Article
A shift from country-specific Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP) to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is
proving to be an inevitable move virtually for all organisations around the
world. It is imperative to be prepared to contend the extensive impact of this
regulatory change on business practices, accounting practices and organisation
as whole.
The paragraphs below give a bird’s-eye view of the
following :
- Overview of
key difference
- Impact and
considerations out of IFRS
What are accounting standards ?
Accounting standards are authoritative statement on how
transactions should be recorded and disclosed in the financial statements. They
ensure uniformity amongst the various entities of the readers of financial
statements. The compliance to standards is mandatory to ensure that the accounts
are true and fair. This uniformity is now proposed to be spread from local
boundaries to across the world with the advent of single global accounting
standard, namely, IFRS.
Introduction to IFRS :
IFRSs are adopted by the International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB), the independent standard-setting body of the International
Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASC Foundation).
More than 100 countries now require or permit the use of
IFRSs or are converging with the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB)
standards. EU recognised IFRS in 2005 and the SEC has in its announcement on
November 2007 permitted IFRS without reconciliation with US GAAP for non-US
companies.
Many of the accounting standards forming part of the IFRS are
known by the earlier name of International Accounting Standards (IAS), which
were issued between 1973 and 2001 by the board of International Accounting
Standards Committee (IASC). In April 2001, IASB adopted all IAS and continued
their development calling new standards as IFRS which consist of :
- IFRS
standards issued after 2001
- IAS
standards issued before 2001
- Interpretations originated from International financial Reporting
Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)
- Standing
Committee Interpretations (SIC) issued before 2001
Indian initiative towards IFRS :
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), the
apex accounting body in India has issued a ‘Concept paper on convergence
with IFRS in India’ in October 2007. The document lays down the
convergence strategy. All public interest entities would have to adopt IFRS from
1st April 2011.
Financial statements under IFRS :
Generally in India we have the following as financial
statements :
- Significant
Accounting Polices and Notes to Accounts
Under IFRS the financial statements would comprise :
- Statement
of financial position as at end of the period
- Statement
of comprehensive income for the period
- Statement
of changes in equity for the period
- Statement
of cash flow for the period
- Notes,
comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory
information
- Statement
of financial position as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period
when an equity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a
retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it
reclassifies items in its financial statement.
The old format as per Schedule VI of the Indian Companies Act
would not be relevant and the financial statements would have to reflect items
as prescribed by the relevant IFRS.
Key differences between IFRS and Indian GAAP :
The adoption of IFRS affects more than a company’s accounting
policies, processes, and people. Ultimately, most aspects of a company’s
business and operations are affected potentially.
IFRS is a principle-based approach to standard-setting. It is
less reliant on bright lines and detailed rules as compared to the US GAAP.
At various places IFRS provides scope of judgment and
requires information to be presented on the basis of substance rather than rule.
For example, redeemable preference shares may be treated as liability and
convertible debentures as equity.
While applying IFRS, usage by an investor is kept in mind and
requirement of the law and management takes a backseat. For example, in
case of the business combination the acquirer under IFRS could be different than
the legal acquirer (like in case of reverse merger for tax benefit or other
purposes).
Financial statements under IFRS place more reliance on the
management estimate. For example, in case of depreciation of assets
which, under IFRS, would have to be based on estimated useful life as against
the present Indian requirement to follow Schedule XIV of the Companies Act,
1956.
The fair value concept is embodied in many of the IFRS (like
IAS 30 on Financial Instruments, IAS 40 Investment Property, etc.). The concept
of fair value poses several issues on valuation, valuation models and accuracy
and reliability of the same for the purpose of accounting and presentation of
financial statements.
A few other examples where there is departure from Indian Accounting Standards are:
- Major overhauling cost for fixed assets which can be capitalised under IFRS (provided it meets certain criteria) as against the present requirement to expense out the same
- Inventory for service organisation for work which is in progress (already covered by proposed Indian Accounting Standard)
- Prior period items to be given effect retrospectively in opening equity
- Proposed dividend is not required to be reflected in financial statements under IFRS
- Under IFRS, provision made for dismantling of asset or for site closure can be capitalised
- Under IFRS, EPS to be disclosed separately for continuing and discontinuing operations
Challenges under IFRS :
- Joint ventures: Consolidation proportionate or otherwise may become an issue. Consolidation method may impact the structure of new arrangements
- Debt/equity: Possible reclassification of preference shares as liabilities
- Subsidiaries and associates: Different rules may impact the current treatment
- Valuation: Greater use of fair value
- Detailed hedge documentation, and ongoing effectiveness testing is required to achieve hedge accounting under IFRS
- Embedded derivatives: Possible requirement to fair value components of other instruments, including long-term contracts
- Contracting: Different rules will present different opportunities, challenges, management and accounting issues
- Financial communications will have to address changes in presentation of financial information as well as fundamental change towards fair value accounting and its impacts on traditional ratios and performance indicators
– Data requirements
– Calculation methodologies
– Integration
- Uncertainly about Income-tax Dept. response
- Requires multi-disciplinary participation
- Aiming at a moving target
– Uncertain timetable for implementation
– Uncertainty about final form of IFRS
Conversion/convergence to IFRS :
The conversion to IFRS will have to be managed like any other large-scale project. Sufficient time must be incorporated into project plan, proper resources must be secured and all key players must be in-volved in critical decision-making.
IFRS is more than an exercise for the accounting and finance department. Its impact is far reaching, affect-ing areas from internal control and sales to research and development.
Typically the following three phases will be involved in convergence/conversion to IFRS :
Impact and considerations out of IFRS :
- First-time adoption could be a mammoth task and hence it is essential to ensure that proper care and diligence is exercised so that there are no spill-over impacts in subsequent periods. IFRS 1 deals exhaustively with the first-time adoption.
- To ensure that the judgment, estimated and fair valuation concepts are not misused by the Management, lot of reliance would have to be placed on independent valuers.
- Proper planning is required for transition to IFRS and hence to ensure that the company must have a proper road map / strategy and resources to migrate to IFRS.
- Emphasis on transparent and exhaustive disclosure which would mean that the source of data, compilation process and methodology are more robust.
- To ensure that the commercial colour of the transaction is correctly reflected in the accounting of the same. For example, Spy to park non-performing assets may be required to be consolidated.
- More data analysis, narrative accounting and hence more qualitative accountants and more time will be required to review.
- The taxation team will have to work closely with the accounts teams to examine IFRS impact on the new financing structures implemented within the group. Further there is also uncertainty regarding the response to the Income-tax Department regarding change to IFRS.
- Under income-tax based on view that the Tax Department may take, there could be cash flow related implication which would have to be understood/ captured and addressed appropriately.
- The CFO will need to focus on the underlying commercial nature of transactions and events. Other areas where more judgment is required include property, leases, revenue recognition, provisions and consolidation policy.
- Convergence to IFRS will have an impact on the processes which lead to recording of a specific transaction and necessitate re-engineering of those process and related internal controls.
IFRS would benefit all the users of financial statements. It would take accounting and financial reporting to a new level. However, it would in the initial years put too much burden on the preparers and reviewers of financial statements.
Lot of research and development is still under progress for various items like fair value, etc. and the evolved version would lead to better and more narrative financial statements. IFRS for SME is yet to be released; the same is expected to reduce the compliance requirement and the cost for ‘private entities’ /’non-publicly accountable entities’.
IFRS in India is an opportunity for Indian enterprises to be in line with the global companies and would in turn help raise finances globally. It would be a boon to the accounting fraternity as it would expose them to international arena and would help service the global accounting market.
