiny submissions, Grounds of Appeal, Statement of facts, Affidavits, Application to keep penalty proceedings under abeyance, etc.

CAs use AI to generate all of the above and more with remarkable accuracy and unmatched efficiency. Need a tax opinion on any complex matter, fully supported with citations, in a jiffy? With a few well-structured prompts, the first draft is ready, within seconds, literally!

Interpreting regulatory notifications, circulars and assessing their impact on Client’s operations
CAs are increasingly using AI tools to interpret regulatory changes (e.g., changes in TCS provisions and FEMA regulations) and help their clients understand their impact on their operations.

THE AI IMPACT – AI’S HITS AND MISSES

At this stage, the reader must know how this evolution (of implementing AI based tools) for document drafting has fared for the profession so far. Below is a concise comparison of where AI has outperformed even an experienced Chartered Accountant in drafting, and where it still lags behind.

Aspect AI’s Hits AI’s Misses
1. Speed & Throughput Generates first drafts (e.g. audit report sections, board minutes) in seconds versus hours or days of manual work. Studies show up to a 75% reduction in drafting time for standard documents. Cannot autonomously verify the factual accuracy of source data; human review remains essential to catch mis-pulls or misalignments with client-specific facts.
2. Consistency & Standardisation Always applies the latest approved wording and formatting, eliminating fatigue-induced inconsistencies across multiple documents. Lacks the ability to subtly tailor tone, emphasis, or “voice” to long-standing client relationships or firm culture—often resulting in language that feels generic or impersonal.
3. Regulation & Template Updates Instantly integrates new tax rulings or accounting-standard changes from a centralised knowledge base. No lag between enactment and template update. May “hallucinate” or misquote regulations if its underlying model isn’t rigorously fine-tuned and constantly validated, risking non-compliance without close human oversight.
4. Scalability Can draft hundreds or thousands of similar documents (e.g., TDS certificates, engagement letters) in parallel, with zero incremental fatigue or margin for human error. Cannot exercise professional judgement in distinguishing which items truly warrant emphasis in complex, non-standard cases—AI treats every file as a cold “data dump” unless explicitly guided.
5. Availability Operates 24/7 without downtime or shift constraints, enabling off-hours drafting and on-demand updates for global teams. No ethical responsibility or accountability. If a draft contains errors that lead to regulatory penalties, AI cannot be held liable—only the human practitioner can certify and assume professional risk.
6. Cost Efficiency Virtually zero marginal cost for each additional draft once deployed, driving down per-document costs significantly for high-volume tasks. Requires substantial upfront investment in secure, compliant infrastructure, model licensing, and ongoing retraining—often out of reach for smaller practices without clear ROI.
7. Multilingual & Formatting Quickly localises documents into multiple languages (e.g., English → Marathi) with minimal post-editing, and auto-formats tables, footnotes, and numbering. Struggles with idiomatic expressions or culturally nuanced phrasing—post-translation editing by a native speaker remains necessary to ensure readability and avoid misinterpretation.
8. Data Extraction & Linking Automatically pulls figures from ERP/GL and populates schedules or disclosures, linking cross-references accurately across a firm’s documents. Cannot detect missing disclosures or interpret ambiguous data without clear rules—in complex scenarios (e.g., unusual related-party transactions), the AI may omit or misclassify items, requiring a CA’s domain insight to catch and correct.

IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP

Are you tempted to embark on your journey to make this paradigm shift in document drafting at your firm? Super! Here are the steps –

Assessing Readiness

Conduct an internal assessment to gauge your firm’s AI maturity, identify areas with high drafting volumes, and evaluate how well your systems and teams can adapt to AI-driven workflows.

Pilot Projects

Select one document type, such as tax scrutiny submissions or internal audit observations, for a pilot project to assess the AI tool’s ability to generate accurate drafts, track time savings, and measure user satisfaction with the process.

Training and Change Management

Provide targeted training to your teams on how to effectively use AI tools, focusing on prompt engineering, managing AI output, and integrating these tools into daily workflows. Also ensure that continuous support and resources are available to teams, such as AI usage workshops and a dedicated support team, to help with the transition and encourage adoption across the firm.

Governance and Controls

Establish clear governance policies to oversee AI usage, ensuring proper privacy and confidentiality of clients’ data, validation of AI outputs, compliance with applicable regulations, maintaining audit trails, and implementing change management procedures to monitor and adjust AI models as necessary.

In conclusion, while AI offers significant advantages in efficiency, scalability, and standardisation, it remains essential that Chartered Accountants oversee and guide AI-driven drafts to ensure compliance, judgement, and ethical considerations are consistently met.

And yes, good luck to you in the journey ahead!

Leveraging AI for Enhanced Ca Practice: A Practical Guide To Publicly Available Models

The post-pandemic digital transformation has accelerated professional adoption of AI-enabled tools across industries. For chartered accountants, the emergence of sophisticated AI models presents opportunities to enhance practice efficiency, analytical capabilities, and client service delivery. This guide explores how Indian CAs can strategically leverage publicly available AI models whilst maintaining professional standards and ethical obligations.

THE AI REVOLUTION IN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

The launch of ChatGPT in late 2022 marked a turning point in AI accessibility. What began as curiosity-driven experimentation has evolved into practical business applications across audit, taxation, advisory services, and compliance functions. By 2025, AI integration will be crucial for maintaining a competitive advantage and meeting evolving client expectations.

This transformation requires CAs to understand not merely what AI can do, but how to use it responsibly and effectively within professional frameworks. The approach involves viewing AI as an augmentation tool that enhances human expertise rather than replacing professional judgment.

CHATGPT BY OPENAI: THE FOUNDATIONAL TOOL

Core Features and Customisation

ChatGPT remains the most accessible entry point for AI adoption in professional practice. However, effective utilisation requires proper configuration  and understanding of its capabilities. The below-mentioned list gives specific suggestions on how it can be made better:

a. Custom Instructions Setup

Users should begin by personalising ChatGPT through Settings > Personalisation > Custom Instructions. This feature allows practitioners to provide context about their professional role, preferred communication style, and specific requirements. For instance, specifying that one is a chartered accountant in India ensures responses consider relevant regulatory frameworks and professional standards.

Figure 1 – Customise ChatGPT

Figure 2 – Set Custom Instructions

b. Leveraging Custom GPTs The Custom GPTs feature (free for all) provides pre-built specialisations that can enhance productivity. Notable options include “Data Analyst” by ChatGPT, YouTube Summarisers, and Whimsical Diagrams.

Practitioners can also create bespoke GPTs tailored to their practice needs, such as proposal generation, minute formatting, or specific compliance checklists.

c. ICAI’s CA-GPT Integration

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has developed CA-GPT (accessible at https://ai.icai.org/cagpt/), which provides authenticated access to specialised GPTs with ICAI publication repositories. This resource offers multiple domain-specific GPTs, including Direct and Indirect Tax GPTs, as well as industry-specific GPTs with annual report data for comparative analysis of FY 2023-24.

Figure 3 – CAGPT

Figure 4 – Industry GPT

d. Model Selection Strategy

Users with paid accounts can often access different models, such as GPT-4 and GPT-3, which are quite powerful. A model for simplicity’s sake is like a thinking hat that the AI puts on every time you ask a question. Some can answer with advanced reasoning (like the O3 model) and some with quick answers for general purposes (4O).

COMPARATIVE INSIGHTS: GPT-4O VS GPT-O3

Prompt Used in Both Models: “Clarify if input tax credit is available on RCM paid for legal services.” The prompt was kept simple and to the point to see how both models respond to a compliance-based GST question.

Using the GPT 4o Model

Figure 5 – Using CAGPT – Indirect Taxes – in GPT 4-o

RESPONSE FROM GPT-4O: QUICK, CONCISE, AND BUSINESS-FOCUSED

Figure 6 -Response from – Indirect Taxes – in GPT 4-o

GPT-4o answered promptly within 2–5 seconds and offered a well-structured, client-ready response.

RESPONSE FROM GPT-O3: DETAILED AND RESEARCH-FOCUSED

Figure 7 – Using CAGPT – Indirect Taxes – in GPT o3 with reasoning

GPT-o3 would take much longer to process the same question, indicative of its more analytical nature. Although the screenshot depicts it only as “thinking,” this model typically tries to probe questions in greater depth.

PERPLEXITY AI: RESEARCH AND COMPLIANCE INTELLIGENCE

Perplexity AI distinguishes itself as a research-focused tool that prioritises accuracy through source verification. Unlike traditional generative AI, it combines conversational intelligence with real-time web access, making it valuable for regulatory research and compliance updates.

Figure 8 – Perplexity giving reference to sources and linkages for further reference.

ILLUSTRATIVE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR CAs

  •  Source Verification: Every response includes citations from government websites, regulatory agencies, and official databases, enabling users to verify information independently.
  •  Real-Time Updates: Live connectivity ensures access to the latest amendments, notifications, and regulatory changes necessary for tax and compliance professionals.
  •  Factual Focus: Perplexity concentrates on factual information rather than interpretative content, making it suitable for compliance-sensitive work.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

  •  Regulatory Monitoring: Track RBI, SEBI, and ministry announcements for weekly compliance digests
  •  Research Support: Fetch current provisions and notifications with source links for verification
  •  Due Diligence: Compile recent regulatory changes affecting specific sectors or transactions

The tool’s emphasis on source attribution makes it particularly useful when preparing regulatory updates or compliance memoranda where citation accuracy is critical.

CLAUDE BY ANTHROPIC: PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION EXCELLENCE

Claude excels in contextual understanding and ethical alignment, making it particularly valuable for professional environments requiring nuanced communication and balanced analysis. In addition, the ability to code and showcase VBA Scripts, Python Programs or even simple artefacts is compelling.

Figure 9 -Illustrative Valuation Forecasting Model created using Claude

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS

  •  Contextual Reasoning: Claude interprets queries within broader professional and regulatory contexts, providing more relevant responses than literal text interpretation.
  •  Risk Sensitivity: Responses regularly include appropriate caveats and highlight potential exceptions, supporting balanced professional advice.
  •  Coding Proficiency: Strong capabilities in automation, macro development, and process scripting for practice efficiency improvements.
  •  Professional Tone: Maintains formal, legally prudent communication suitable for both internal and client-facing documentation.

ILLUSTRATIVE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR CAs

Claude proves particularly effective for:

  •  Draft preparation requires professional language and structure
  •  Complex regulatory interpretation requiring balanced analysis
  •  Automation scripts for repetitive tasks
  •  Client communication requires diplomatic language

The tool’s emphasis on ethical considerations and balanced responses aligns well with professional requirements for objective advice.

GEMINI: GOOGLE WORKSPACE INTEGRATION

Gemini represents Google’s integration of AI capabilities throughout its Workspace environment, including Docs, Sheets, Gmail, Slides, Meet, and Drive. This integration enables professionals to access AI assistance within their existing workflow.

KEY FEATURES

  •  Contextual Integration: Gemini analyses current documents, emails, or spreadsheets to provide contextually relevant suggestions and content.
  •  High Context Window: Capability to process approximately 500,000+ words or 25,000+ lines of code, enabling analysis of large documents or datasets.
  •  Collaborative Features: Functions as a co-author or co-analyst, proposing edits, formatting tables, and summarising meeting content.
  •  Clean Formatting: Outputs are structured with appropriate headings, bullet points, and tables for immediate use in professional documents.

ILLUSTRATIVE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR CAs

  •  Google Sheets Financial Analysis: Automated margin analysis, ratio report creation, and variance identification for management information systems and board presentations.
  •  Google Docs Compliance Drafting: Formatted tax summaries, CSR applicability notices, and FEMA checklists with appropriate formatting and legal clarity.
  •  Gmail Client Communication: Professional update drafting, audit query clarification, and reminder generation through prompt-based email composition.
  •  The tool’s integration within Google’s ecosystem makes it particularly valuable for practices already using Google Workspace for collaboration and document management.

MICROSOFT COPILOT: OFFICE 365 ENHANCEMENT

Microsoft Copilot integrates across Microsoft 365 applications (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Teams), providing AI assistance within existing workflows rather than requiring platform changes.

Figure 10 – Microsoft Copilot Integration and Use Cases

Features and Capabilities

  •  Context-Aware Support: Copilot understands file formats and content context, providing appropriate responses whether working in Excel, Word, or Outlook.
  •  Task-Specific Commands: Users can request email summarisation, financial report creation, audit schedule building, or client message refinement with appropriate tone adjustments.
  •  Data Integration: Leverages existing spreadsheets, documents, calendars, and Teams messages to produce accurate outputs without repetitive input requirements.
  •  Professional Standards: Employs skilled and consistent formatting that adheres to business conventions across all applications.

Applications in Practice

  •  Excel – Financial Modelling: Natural language input for pivot table creation, GST summary automation, cash flow forecasts, and working capital ratio analysis.
  •  Word – Document Preparation: Professional memo drafting, report formatting, and compliance documentation with appropriate structure and language.
  •  Teams – Collaboration: Meeting note recording, action item management, and team onboarding with a checklist and SOP-based briefings.
  •  Outlook – Communication: Email composition assistance, meeting scheduling optimisation, and client communication management.

ADDITIONAL SPECIALISED TOOLS

Several other AI applications serve specific professional needs:

Meeting and Documentation Tools

  •  Fireflies, Otter, Spinach.ai: Meeting transcription and minute preparation
  •  Guidde: Process documentation and flowchart creation

Content Creation

  •  Gamma.App, AIPPT.com: Professional presentation development
  •  Grammarly, Quillbot, Rytr: Writing enhancement and grammar correction

Custom Solutions

  •  Dante.ai, BotPress.com: Knowledge-based chatbot development for client service
  •  Loveable.dev, Cursor, Replit: Custom application development through natural language programming

Analysis and Summarisation

  •  Summarise.ing, TLDR, Google Notebook LM: Article and video summarisation for research.
  •  Midjourney: Professional infographic and visual content creation

CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ETHICAL AI USAGE

The implementation of AI tools in CA practice must align with professional standards, regulatory requirements, and ethical obligations.Several considerations are essential for responsible adoption:

Data Privacy and Confidentiality

  •  Client Data Protection: Never input confidential client information, including financial statements, PAN numbers, or sensitive business details, into public AI tools.
  •  Enterprise Solutions: Use enterprise-grade AI solutions that comply with GDPR, Indian Data Protection Laws, and ICAI data security guidelines.
  •  Implementation Protocols: Establish strict data handling protocols when using cloud-based AI services, and consider local deployment options for highly sensitive information processing.

Professional Judgement Maintenance

  •  Independent Analysis: AI outputs must never replace professional scepticism and independent judgement in audit or advisory work.
  •  Validation Requirements: Always validate AI-generated content before incorporating it into reports, filings, or client deliverables.
  •  Professional Responsibility: Maintain full responsibility for all professional opinions regardless of AI assistance utilised.

ICAI Code of Ethics Compliance

  •  Fundamental Principles: Ensure all AI usage aligns with ICAI’s principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence, and due care.
  •  Independence Considerations: Avoid situations where AI usage could compromise independence or create conflicts of interest.
  •  Ethical Standards: Maintain consistent ethical standards when using AI tools, as with traditional practice methods.

Transparency and Documentation

  •  Stakeholder Disclosure: Disclose to stakeholders when AI has been used in analysis, reports, or audit procedures that are material to their understanding.
  •  Record Maintenance: Maintain detailed records of AI tool usage in decision-making processes and report generation.
  •  Audit Trail: Document the extent and nature of AI assistance in audit working papers and client files.

Regulatory Compliance

  •  Legal Adherence: Verify that AI usage complies with the Income Tax Act, Companies Act 2013, SEBI guidelines, and relevant audit standards.
  •  Regulatory Updates: Stay current with regulatory guidance on AI usage in professional services.
  •  Jurisdictional Considerations: Consider jurisdictional differences when serving clients across multiple regulatory environments.

Continuous Professional Development

  •  ICAI Guidance: Stay informed about ICAI’s evolving guidance on AI and digital tools in professional practice.
  •  Education Participation: Engage in continuing education programmes focused on AI ethics and responsible usage.
  •  Policy Updates: Regularly review and update firm policies on AI usage based on emerging best practices and regulatory developments.

ILLUSTRATIVE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Successful AI adoption in CA practice requires a structured approach:

Phase 1: Foundation Building

  •  Begin with ChatGPT customisation and Custom GPT exploration
  •  Establish data handling protocols and ethical guidelines
  •  Train team members on basic AI tool usage and limitations

Phase 2: Workflow Integration

  •  Implement Perplexity AI for research and compliance monitoring
  •  Integrate Gemini or Copilot based on the existing software ecosystem
  •  Develop standard operating procedures for AI tool usage

Phase 3: Advanced Applications

  •  Create custom GPTs for specific practice needs
  •  Implement specialised tools for meeting management and documentation
  •  Establish quality control processes for AI-assisted work

Phase 4: Continuous Improvement

  •  Monitor AI tool developments and updates
  •  Regularly assess effectiveness and adjust usage patterns
  •  Stay current with professional guidance and regulatory requirements

CONCLUSION

The strategic integration of AI in chartered accountancy practice represents both an opportunity and a responsibility. AI tools offer substantial capabilities for enhancing efficiency, analytical depth, and client service quality, but professional judgement, ethical considerations, and regulatory compliance must guide their implementation.

Success in AI adoption requires understanding each tool’s strengths and limitations, implementing appropriate safeguards and validation protocols, and maintaining the professional scepticism and independent judgement that define chartered accountancy practice. By thoughtfully integrating AI as an augmentation tool rather than a replacement for professional expertise, chartered accountants can enhance their practice capabilities while preserving the trust and integrity that are fundamental to the profession.

The future of chartered accountancy lies not in choosing between human expertise and artificial intelligence, but in strategically combining both to deliver enhanced value to clients whilst maintaining the highest standards of professional practice. Practitioners who master this integration will be well-positioned to serve their clients effectively and contribute to the profession’s continued evolution in an increasingly digital landscape.

BCAS Foundation Annual Activities Report – 2024-2025

The Board of Trustees of the BCAS Foundation are pleased to present the Annual Report of the activities of the Foundation during the Financial Year 2024-2025.

The year witnessed many activities during the financial year, with the help of volunteers and joint initiatives with the Human Resource Development Committee of the Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS Foundation). The list of activities and their impact analysis is given below:

1.0 CHILDREN’S EDUCATION

1.1 Science Laboratory and Books Library at M.M. High School, Umbergaon, Gujarat

BCAS Foundation has donated a Book Library, Science Laboratory and Four Smart Classrooms to M. M. High School, run by the Umbergaon Education Society, Umbergaon, Gujarat. The school has 125 years of glorious presence and history and has 2300 plus students.

On 9th August, 2024, the team of BCAS Foundation visited and inaugurated these facilities. President, CA Anand Bathiya; Trustees of the BCAS Foundation and Past Presidents – Dr CA Mayur Nayak and CA Deepak Shah; Chairman of the Human Resource Development Committee and the Past President CA Mihir Sheth; Chairman of the Seminar, Membership and Public Relation Committee and the Past President CA Chirag Doshi, Ms. Silky Anand Bathiya (First Lady of the BCAS), and other volunteers graced the occasion. CA Prakash Mehta, member of the BCAS and an ex-student of the M. M. High School 50 years ago, was also present at the inauguration ceremony.

The planning, designing and execution of the making of the Science Lab, Modern Library and the Smart Classes are worth appreciation.

The inauguration on 9th August coincided with “Adivasi Divas” and “Book Lovers Day”. Adivasi Students performed various dances and skits to celebrate the Adivasi Divas, followed by motivational speeches by eminent dignitaries and teachers.

At the end, the dignitaries and teachers planted a tree in their mother’s name in the school compound and participated in the movement called “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” – “एक पेड मा के नाम” by the Government of India.

These initiatives will benefit 2300-plus students every year. The impact was instant as within a couple of months, four science projects of the school were selected at the District Level, first time in the history of the school.

Ceremonies were diligently planned and executed meticulously.

1.2 Digital Classrooms at Talasari

BCAS Foundation continued its initiative to empower tribal and poor children of Talasari, Maharashtra, Umbergaon, Gujarat and surrounding areas with digital learning.

BCAS Foundation, with the help of Rushabh Foundation, sponsored 7 digital classrooms in two schools in the Talasari area.

Each digital classroom comprises a TV Screen and preloaded content of the curriculum of standards 1 to 10 of the SSC Board, Maharashtra. In the absence of teachers, students learn on their own with the help of digital classrooms.

 

1.3 Distribution of Notebooks to Children at Govandi-Mankhurd

BCAS Foundation distributed 4000 notebooks to needy children studying in Municipal Schools in the Govandi – Mankhurd areas, Mumbai, with the help of Dharma Bharati Mission (DBM).
Along with DBM, the Foundation has also been supporting an initiative of “Chalo English Sikhaye” to the students at Vernacular Medium Schools of Govandi – Mankhurd areas.

1.4 Support to the Balvatika Language Programme for Grades 1 and 2 at ARCH Foundation, Valsad, Gujarat

ARCH has been working for the past seventeen years in developing early childhood education processes for children in preschool and Balvatika age groups. It has also conducted focused programs for language and mathematics in Grades 1 and 2 of Balvatika. Based on this extensive experience, regular training sessions for supervisors and teachers under this project are organised at Dharampur.

This year, BCAS Foundation funded the material and training costs of this project, which was undertaken in collaboration with Nachiketa Trust in Balvatika, grades 1 and 2 of the Government Schools. The entire project was coordinated and supervised by teachers appointed by the Arch Foundation. In all, 292 students from six schools have benefited from this project so far.

2.0 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES JOINTLY WITH  RANGOONWALA FOUNDATION (INDIA) TRUST

Rangoonwala Foundation (India) Trust-[RF(I)T] is a Mumbai based people-centric public charitable Trust, committed to empowering underprivileged communities in the slums of Mumbai through various programmes on capacity building, skill development and health.

During the FY 2024-2025 BCAS Foundation actively supported RF(I)T on capacity building and education related initiatives for marginalised women and children, in the slums of Mumbai.

During these joint initiatives, BCAS worked with RF(I)T in Mumbai’s ‘bastis’ through eight Community Centres in Premnagar- Andheri Plot, Subhash Nagar – Gumpha Road and Shivtekdi in Jogeshwari-east; Mahakali and Pump House in Andheri- east; Anandwadi and Pathanwadi in Malad east and Damunagar in Kandivali east.

Overall, 1735 women and youth from the above areas benefited. Fifteen skill development programmes were conducted benefiting more than 1300 women. More than 275 youth benefitted from the Aptitude Test and Career Guidance sessions conducted at various centres.

3.0 TREE PLANTATION DRIVE – MIYAWAKI FOREST

BCAS Foundation and Keshav Srushti Collaborate for Miyawaki Forest Project – 2024

On Sunday, 4th August 2024, the Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS Foundation), in collaboration with the NGO Keshav Srushti, launched the Miyawaki Forest Project – 2024 at Ismail Yusuf College, Jogeshwari (East), Mumbai. The initiative aims to contribute to environmental restoration and urban afforestation using the acclaimed Miyawaki plantation technique, developed by Japanese botanist Dr Akira Miyawaki.

Under this initiative, 1,000 native trees—including species such as Mango, Bakul, Kaner, Bel, Kadi Patta, and Neem—were planted in a compact 3,000 sq. ft. area. These trees are expected to grow 10 times faster and 30 times denser than traditional plantations, thereby fostering a self-sustaining urban ecosystem.

In his inaugural address, CA Anand Bathiya, President of BCAS Foundation, highlighted the significance of the event, citing BCAS Foundation’s 15-year-long commitment to environmental and community-centric initiatives, including captive plantations and rural upliftment programs in Dharampur, Gujarat.


Keshav Srushti, known for its extensive environmental initiatives, has planted over 1.25 lakh trees across Maharashtra and established 43 Miyawaki forests in urban and rural areas. Representatives, including Dr CA Mayur Nayak (Trustee, BCAS Foundation), CA Meena Shah and CA Utsav Shah (Active volunteers of the BCAS Foundation), Ms. Silky Anand Bathiya (First Lady of the BCAS), CA Rashmin Sanghvi (BCAS Member), CA Mihir Sheth (Chairman of the Human Resource Development Committee), Mr Sateesh Modh (President, Keshav Srushti), and Mr Vinay Nathani (Secretary), along with other BCAS Foundation volunteers and office bearers, graced the occasion.

This initiative aligns with BCAS Foundation’s continued commitment to sustainability, member engagement, and social responsibility.

4.0 BLOOD DONATION CAMP AND PLATELET AWARENESS DRIVE

On Friday, 16th May 2025, the BCAS Foundation, in collaboration with the Seminar, Membership & Public Relations (SMPR) Committee of the Bombay Chartered Accountants’ Society (BCAS Foundation), organised its annual Blood Donation Drive with the active support of Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH).

Notably, individuals with conditions such as controlled cholesterol, thyroid imbalances, or blood pressure were also considered eligible to donate, provided they fulfilled the requisite medical criteria. A total of 54 units of blood were successfully collected from eligible donors, which included the President of the BCAS – CA Anand Bathiya, the SMPR Committee Chairman – CA Chirag Doshi, members, and BCAS Foundation staff.

To foster awareness and dispel common myths surrounding platelet donation, a Platelet Donation Awareness Drive was also organised simultaneously.

As a token of appreciation, all donors were honoured with a “Life Saver” medal, along with a copy of the BCAS Calendar and a publication from the BCAS Book Mela, which was also held on the same day.

5.0 INTERNATIONAL YOGA DAY CELEBRATIONS

The BCAS Foundation, with the help of the Human Resource Development Committee, Organised “International Yoga Day Celebrations” on 21st June, 2025. The event was jointly organised with MaBap at Andheri East, Mumbai. The session was conducted both for Physical and online participants.

Mr. Pradeep Thakkar, the accredited Yoga Trainer, conducted the session.

The takeaways from the workshop are briefly given below:

1. Participants were guided to do various exercises and were explained the benefits of doing the exercises.

2. The exercises dealt with Asanas and tips for Osteoarthritis, Knee Pain, Blood Pressure, Diabetes and a lot more.

3. Also, breathing exercises, along with their benefits, were explained to the participants.

4. The benefits of yoga for digestion, Bloating, Chest and Lung congestion were explained.

5. The benefits of yoga for Flexibility, Strength and overall health were explained in detail.

Mr Vinayak Yadav, Founder of Aham Yog Institute, was a special guest and gave a talk for 5 Minutes on the importance of Yoga, not just for the body but for the mind also. He demonstrated exercise for Sciatica.

CA Mayur Nayak – assisted in the presentation and ensured the smooth conduct of the yoga. CA Gracy Mendes and CA Vinod Jain coordinated this event.
A Group Photo of Yoga Day Participants

This year, BCAS Foundation got recognition as a registered participant of the YOGA SANGAM, an initiative by the Ministry of Ayush, Government of India.

6.0 Other Activities

During the year, the Foundation extended medical and educational help to needy students and family members of the BCAS Foundation staff.

BCAS Foundation donated 350 sets of Steel Plates, Vati and Spoons to Prathmik Shala, Bhathi-Karambeli, Umbergaon, Gujarat.

During the CA-Thon Marathon, the Foundation donated Sewing Machines to needy women to enable them to earn their livelihood.

We take this opportunity to thank all our donors, volunteers, sister NGOs, office bearers of schools, Office Bearers and the Staff of BCAS, participants of all conferences/seminars at BCAS, for their continued support and encouragement to carry out some noble work to make a positive difference to the world. We also thank all beneficiaries and students / children for giving the opportunity to BCAS Foundation to serve them.

We welcome suggestions and volunteering. Kindly send volunteering requests to om1@bcasonline.org or bcasfoundation@bcasonline.org.

Best Regards,

For BCAS Foundation

Trustees

Allied Laws

16 Union of India vs. M/s. GR – Gawa R (JV)
2025 Live Law (Del) 565
April 24, 2025

Arbitration – Condonation of delay – Basic documents like impugned order not attached – Application filed only to circumvent limitation period without filing all the enclosures / documents – Application non-est in the eyes of the law. [S. 34(3), Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996].

FACTS

An arbitral award was passed in favour of the Respondent on January 3, 2024, and was subsequently modified through a corrigendum dated March 2, 2024. The Applicant challenged the said award on June 20, 2024, with a delay of 18 days beyond the prescribed limitation period. The Respondent, however, contended that although the delay appeared to be of only 18 days, the initial filing by the Applicant was deliberately made without attaching essential documents such as the impugned arbitral award, e-court fee receipt, one-time process fee, affidavit of service, and other requisite enclosures. It was argued that such a filing was not merely defective but was a strategic attempt to circumvent the limitation period, and therefore, the application should be treated as non-est in the eyes of law. The Respondent also highlighted that the initial filing comprised only 146 pages, whereas the final filing contained 6,677 pages, further indicating that the earlier filing was not a bona fide attempt to institute proceedings. The Applicant, on the other hand, submitted that the delay was only of 18 days and deserved to be condoned, especially since the defects pointed out by the Registry were subsequently rectified.

HELD

The Hon’ble Delhi High Court after relying on its earlier decision in the case of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. vs. Joint Venture of Sai Rama Engineering Enterprises & Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Ltd (2023 SCC OnLine Del 6088) held that the initial filing of application without attaching the basic documents like the impugned arbitral award was only an attempt to circumvent the provision of the limitation period. Therefore, the application deserved to be treated as non-est. The delay was therefore not condoned and the application was rejected.

17 Saurabh Mishra vs. State of U.P. through Principal Secretary of Medical and Family Welfare U.P. and Ors.
Writ Civil No. 10898 of 2024 / 2025 Live Law (AB) 211 May 27, 2025

Wills and Preferences – Appointment of Representative – Intellectual Disability of the patient – Presumption of capacity to appoint – Lacuna in the Act – Courts exercise jurisdiction of parens patria. [S. 4 , 5, 14, Mental Healthcare Act, 2017].

FACTS

An application was filed by the Petitioner under section 14 of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 (Act) before the Mansik Swasthya Punarvilokan Board, (Board / Respondent No. 2) seeking to be nominated as the representative of his aunt, who was suffering from a moderate intellectual disability assessed at approximately 75 per cent. It was contended by the Petitioner that he was residing with his aunt and was actively involved in her day-to-day care and welfare. In support of his application, a no-objection certificate was also issued by a close relative/sibling of the aunt, expressing consent to the Petitioner being appointed as her nominated representative under the Act. However, the Board rejected the application on the sole ground that the Petitioner was facing two criminal cases registered against him.

Aggrieved a writ petition was filed before the Hon’ble Allahabad High Court.

HELD

The Hon’ble Allahabad High Court held that the two criminal cases filed against the Petitioner were still at the admission stage, and the Petitioner must be treated as innocent until proven guilty. With respect to the Petitioner’s plea to be nominated as the representative of his aunt, the Court observed that, under Section 14 read with Sections 4 and 5 of the Act, there exists a presumption that persons suffering from mental illness have the decision-making capacity to appoint a nominated representative. Thus, the Act envisages a deemed capability. However, in cases involving significant intellectual disability, such as in the present matter, the wills and preferences of the individual cannot be ascertained. The Hon’ble Court noted that the Act does not provide any mechanism for appointing a representative where the person concerned is incapable of making such a decision due to their mental condition. Thus, there existed a legislative vacuum in the Act. Accordingly, the Court exercised its parens patriae jurisdiction and nominated the Petitioner as the representative of his
mentally ill aunt under the Act. The petition was, therefore, allowed.

Editor’s Note: This issue of the BCAJ carries an article under feature `Laws and Business’ on ‘Guardianship of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities’ which also covers the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017.

18 Madhu Gupta vs. Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Ors.
Writ Petition Civil 8214 of 2025 (Delhi) (HC)
May 30, 2025

Writ Petition – Not signed by the litigant – Signed only by the counsel of the litigant – Abuse of process of law – Cost – Petition dismissed. [A. 226, Constitution of India].

FACTS

A Petition was filed before the Hon’ble Delhi High Court with respect to illegal construction carried out by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (Respondent). It was contended by the Respondent that the illegal construction in question was already being taken care by the Corporation and steps have already been taken to remove the same. Further, with respect to the Petition, it was contended by the Respondent that Petition was not signed by the litigant and only the counsel for the Petitioner had signed the Petition.

HELD

The Hon’ble Delhi High Court took serious note of the fact that the petition had not been signed by the Petitioner himself and bore only the signature of the counsel appearing on his behalf. The Court held that such a practice amounted to a clear abuse of the process of law and could not be permitted. Consequently, the Petition was dismissed and a cost of ₹50,000/- was imposed on the counsel of the Petitioner.

Article 8 of India-Mauritius DTAA – Shipping Company is not entitled to benefit under Article 8 if its place of effective management is located in a third country; on facts, booking agent did not constitute DAPE.

4. [2025] 172 taxmann.com 857 (Mumbai – Trib.)

DCIT (IT) vs. Bay Lines (Mauritius)

IT Appeal Nos. 4858 and 4859 (Mum.) of 2018

CO Nos. 185 and 186 (Mum.) OF 2019

A.Y.: 2013-14 & 2024-15 Dated: 28th March, 2025

Article 8 of India-Mauritius DTAA – Shipping Company is not entitled to benefit under Article 8 if its place of effective management is located in a third country; on facts, booking agent did not constitute DAPE.

FACTS

The Assessee was a shipping company incorporated in Mauritius. Mauritius Tax Authorities had issued a tax residency certificate to the Assessee. The Assessee contended that the freight income received by it was exempt from tax in India under Article 8 of India-Mauritius treaty. The AO observed that the Place of Effective Management (‘POEM’) of the Assessee was in UAE (i.e. neither in Mauritius nor in India). Hence, the Assessee did not qualify for benefit under Article 8. Accordingly, the AO held that such income would be subject to provisions of Article 7 of India-Mauritius DTAA. The AO further observed that the booking agent in India habitually concluded contracts on behalf of the Assessee. Hence, it constituted a dependent agent PE (“DAPE”) of the Assessee. Accordingly, the AO held that the shipping income was taxable in India in terms of Article 7 of India-Mauritius DTAA.
In appeal, while upholding the contention of the AO that the shipping income earned by the Assessee was not covered by Article 8 of India-Mauritius DTAA, the CIT(A) held that the booking agent in India was an independent agent and as it did not conclude contracts in India on behalf of the Assessee, nor did it maintain stock of goods in India on behalf of the Assessee. Accordingly, the agent did not constitute DAPE of the Assessee in India.

Aggrieved by the order of CIT(A), both the revenue and the Assessee preferred an appeal to the ITAT.

HELD

As per Article 8(1) of India-Mauritius DTAA, profits of a shipping company from the operation of ships in international traffic is taxable in the contracting state where the POEM of the company is situated.

Since the Assessee had not pressed the issue of location of POEM, on basis of the findings of the ITAT in the Assessee’s own case, it concluded that the POEM of the Assessee was in UAE. As the POEM of the Assessee was neither in Mauritius nor in India, the ITAT held that the Assessee did not qualify for benefit under Article 8(1) of India-Mauritius DTAA.

The ITAT further held that the booking agent did not constitute DAPE of the Assessee in India for the following reasons:

  •  The activities of the booking agent were limited to accepting bookings on behalf of the Assessee. The booking agent did not conclude contracts on behalf of the Assessee in India. The AO had not provided any evidence in support of the contention that the booking agent had concluded contracts in India on behalf of the Assessee.
  • The booking agent was an agent of independent status since the revenue derived from booking services for the Assessee constituted only 25% of its revenue from all operations.

Therefore, the ITAT held that in absence of a PE in India of the Assessee, its freight income was not taxable in India.

Note: It may be noted that despite concluding that the POEM of Mauritius company was in UAE, the ITAT did not clarify why it could be considered to be resident in Mauritius? The ITAT also did not clarify whether the Assessee could qualify for benefit, if any, under India-UAE DTAA.

Article 13 of India-Singapore DTAA – Short Term Capital Gains from transfer of mutual funds is taxable under Article 13(5) of DTAA, and taxing right vests only with State of Residence.

3. [2025] 173 taxmann.com 570 (Mumbai – Trib.)

Anushka Sanjay Shah vs. ITO (IT)

IT (IT) A NO.174 (MUM) OF 2025

A.Y.: 2022-23 Dated: 26th March, 2025

Article 13 of India-Singapore DTAA – Short Term Capital Gains from transfer of mutual funds is taxable under Article 13(5) of DTAA, and taxing right vests only with State of Residence.

FACTS

The Assessee is a non-resident Indian and a tax resident of Singapore. During the relevant AY, the Assessee had earned short-term capital gain from sale of debt-oriented and equity-oriented mutual funds, amounting to ₹0.89 Crores and 0.47 Crores, respectively. The Assessee had contended that she was a tax resident of Singapore. Hence, she qualified for benefits under Article 13(5) of India-Singapore DTAA and therefore, only Singapore had taxing rights on such gain.

The AO held that gains from transfer of mutual funds were taxable in India and denied benefit under Article 13(5) of DTAA. The DRP held that units of mutual funds derive substantial value from assets located in India, therefore, such gains are taxable in India.

Aggrieved by the final order, the Assessee appealed to ITAT.

HELD

The ITAT relied on the coordinate bench ruling in DCIT vs. K.E. Faizal [2019] 178 ITD 383 (Cochin – Trib.), wherein the ITAT dealt with the meaning of the term ‘shares’ in the context of India-UAE DTAA. Article 13(4) of UAE provides taxing rights to India in respect of gains from transfer of shares and in case of other property, the taxing rights vested with state of residence.

Further, the ITAT relied on the following aspects that were dealt with by the Coordinated bench:

  •  The ITAT applied Article 3(2) of DTAA, section 90(3) of the Act, and definition of ‘share’ as per Section 2(84) of Companies Act. It noted that shares mean a share in company’s capital and include stock.
  •  The term ‘company’ means a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 or under previous law. As per SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations 1995, a mutual fund in India can be established only in the form of a trust and not as company. Hence, units of mutual funds cannot be regarded as shares.
  •  As per Securities Contract Regulation Act, 1956, the term ‘Securities’ includes shares, scrips, stocks….and unit or any other instrument issued to investors under any mutual fund scheme. The definition categorically provides that shares and units are two different classes of securities. Therefore, units of mutual funds cannot be regarded as shares.

Following the ratio of the decision of the coordinate bench, the ITAT held that under the residuary clause in Article 13(5) of India-Singapore DTAA, short-term capital gains on sale of mutual funds shall be taxable only in Singapore.

S. 271(1)(c) – Where the AO did not specify in the penalty notice the limb of section 271(1)(c) under which penalty had been initiated, such notice was ambiguous and void ab initio and all subsequent proceedings became nullity in the eyes of law.

19. (2025) 174 taxmann.com 59 (Raipur Trib)

Nilima Agrawal vs. ITO

ITA No.: 126 (Rpr) of 2025

A.Y.: 2015-16 Dated: 24 April 2025

S. 271(1)(c) – Where the AO did not specify in the penalty notice the limb of section 271(1)(c) under which penalty had been initiated, such notice was ambiguous and void ab initio and all subsequent proceedings became nullity in the eyes of law.

FACTS

The AO issued penalty notice under section 274 read with section 271(1)(c) where the notice referred to both the limbs under section 271(1)(c), that is, concealed the particulars of income and furnished inaccurate particulars of income. The AO had not struck off the inappropriate limb.

CIT(A) / NFAC upheld the penalty order.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal observed that-

(a) The legal parameters that have been set forth by the judicial pronouncements is that through the penalty proceedings initiated against the assessee, he is put to pecuniary burden. Accordingly, it is essential from the aspect of natural justice that he should be made aware of the charges for which penalty is levied against him so that he can be ready with his defense.

(b) The bedrock of any judicial system is based on ultimate epitome of natural justice. This cannot be eroded by any process of law until and unless fraud is detected or malafide conduct is detected on the part of the assessee.

(c) In the present case, the ambiguity that was existing in the notice issued under section 274 read with section 271(1) (c) hampered the rights of the assessee from the perspective of natural justice. There was no evidence placed on record by the revenue to suggest any malafide conduct on the part of the assessee. Therefore, at the threshold, the parameters of the penalty notice had to be decided and as per the principles laid down by the Courts, before issuance of penalty notice, the A.O was required to apply his mind to the material on record and specify clearly to the assessee what is being put against him. In other words, which limb of Section 271(1)(c) was attracted in the given facts and circumstances of the case must be specified in the notice which is sent to the assessee.

The Tribunal held that since in the penalty notice was ambiguous where both the limbs were clubbed together, such notice itself was void ab initio, and therefore, all the subsequent proceedings became a nullity in the eyes of law. Thus, it held that the order of the CIT(Appeals)/NFAC itself became non-est.

Accordingly, the appeal of the assessee was allowed.

S. 12AB – Where objects of assessee-trust were for benefit of residents and members of a specific society and were not meant for public at large, assessee-trust was not entitled to registration under section 12AB.

18. (2025) 173 taxmann.com 744 (Ahd Trib)

Dwarika Greens Foundation vs. CIT(E)

ITA No.: 1812 (Ahd) of 2024

A.Y.: N.A. Dated: 17 April 2025

S. 12AB – Where objects of assessee-trust were for benefit of residents and members of a specific society and were not meant for public at large, assessee-trust was not entitled to registration under section 12AB.

FACTS

The assessee-trust was registered under the Bombay Public Trusts Act on 23.06.2020. It filed an application in Form 10AB for registration under section 12AB.

During the registration proceedings, CIT(E) observed that the objects of the Trust were for the benefit of the residents of the Dwarika Green Society and its members and are not for the benefit of the public at large and therefore, he denied registration under section 12AB to the assessee.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal observed that-

(a) Perusal of clause (d) to Explanation of Section 12AB(4) clearly lays down that registration of the trust or institution established for charitable purpose created or established after the commencement of the Act, wherein the trust has applied any part of its income for the benefit of any particular religious community or caste can be cancelled. In this context perusal of the main objects of the assessee made it abundantly clear that all the objects enumerated therein were related to members of the Dwarika Green Society which was a specific violation under clauses (c) and (d) to Explanation to Section 12AB(4).

(b) CIT (E) had considered the provisions of section 13(1)(b), which was applicable only in a case of charitable trust or institution created or established after commencement of the Act and only for the benefit of the residents of the Dwarika Green Society and its members and thereby denied the registration, which was well within the provision of amended section 12AB.

Thus, the Tribunal held that since the objects of the assessee-trust which was meant only for the residents and members of the society and not for public at large, there was no infirmity in the order passed by CIT(E).

Accordingly, the appeal of the assessee was dismissed.

S. 194IA – Even though the transferee’s share in the sale transaction exceeded the threshold, where the amount paid to each seller / transferor was below ₹50,00,000, the assessee was not required to deduct tax under section 194IA.

17. (2025) 173 taxmann.com 772 (Ahd Trib)

Archanaben Rajendrasingh Deval vs. ITO

ITA No.: 1465 (Ahd) of 2024

A.Y.: 2015-16 Dated: 2 April 2025

S. 194IA – Even though the transferee’s share in the sale transaction exceeded the threshold, where the amount paid to each seller / transferor was below ₹50,00,000, the assessee was not required to deduct tax under section 194IA.

FACTS

The assessee, along with co-owner, purchased agricultural land for a total consideration of ₹1,23,67,360, and her share in the said transaction was ₹53,67,360, which was paid in two parts to two separate sellers – ₹21,83,680 and ₹31,83,680 respectively. She did not deduct TDS on the said payments contending that the payment to each seller was below ₹50,00,000.

The AO invoked the provisions of section 194IA and held the assessee to be an assessee-in-default under section 201(1) for non-deduction of TDS and levied consequential interest under section 201(1A).

CIT(A) affirmed the action of the AO.

Aggrieved, the assessee filed an appeal before ITAT.

HELD

The Tribunal found merit in the submission of the assessee that the amendment made by way of insertion of a proviso to section 194IA(2), by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2024 with effect from 1.10.2024, was not applicable to the present year under appeal (AY 2015-16).

Following Bhikhabhai H. Patel vs. DCIT (ITA No. 1680/Ahd/2018, order dated 31.01.2020) and Vinod Soni vs. ITO (ITA No. 2736/Del/2015, order dated 10.12.2018), the Tribunal held that since the assessee had paid ₹21,83,680 to one seller and ₹31,83,680 to another seller, both of which were individually below ₹50,00,000, the provisions of section 194IA were not attracted and therefore, the assessee could not have been held to be an assessee-in-default under section 201(1).

Accordingly, the appeal of the assessee was allowed.

Payment of consideration, pursuant to an unregistered agreement, towards interior fit out costs claimed as cost of improvement, entered into prior to receiving possession of the property held to be allowable.

16. Shivani Bhasin Sachdeva vs. Assessment Unit

ITA No. 3218/Mum./2024

A.Y.: 2021-22 Date of Order: 21 January 2025

Section : 48

Payment of consideration, pursuant to an unregistered agreement, towards interior fit out costs claimed as cost of improvement, entered into prior to receiving possession of the property held to be allowable.

FACTS

The assessee, in the return of income filed, returned capital gains on sale of immovable property for a consideration of ₹15.21 crore and while computing capital gains arising from sale thereof had claimed deduction of cost of acquisition of ₹9.96 crore and ₹2.47 crore as cost of improvement. The assessee was asked to furnish details of cost of improvement claimed in respect of the property sold along with evidences.

From the response furnished by the assessee, the Assessing Officer (AO) noticed that assessee had purchased a flat on 27.12.2017 which was booked in October 2009. On 31.5.2010, the assessee had entered into an agreement with DLF Hotel and Apartment Pvt. Ltd. to carry out improvement. The AO was of the opinion that since the property was purchased on 27.12.2017 it was not possible to have made improvements without having owned the property. He also remarked that the agreement dated 31.5.2010 is an unregistered agreement. The AO, believing that improvement cannot happen before purchase disallowed the claim of ₹2.47 crore made by the assessee towards cost of improvement.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the CIT(A) who upheld the action of the AO.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the Tribunal where it was contended that the payments made pursuant to agreement dated 31.5.2010 was for civil and electrical work as the flat was purchased “khokha”. After receiving occupancy certificate, civil and electrical work was completed on 29.3.2014 and letter of possession was given on 31.3.2014. The assessee leased the flat w.e.f. 25.6.2014 and sold it vide agreement for sale of flat dated 4.11.2020. The assumption of the AO that assessee could not have spent cost of improvement before taking ownership of the flat is against the facts of the case.

HELD

The Tribunal noted that the entire quarrel revolves around the fact that the assessee had purchased the flat on 27.12.2017, therefore, the assessee could not have spent cost of improvement paid to DLF Hotels and Apartments Pvt. Ltd. as per agreement dated 31.5.2010. The Tribunal noted the relevant clauses of the said agreement dated 31.5.2010 which provided detailed particulars of the fit-out work to be carried out under the said Agreement. It was pursuant to the said Agreement that the payments were made by the assessee and the AO has not disputed them.

The Tribunal held that after completion of the fit-out work which is now integral part of the apartment, letter of possession was received on 31.3.2014. Immediately after having received possession, flat was leased. These demonstrative evidences, according to the Tribunal, demolish the view taken by the AO that the assessee could not have incurred cost of improvement prior to 27.12.2017.

The Tribunal set aside the findings of the CIT(A) and directed the AO to allow cost of improvement as claimed by the assessee.

Property received by assessee from his step-sister is not taxable under section 56(2)(vii). Receipt of property from step-sister qualifies as a receipt from a relative viz. sister.

15. Rabin Arup Mukerjea vs. ITO, International Tax

ITA No. 588/Mum./2024

A.Y.: 2016-17 Date of Order: 21 March 2025

Section : 56(2)(vii)

Property received by assessee from his step-sister is not taxable under section 56(2)(vii). Receipt of property from step-sister qualifies as a receipt from a relative viz. sister.

FACTS

The assessee, a non-resident individual, did not have any source of income in India and was therefore not filing return of income. In January 2021, he made an application under section 197 for grant of certificate authorising the payer to deduct tax on sale of his property at a lower rate. The property being sold by the assessee was received by him as a gift from Ms. Vidhie Mukerjea vide a Registered Deed of Gift dated 21.1.2016.

The Assessing Officer (AO) was of the view that the receipt of property was not from a relative and therefore should have been taxed under section 56(2)(vii) and therefore he recorded reasons and reopened the assessment for assessment year 2016-17.

The AO in his order disposing objections raised by the assessee to reopening the assessment rejected the contention of the assessee that the step-brother and step-sister are covered within the ambit of the definition of the expression “relative” provided in clause (e) of the Explanation to section 56(2)(vii) of the Act. He held that step-brother and step-sister cannot be treated as relatives. The AO drew a pictorial tree of the members in the family.

The AO holding that the receipt of property from step-sister does not qualify as a receipt from a relative, taxed ₹7,50,68,525 under section 56(2)(vii) of the Act.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to CIT(A) who confirmed the action of the AO and held that the definition stated in section 56(2) is to be interpreted keeping the blood relationship, lineal ascendant and lineal descendant and hence no further meaning could be ascribed to this term.

Aggrieved, assessee preferred an appeal to the Tribunal where it cited various provisions of different Acts to canvass that `step’ child has been recognised in various Acts e.g. section 2(15B) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, section 45S of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and section 2(77) of the Companies Act, 2013.

HELD

The Tribunal noted that Ms. Vidhie is daughter of Ms. Indrani Mukerjea from her husband Mr. Sanjeev Khanna whereas Mr. Rabin Mukerjea is first son of Mr. Peter Mukerjea with his first wife Mrs. Shabnam Singh. After the marriage of Ms. Indrani Mukerjea with Mr. Peter Mukerjea, Ms. Vidhie Mukerjea and Mr. Rabin Mukerjea became step-sister and step-brother due to alliance of marriage between their respective parents.

The Tribunal having noted the definition of the expression “relative” in clause (e) to the Explanation to section 56(2)(vii), observed that ergo, the Act uses the word `brother and sister of an individual’, in common parlance, there are 5 kinds of brother and sister relations.

The Tribunal considered the meaning of the term “relative” as given in Black’s Law Dictionary and also the meaning of the term “affinity” as explained in various dictionaries.

It held that as per the Dictionary meaning of the term “relative”, it includes a person related by affinity, which means the connection existing in consequence of marriage between each of the married persons and the kindred of the other. If the aforesaid Dictionary meaning is to be referred and relied upon, then the term ‘relative’ would include step-brother and step-sister by affinity. If the term `brother and sister of the individual’ has not been defined under the Act, then the meaning defined in common law has to be adopted and in the absence of any other negative covenant under the Act, it held that brother and sister should also include step-brother and step-sister who by virtue of marriage of their parents have become brother and sister.

The Tribunal held that the property received by the assessee from his step-sister being received  from a relative is not taxable under section 56(2)(vii) of the Act.